Report on agricultural inspections in Thailand and Italy
Report on agricultural inspections in Thailand and Italy
The Chinese agricultural delegation headed by Vice Minister Lu Ming of the Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China attended the 22nd Management Conference of the United Nations International Fund for Agricultural Development held in Rome, Italy from February 16 to 21, 1999, and visited the agriculture of Italy. Ministry of Fruit Research and International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. He paid a friendly visit to Thailand from February 22 to 28, 1999, met with the Minister of the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperation of Thailand, Mr. Hansawa, and held a working meeting with the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperation of Thailand on Sino-Thai agricultural cooperation. Both sides expected Further strengthen cooperation, broaden the field, enhance friendship, and promote the development of the cause. During his visit to Thailand, he visited the Agriculture Bureau, the Fisheries Bureau, the Promotion Bureau, the Agricultural Engineering Office of the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperation, and visited the Pathum Thani Rice Research Center, the Organization and Training Center of the Promotion Bureau, the Royal Development Training Center, and the Bangkok Agricultural University. The research and teaching units inspected the Bangkok Flower Center Co., Ltd., the flower farmers, the Zhengda Group's live pig auction market, etc., and discussed with Zhengda Group the issues related to promoting the modernization of rural China and improving the quality of farmers.
Through the study visit, we have increased our understanding of the agricultural development, scientific research, education and promotion of these two countries, and have left a deep impression. There are many aspects worth learning and learning from.
I. Harvesting and understanding the government's strong support for agriculture as the focus of national economic development, agriculture has played an important supporting role for national stability. The Kingdom of Thailand is located in the central part of the Central South Peninsula, with an area of 514,000 square kilometers and a population of nearly 60 million. It is high in the north and low in the south. The coast is 2,600 kilometers long. The north and west are mountainous areas, and the northeast is the Nakhon Ratchasima plateau. The Chao Phraya River runs through the north and south and has a total length of 1,200 kilometers. It is the most important irrigation water source and shipping trunk line in the country. Most of Thailand has a tropical monsoon climate. The coastal plain is a tropical rainforest climate. The year is divided into dry season, rainy season and cool season. The average monthly temperature is 22--28 °C, which is the hottest in April. The average annual precipitation is 1000---2000mm. The country's cultivated land area is about 20 million hectares, accounting for 39% of the country's land area. There are various tropical evergreen trees, which are the world's major teak producers. The inland rivers and the Gulf of Thailand are rich in various fish species.
Before the Second World War, Thailand was a very backward agricultural country. Mainly planted with rice, and later developed rubber, sugar cane, tobacco, cassava and corn farming. In the past 40 years, the proportion of Thailand's industry has increased year by year, and the structure of the national economy has undergone major changes. Since the 1950s, the Thai economy has experienced the economic recovery period of the 1950s. During the economic adjustment and development period of the 1960s, after the economic adjustment period from the early 1970s to the mid-1980s, it entered the period of economic adjustment and development, 1987~1992. In the year, the average annual growth rate reached 10%. Thailand is trying to move from an agricultural country to an industrial country. The proportion of agricultural output to GDP is declining, and industrial output is rising year by year. In 1961, agricultural output accounted for 40.4% of the gross national product. In 1984, it was only 24.8%. By 1996, it had fallen to 11%. The proportion of industry has risen from 19.3% to 34%, and the proportion of agricultural population to the total population of the country is declining, but agriculture still plays a very important role in the national economy. The financial turmoil in 1997 swept through Asia. In 1998, the financial crisis deepened. Thailand was the first to bear the brunt of the financial crisis. A large number of factories and enterprises closed down, a large number of workers were fired, and many were invested in agricultural operations. Thailand has also profoundly rethought through the financial crisis. Whether the western industrialization road is feasible in Thailand. The Thai government is more soberly aware that despite the major financial crisis in the past two years, the people's lives are relatively secure and the society is relatively stable. One of the important reasons is that agriculture plays an important supporting role in the development of the national economy. There is no problem with agriculture. Therefore, the government's investment support for agriculture has been relatively stable.
Of the 20 million hectares of arable land in Thailand, 9.7 million hectares are planted with rice, 77% of which are rainfed agriculture and 15% of which are irrigated. Rice production in Thailand is concentrated in the central, northern and northeastern regions. The central part is rice-based, accounting for 50% of the country's total. The north and northeast are dominated by upland rice, accounting for 33% of the country's total output, and only 6% in the south. In the late 1960s, Thailand adopted high-yield varieties and strengthened pest control, and the output increased steadily. However, the current yield level is still low, about 2,100 kg per hectare.
