Report on the investigation of agricultural mechanization and agricultural association in Japan
Report on the investigation of agricultural mechanization and agricultural association in Japan
Director of Agricultural Machinery Bureau of Heilongjiang Provincial Agricultural Reclamation Bureau
From September 6 to 20, 2005, I went to Japan with the Agricultural Reclamation Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture to investigate the development of agricultural machinery and the organization of the Agricultural Association. During the visit, I visited the Agricultural Products Promotion Section of the Production Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan, and talked with Mr. Haramoto, Mr. Hiroshi, and Mr. Hiroshi, Mr. Hiroshi, and the Ministry of Technology and Countermeasures, on the development of rice production, the movement of agricultural land, and the development of rice mechanization. The symposium on agricultural machinery, the delegation and the participants of 12 agricultural machinery companies such as Shirakawa Shirakawa, Jingguan, Kubota, Shovel, Matsuyama, Mitsubishi, Yanmar, Yamamoto, Hitachi, SUZUTEC, TAKAKITA, DELICA, etc. The issue of related issues was extensively discussed. Japan’s Agricultural Machinery News, Agricultural Economics News and Rural News gave a special report on the seminar. They also visited the Central Test Site of Hokkaido Dao Li and visited Iwami. In the field of rice breeding trials, I exchanged rice breeding techniques; visited the Kubota Agricultural Machinery Co., Ltd. Beihai Agricultural Machinery After-sales Maintenance Plant and the Tokyo Agricultural Machinery Manufacturing Plant; visited the National Agricultural Cooperative Test Site, the Tokyo Agricultural Testing Agency, and the development of Miho City, Hokkaido. Machi-Minami Maizuo Farming Group, Matsuura Farm, Kyowa-cho Farmers in the households, Rusutsu farmers, Ogawa farm farmers and Osaka; and agricultural and agricultural machinery experts in Japan on the cultivation of rice varieties, seedlings, cultivation, planting, water and fertilizer management, weeding and disease prevention technologies and the whole process of mechanization Extensive and in-depth exchanges.
The development history and current situation of Japanese agricultural mechanization
Japan is a country with a large population and relatively small land and cultivated land. Food production is very important and has always been placed in a very prominent position. In particular, after the Second World War, the Japanese government began to pay more attention to and develop agriculture, and promoted the development of agriculture by vigorously developing agricultural mechanization. The development of agricultural mechanization in Japan began in 1947. After nearly 60 years of development, agricultural production has all been mechanized, leading the world, especially the mechanization of rice production in the world's highest level. It has generally experienced four stages of development:
The introduction period of agricultural machinery. This period was the initial stage of agricultural machinery in Japan. In July 1949, the Japanese nation began to implement the "Agricultural Machinery Dependence Inspection System" for the purpose of promoting the improvement of agricultural machinery. It was the beginning of Japan's implementation of the agricultural machinery development policy. In March 1958, Japan enacted the Law on the Promotion of Agricultural Mechanization, which promoted the development of agricultural mechanization. Especially after 1955, Japan's mining industry developed rapidly, surpassing agriculture, driving the transfer of agricultural population to industry and other industrial sectors. The agricultural population was significantly reduced, and the demand for agricultural mechanization was stronger, which in turn led to the agricultural machinery. Development. In 1956, Japan enacted the Law on Temporary Measures for the Revitalization of Machinery Industry, which promoted the development of the agricultural machinery manufacturing industry, and new and applicable agricultural machinery continued to emerge. At the end of 1964, the state's agricultural machinery subsidy policy was also implemented.
The development period of agricultural machinery. During this period, with the rapid growth of the Japanese economy, the rural labor force was rapidly transferred to the secondary and tertiary industries, and the number of people engaged in agriculture was further reduced, and mechanization was rapidly developed. During this period, rice transplanters and harvesters appeared, which solved the problems of farmers' “big bends” and “small sickles” and basically realized the whole process of agricultural mechanization from rice cultivation, transplanting, management, harvesting, drying to processing. The extensive and extensive use of agricultural machinery has also brought about the safety of agricultural machinery and roads and field driving. In 1965, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Japan began to implement the Agricultural Safety Countermeasures, and in 1969, the Agricultural Safety Standards and Agricultural The benchmark of mechanical safety equipment, the whole system of agricultural mechanization is sound, from manufacturing to use and management are relatively standardized, and agricultural machinery is developing healthily.
The maturity and saturation period of agricultural machinery. Since 1975, due to the continuous promotion of the operation of transplanting operations and harvesting operations, the productivity level has been further improved, and the pace of liberating heavy labor has taken a step forward. Agricultural machinery not only further improves in terms of performance and durability, but also achieves amazing development in the application of electronic and hydraulic technologies, improving the driving operation of agricultural machinery, improving rideability and safety. In 1976, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of the People's Republic of China formulated the "Outline for the Confirmation of Agricultural Machinery Safety Equipment" and began to conduct safety appraisal and safety management of agricultural machinery. In order to popularize the agricultural machinery of electromechanical and hydraulic integration technology, Japan also granted preferential policies to tax purchasers in 1984.