Rice has always been an important product of Thailand. The share of Thai rice in the world market has risen from 12% in 1970 to 23% in the late 1970s, surpassing China as the second largest exporter. In 1982, it surpassed the United States and leapt. The first place, accounting for 32% of the world market. In 1998, it exported 6.27 million tons. The share of the world market reached 36%, and the export value reached 2 billion US dollars.
The Thai government has implemented a five-year plan for economic development since 1961. When formulating the five-year plan, the government consciously tilted from agriculture to agriculture and policy. The first five-year plan clearly stipulates key developments in infrastructure and agricultural diversification. The "Three-Five" plan focuses on accelerating the development of priority sectors and rural areas. The "Five-Five" plan emphasizes the need to achieve social justice. Regional development is listed as an important content, and it is proposed to use farmland more effectively. The "7th Five-Year Plan" emphasizes the need to improve agricultural productivity, promote practical technology, focus on agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery production and processing, expand export earnings, increase national income, and revitalize The rural economy will achieve stable development of the national economy. In Thailand’s 1993 budget, adopted in October 1992, the government used 31% of the total budget for the development of agriculture and the construction of agricultural infrastructure, including water conservancy and road construction.
The Thai government has mobilized various forces to develop agricultural services for farmers and to guide banks and domestic and foreign capital to invest in agriculture. In the 1980s, the government stipulated that commercial banks should use 20% of their deposits for agricultural loans, and 14% of them must be loaned to farmers and local agricultural organizations. The government has enacted the Law on Promotion of Investment, which gives special preferential treatment to agricultural infrastructure and investment projects that utilize domestic natural resources. This has attracted nearly 30 private companies from home and abroad to invest in foreign exchange agriculture. The government also encourages private companies to provide services to farmers in the pre-production, mid-production and post-production aspects of agriculture. For example, in poultry farming, the government has teamed up with Bangkok Bank and Chia Tai Group. The government is responsible for selecting points, selecting farmers, and helping to build roads. Facilities, banks provide low-interest loans to farmers, Zhengda Group is responsible for providing equipment, poultry seedlings, feed and technical guidance, and package all products. After the sale of the products, all four parties have income, developed animal husbandry, and affluent farmers, and the bank and the Zhengda Group have also made great progress.
As the Thai government attaches great importance to the improvement of agricultural production conditions, attaches importance to ecological environmental protection and construction, all aspects have been greatly improved, and the per capita income of farmers has reached 2,500 yuan.
Combining agricultural scientific research with production practice and adapting to international market competition requires the Thai government to attach great importance to agricultural science and technology research. From 1972 to 1992, it has reorganized agricultural research institutions and science and technology promotion and management institutions three times, making research institutes, centers and experimental stations and Thailand The agricultural product planting areas are coordinated to meet the needs of farmers in different natural resources and socio-economic conditions, so that scientific research results can be transferred to farmers faster and more efficiently, ensuring that export agricultural products are in an invincible position on the international market. For example, in 1992, the Thai government established four rice research centers, such as Pathum Thani and Phetalamine, in the main rice producing areas of the Weinan River Basin and the southern Penghu Lake, and established the Ubon Ratchathani Rice Research Center on the eastern plateau. There are several test stations under the 箇 center to form a rice research and development network consisting of the National Rice Research Institute, seven research centers and 20 experimental stations.
With the advancement of science and technology and the intensification of competition in the international market, scientific research has adjusted its research objectives at any time based on changing market demands. For example, after the Thai Rice Research Institute in the 1960s crossed the imported varieties with local quality and cultivated a high-yield combination suitable for local cultivation, the farmers planted a large area, which almost doubled the rice production in Thailand. In recent years, research has been carried out on improving the quality of rice and has achieved remarkable results. They can launch several new rice varieties almost every year, replacing the degraded varieties. Jasmine fragrant rice has preserved the monopoly position of Thai fragrant rice in the international market and is well received by all countries in the world. For example, the KDML105 fragrant rice variety bred in 1997 has excellent palatability and processing quality, and exports to China are also the largest.
The research content of the Organizational Training Center of the Promotion Bureau is mainly derived from the actual production. In order to speed up the demonstration and promotion of the results, in addition to the promotion personnel in the field trial demonstration guidance, and to promote the application of new achievements and new technologies around the government, the government also allocated special funds for Farmers donated fruit tree seedlings, technical brochures, etc. that have been successfully cultivated.
Located in the Royal Development Training Center of Cha Chun Sao Province, it is engaged in research and demonstration training for the main purpose of controlling soil desertification to drive farmers to get rich. 50 years ago, the center was once a forest, and the soil was poorly deserted due to over-exploitation. The local government gave the land to the king to build a palace, and the king considered it in the long run. In 1979, he personally presided over the construction of a development training center. While using organic fertilizer to improve soil cultivation and planting grass, we have carried out water resource management, improvement of cattle, planting rice, corn, rubber and other crops, and established a small rice processing plant. In order to achieve sustainable development of agriculture, we have designed and implemented a variety of land use models, established a small demonstration farm, 30% of the land to grow rice, 30% to engage in small reservoirs, and 30% to engage in diversified operations, including fruit trees, flowers, and melons. 10% of livestock and poultry farming, housing construction, road construction, etc., let farmers develop themselves. For the poorer farmers, they will send technology to the door and promote technology according to local conditions. People from small and nearby countries in China often attend training at the center. Many of the farmers who radiated from the center have got rid of poverty and solved the problem of self-sufficiency in life. 60% of the land has been transformed into an agricultural soil for cultivation. There are 6 such training centers nationwide.
Develop various forms of agricultural education and improve the quality of laborers. Bangkok Agricultural University is the highest institution that specializes in cultivating agricultural researchers. There are 13 colleges including agricultural college, forestry college, aquatic college, agro-industrial college, veterinary college, and 5 colleges. Specialized research institute. Three branch schools have been established in several other cities. In addition to agricultural universities, some comprehensive universities also have agricultural departments, forestry departments, and aquatic products. There are also a number of secondary specialized schools and training courses in the provinces to train the local agricultural technicians.
The mission of the Agricultural University is teaching and training, research and development, and conducting academic research to ensure and promote the development of agriculture. In the teaching activities, the agricultural internship arrangement is 300 hours, the first 150 hours of theory, and the next 150 hours to the school's research institutes, experimental stations and private companies. Many university teachers participate in national or provincial research projects. Students participate directly as assistants, improve their practical ability, and develop certain hands-on skills and ability to solve practical problems before moving to society. The training of the school is mainly based on training agricultural technology extension personnel, and then the extension staff combines the actual training of farmers. Because the direction is clear, the task is clear, education, research and promotion are organically unified throughout the educational activities, and the talents cultivated are more popular.
The Chinese agricultural delegation headed by Vice Minister Lu Ming of the Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China attended the 22nd Management Conference of the United Nations International Fund for Agricultural Development held in Rome, Italy from February 16 to 21, 1999, and visited the agriculture of Italy. Ministry of Fruit Research and International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. He paid a friendly visit to Thailand from February 22 to 28, 1999, met with the Minister of the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperation of Thailand, Mr. Hansawa, and held a working meeting with the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperation of Thailand on Sino-Thai agricultural cooperation. Both sides expected Further strengthen cooperation, broaden the field, enhance friendship, and promote the development of the cause. During his visit to Thailand, he visited the Agriculture Bureau, the Fisheries Bureau, the Promotion Bureau, the Agricultural Engineering Office of the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperation, and visited the Pathum Thani Rice Research Center, the Organization and Training Center of the Promotion Bureau, the Royal Development Training Center, and the Bangkok Agricultural University. The research and teaching units inspected the Bangkok Flower Center Co., Ltd., the flower farmers, the Zhengda Group's live pig auction market, etc., and discussed with Zhengda Group the issues related to promoting the modernization of rural China and improving the quality of farmers.
Through the study visit, we have increased our understanding of the agricultural development, scientific research, education and promotion of these two countries, and have left a deep impression. There are many aspects worth learning and learning from.
I. Harvesting and understanding the government's strong support for agriculture as the focus of national economic development, agriculture has played an important supporting role for national stability. The Kingdom of Thailand is located in the central part of the Central South Peninsula, with an area of 514,000 square kilometers and a population of nearly 60 million. It is high in the north and low in the south. The coast is 2,600 kilometers long. The north and west are mountainous areas, and the northeast is the Nakhon Ratchasima plateau. The Chao Phraya River runs through the north and south and has a total length of 1,200 kilometers. It is the most important irrigation water source and shipping trunk line in the country. Most of Thailand has a tropical monsoon climate. The coastal plain is a tropical rainforest climate. The year is divided into dry season, rainy season and cool season. The average monthly temperature is 22--28 °C, which is the hottest in April. The average annual precipitation is 1000---2000mm. The country's cultivated land area is about 20 million hectares, accounting for 39% of the country's land area. There are various tropical evergreen trees, which are the world's major teak producers. The inland rivers and the Gulf of Thailand are rich in various fish species.