The period of diversification of agricultural machinery. By 1985, Japan had basically realized the mechanization of agricultural production, but began to pursue the use of convenience, supporting operations and labor saving. To this end, large tractors began to be equipped with cabs, equipped with the same air-conditioning equipment, radios, and audio equipment as the cars in the cab, in pursuit of a comfortable working environment, and agricultural machinery developed in a more advanced direction.
After more than 50 years of development, Japan has achieved a high degree of mechanization of agricultural production, especially rice production, and achieved mechanization in the whole process, leading the world. Paddy field preparation, generally using rotary tiller and ground soil agitating soil preparation machine, the land preparation effect is good; rice breeding, using shed room breeding, Japan adopts "dry breeding and thin planting" technology, due to lack of seedbed soil, developed in recent years After the rice husk is crushed, the seedling tray and the seedbed soil processed by special mechanical equipment are used for promotion, all of which are mechanically planted and factoryized; the transplanting is all mechanized, in the northern part of Hokkaido, Japan, because of the cold zone, the latitude is the same as that of China. Jilin is close to the southern part of Heilongjiang, but Hokkaido is located in the Pacific Ocean. It is a maritime climate and slow in spring. Therefore, when transplanting in spring, it is similar to the Sanjiang Plain in Heilongjiang, and it accounts for about 50% of the area. The transplanting machine is used for transplanting. In other parts of Japan, ordinary quick-twisting machines are generally used, and the rice transplanting machine is equipped with high equipment. Almost every household has transplanting machines. One rice transplanting machine works on average for less than one week; the field management of waterways, one It is sprayed and topdressed with a sprayer with a range of nearly 30 meters, and the helicopter and unmanned aircraft are used. Japan's water resources are abundant. Rice is almost all surface water, rivers and lakes are numerous, water conservancy and irrigation facilities are complete and complete; rice harvesting is entirely mechanical, and the main models are semi-feeding 4-6 rows of harvesters, followed by It is fully fed, and there is no winder; after the rice is harvested, the climate in Japan is humid, and when the rice is harvested, the water content is high, and it is usually sent for drying. Drying uses rice-specific dryers ranging from 5 to 30 tons, and large ones also has hundreds of tons. Other crops are also highly mechanized, such as potatoes, sowing and harvesting are mechanized. The potato harvester we saw in Hokkaido is very advanced, using a large self-propelled harvester, one operation, combined harvest, and good harvest quality. it is good.
Japanese rice mechanization development experience
Japan's agriculture is essentially rice farming. Agriculture is dominated by rice. Nearly 50% of cultivated land is used to grow rice. Japan can be called "the country of rice farming" and rice is called "international rice" by Japan. Therefore, agricultural mechanization is no exception, and it is mechanization based on rice. The mechanization of rice production also represents the mechanization of agriculture in Japan. Looking at the history of the development of agricultural machinery in Japan, combined with our field visits to Japan, Japan's experience in developing rice mechanization mainly has the following four points: attaching great importance to the mechanization of rice production and vigorously developing agricultural machinery. Japan ended the end of World War II as a demarcation point. Before the war, agriculture was underdeveloped. After the war, the national economy was vigorously restored and developed. The Agrarian Reform Act was implemented to realize the cultivation of farmers, which greatly improved the production enthusiasm of rice farmers. At the same time, the government and the "Agricultural Machinery Promotion Law" were introduced in 1953. Through the introduction of high-performance agricultural machinery with plans to carry out experimental research, promote the promotion and application of applicable agricultural machinery, adopt an inspection system for the establishment of agricultural machinery and a sound test of agricultural machinery. Research systems and measures to ensure that they are funded. Through the development of agricultural mechanization, the agricultural labor productivity will be greatly improved to reduce farmers, transfer and separate agricultural labor, and engage in the development of industry, tertiary industry and urbanization. Then, in 1956, the Law on Temporary Measures for the Revitalization of Machinery Industry was introduced to support and support the development of the agricultural machinery manufacturing industry. These are all worth learning and learning from. A subsidy policy is applied to agriculture, rice production and farmers' purchase of agricultural machinery. Japan's agriculture is highly supported by national policies, rice is called "international rice", and rice production is an industry that the government attaches great importance to and supports. Japan has always had government support policies for agriculture and rice production. The subsidies for farmers to purchase paddy fields began in 1964 and lasted for 40 years until 2004. For more than 40 years, the enthusiasm of farmers to use machinery has been very high, and the government has high subsidies, ranging from 10% to more than 50%. In particular, the proportion and amount of subsidies for purchasing advanced and high prices are also large. Greatly promoted the development of agricultural machinery. According to local conditions, combined with national conditions, the development of agricultural machinery. Japan is a long and narrow island country with fewer people and less land. The land is not contiguous and the land is small and scattered. In addition to the implementation of the Agrarian Reform Act from 1947 to 1950, the government forced the rice fields that were originally concentrated in the hands of a few landowners to be divided into small plots for farmers to cultivate, making the plot smaller. It can be said that Japan is a typical intensive cultivation of "small rice farming", so we feel that Japanese agricultural machinery is also a "small agricultural machine." Agricultural machinery serves agricultural production and develops with the development of agricultural production. Mechanization of rice production in Japan has been developed to adapt to the production characteristics of rice. Therefore, rice machinery in Japan is mainly small and medium-sized and refined. Agricultural machinery has high manufacturing quality and advanced performance, and there are more and more advanced agricultural machinery products. The price of agricultural machinery in Japan is also high, but it is not high in comparison and calculation. First, the price of agricultural products is high, and the price is lower than that of agricultural machinery. The price of Japanese rice is 10 times that of China, and similar agricultural machinery products are not. It is 10 times higher than China; the second is that the government has more subsidies, a higher proportion, and a larger quota. The agricultural machinery socialized service system is sound and provides guarantee for agricultural machinery.