Before the Second World War, Thailand was a very backward agricultural country. Mainly planted with rice, and later developed rubber, sugar cane, tobacco, cassava and corn farming. In the past 40 years, the proportion of Thailand's industry has increased year by year, and the structure of the national economy has undergone major changes. Since the 1950s, the Thai economy has experienced the economic recovery period of the 1950s. During the economic adjustment and development period of the 1960s, after the economic adjustment period from the early 1970s to the mid-1980s, it entered the period of economic adjustment and development, 1987~1992. In the year, the average annual growth rate reached 10%. Thailand is trying to move from an agricultural country to an industrial country. The proportion of agricultural output to GDP is declining, and industrial output is rising year by year. In 1961, agricultural output accounted for 40.4% of the gross national product. In 1984, it was only 24.8%. By 1996, it had fallen to 11%. The proportion of industry has risen from 19.3% to 34%, and the proportion of agricultural population to the total population of the country is declining, but agriculture still plays a very important role in the national economy. The financial turmoil in 1997 swept through Asia. In 1998, the financial crisis deepened. Thailand was the first to bear the brunt of the financial crisis. A large number of factories and enterprises closed down, a large number of workers were fired, and many were invested in agricultural operations. Thailand has also profoundly rethought through the financial crisis. Whether the western industrialization road is feasible in Thailand. The Thai government is more soberly aware that despite the major financial crisis in the past two years, the people's lives are relatively secure and the society is relatively stable. One of the important reasons is that agriculture plays an important supporting role in the development of the national economy. There is no problem with agriculture. Therefore, the government's investment support for agriculture has been relatively stable.
Of the 20 million hectares of arable land in Thailand, 9.7 million hectares are planted with rice, 77% of which are rainfed agriculture and 15% of which are irrigated. Rice production in Thailand is concentrated in the central, northern and northeastern regions. The central part is rice-based, accounting for 50% of the country's total. The north and northeast are dominated by upland rice, accounting for 33% of the country's total output, and only 6% in the south. In the late 1960s, Thailand adopted high-yield varieties and strengthened pest control, and the output increased steadily. However, the current yield level is still low, about 2,100 kg per hectare.
Rice has always been an important product of Thailand. The share of Thai rice in the world market has risen from 12% in 1970 to 23% in the late 1970s, surpassing China as the second largest exporter. In 1982, it surpassed the United States and leapt. The first place, accounting for 32% of the world market. In 1998, it exported 6.27 million tons. The share of the world market reached 36%, and the export value reached 2 billion US dollars.
The Thai government has implemented a five-year plan for economic development since 1961. When formulating the five-year plan, the government consciously tilted from agriculture to agriculture and policy. The first five-year plan clearly stipulates key developments in infrastructure and agricultural diversification. The "Three-Five" plan focuses on accelerating the development of priority sectors and rural areas. The "Five-Five" plan emphasizes the need to achieve social justice. Regional development is listed as an important content, and it is proposed to use farmland more effectively. The "7th Five-Year Plan" emphasizes the need to improve agricultural productivity, promote practical technology, focus on agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery production and processing, expand export earnings, increase national income, and revitalize The rural economy will achieve stable development of the national economy. In Thailand’s 1993 budget, adopted in October 1992, the government used 31% of the total budget for the development of agriculture and the construction of agricultural infrastructure, including water conservancy and road construction.
The Thai government has mobilized various forces to develop agricultural services for farmers and to guide banks and domestic and foreign capital to invest in agriculture. In the 1980s, the government stipulated that commercial banks should use 20% of their deposits for agricultural loans, and 14% of them must be loaned to farmers and local agricultural organizations. The government has enacted the Law on Promotion of Investment, which gives special preferential treatment to agricultural infrastructure and investment projects that utilize domestic natural resources. This has attracted nearly 30 private companies from home and abroad to invest in foreign exchange agriculture. The government also encourages private companies to provide services to farmers in the pre-production, mid-production and post-production aspects of agriculture. For example, in poultry farming, the government has teamed up with Bangkok Bank and Chia Tai Group. The government is responsible for selecting points, selecting farmers, and helping to build roads. Facilities, banks provide low-interest loans to farmers, Zhengda Group is responsible for providing equipment, poultry seedlings, feed and technical guidance, and package all products. After the sale of the products, all four parties have income, developed animal husbandry, and affluent farmers, and the bank and the Zhengda Group have also made great progress.
As the Thai government attaches great importance to the improvement of agricultural production conditions, attaches importance to ecological environmental protection and construction, all aspects have been greatly improved, and the per capita income of farmers has reached 2,500 yuan.
Combining agricultural scientific research with production practice and adapting to international market competition requires the Thai government to attach great importance to agricultural science and technology research. From 1972 to 1992, it has reorganized agricultural research institutions and science and technology promotion and management institutions three times, making research institutes, centers and experimental stations and Thailand The agricultural product planting areas are coordinated to meet the needs of farmers in different natural resources and socio-economic conditions, so that scientific research results can be transferred to farmers faster and more efficiently, ensuring that export agricultural products are in an invincible position on the international market. For example, in 1992, the Thai government established four rice research centers, such as Pathum Thani and Phetalamine, in the main rice producing areas of the Weinan River Basin and the southern Penghu Lake, and established the Ubon Ratchathani Rice Research Center on the eastern plateau. There are several test stations under the 箇 center to form a rice research and development network consisting of the National Rice Research Institute, seven research centers and 20 experimental stations.
With the advancement of science and technology and the intensification of competition in the international market, scientific research has adjusted its research objectives at any time based on changing market demands. For example, after the Thai Rice Research Institute in the 1960s crossed the imported varieties with local quality and cultivated a high-yield combination suitable for local cultivation, the farmers planted a large area, which almost doubled the rice production in Thailand. In recent years, research has been carried out on improving the quality of rice and has achieved remarkable results. They can launch several new rice varieties almost every year, replacing the degraded varieties. Jasmine fragrant rice has preserved the monopoly position of Thai fragrant rice in the international market and is well received by all countries in the world. For example, the KDML105 fragrant rice variety bred in 1997 has excellent palatability and processing quality, and exports to China are also the largest.
The research content of the Organizational Training Center of the Promotion Bureau is mainly derived from the actual production. In order to speed up the demonstration and promotion of the results, in addition to the promotion personnel in the field trial demonstration guidance, and to promote the application of new achievements and new technologies around the government, the government also allocated special funds for Farmers donated fruit tree seedlings, technical brochures, etc. that have been successfully cultivated.
Located in the Royal Development Training Center of Cha Chun Sao Province, it is engaged in research and demonstration training for the main purpose of controlling soil desertification to drive farmers to get rich. 50 years ago, the center was once a forest, and the soil was poorly deserted due to over-exploitation. The local government gave the land to the king to build a palace, and the king considered it in the long run. In 1979, he personally presided over the construction of a development training center. While using organic fertilizer to improve soil cultivation and planting grass, we have carried out water resource management, improvement of cattle, planting rice, corn, rubber and other crops, and established a small rice processing plant. In order to achieve sustainable development of agriculture, we have designed and implemented a variety of land use models, established a small demonstration farm, 30% of the land to grow rice, 30% to engage in small reservoirs, and 30% to engage in diversified operations, including fruit trees, flowers, and melons. 10% of livestock and poultry farming, housing construction, road construction, etc., let farmers develop themselves. For the poorer farmers, they will send technology to the door and promote technology according to local conditions. People from small and nearby countries in China often attend training at the center. Many of the farmers who radiated from the center have got rid of poverty and solved the problem of self-sufficiency in life. 60% of the land has been transformed into an agricultural soil for cultivation. There are 6 such training centers nationwide.
Develop various forms of agricultural education and improve the quality of laborers. Bangkok Agricultural University is the highest institution that specializes in cultivating agricultural researchers. There are 13 colleges including agricultural college, forestry college, aquatic college, agro-industrial college, veterinary college, and 5 colleges. Specialized research institute. Three branch schools have been established in several other cities. In addition to agricultural universities, some comprehensive universities also have agricultural departments, forestry departments, and aquatic products. There are also a number of secondary specialized schools and training courses in the provinces to train the local agricultural technicians.
The mission of the Agricultural University is teaching and training, research and development, and conducting academic research to ensure and promote the development of agriculture. In the teaching activities, the agricultural internship arrangement is 300 hours, the first 150 hours of theory, and the next 150 hours to the school's research institutes, experimental stations and private companies. Many university teachers participate in national or provincial research projects. Students participate directly as assistants, improve their practical ability, and develop certain hands-on skills and ability to solve practical problems before moving to society. The training of the school is mainly based on training agricultural technology extension personnel, and then the extension staff combines the actual training of farmers. Because the direction is clear, the task is clear, education, research and promotion are organically unified throughout the educational activities, and the talents cultivated are more popular.
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