The Agricultural Cooperative Association is a socialized, entrepreneurial, and association organization for agricultural services. It plays a big role in agricultural production and development in Japan. From the central to the local city or village, there are agricultural associations. Providing pre-production, mid-production and post-production services for agriculture and farmers, including providing social services for agricultural machinery, providing farmers with sales and procurement machinery, spare parts supply, technical training and services, maintenance services, oil supply and agricultural machinery license management. The Agricultural Cooperative is also responsible for operating government subsidies for agricultural machinery. Farmers have no worries about using agricultural machinery.
Japan's experience in developing rice mechanization gives us enlightenment
The government must attach great importance to agricultural mechanization and support and support the development of agricultural mechanization. Japan is a rare country in the world that attaches great importance to agriculture. The issue of food security is very important for Japan. Therefore, the government has always attached great importance to agriculture and has continuously introduced policies to support and support the development of agriculture. Agricultural machinery is the main tool and means of agricultural production. Supporting agriculture first supports agricultural machinery and vigorously develops agricultural mechanization. Japan has successively introduced the "Agricultural Mechanization Promotion Law" and a long-term subsidy policy for farmers to purchase agricultural machinery, so that the agricultural machinery will be developed in a long-term and stable manner. China's subsidies for farmers to purchase agricultural machinery have just begun. The proportion and scope of subsidies are still relatively small, which cannot meet the needs of agricultural development and the wishes of the majority of farmers. In the future, China should increase the intensity of agricultural machinery subsidies, including expanding the scope of subsidies and increasing the ratio and quota of subsidies. It should be an effective and fundamental measure for the government to support and support the development of agricultural machinery. Japan is the country with the highest level of rice production and rice mechanization in the world, and its mechanization technology for rice production is worth learning and learning from. Mechanization of rice production in Japan is first-class in the world. As mentioned above, it is small and medium-sized, but it has good mechanical manufacturing quality, high technology content, advanced performance, sturdy and durable, and easy operation. It is the main tool and means to implement advanced rice production science and technology. There is no high and high level of mechanization of rice production, and there is no high technology and high level of rice production in Japan today. Therefore, China is also a big country in rice production, especially the farming system. Taking Heilongjiang Reclamation as an example, rice production is currently at the leading level in China. They belong to cold rice cultivation, and its characteristics are similar to Hokkaido, the main rice producing area in Japan. In the past, Heilongjiang Reclamation District has combined with local realities to learn and draw on the techniques and methods of rice production in Japan, including mechanization of rice, which is greatly inspired by Japan. In the future, it is still necessary to continue to learn and learn from the experience, technology and practices of Japanese mechanized rice production. Learn the practices and experiences of the Japan Agricultural Association and vigorously develop and build a social service system for agricultural machinery in China. At present, China's agricultural machinery is not only a low level, but also the agricultural machinery socialization service system is not perfect and perfect. The Japanese approach is worth learning and learning from. From the top to the bottom, the Agricultural Cooperatives form a network and form a system. The Agricultural Cooperative Association is an industry organization that farmers and farmers independently participate in. It is an economic organization that provides farmers with various services related to agriculture, including agricultural machinery. In Japan, the role of the Agricultural Cooperative is very large. China should consider developing organizations similar to the Japan Agricultural Association to establish and improve social organizations that serve agriculture and agricultural machinery.
About the Japan Agricultural Association
Agricultural Association, the full name: "Japan Farmers Association", is an organization that combines economic and social. The Agricultural Association implements the membership system. The members are divided into three types: one is “formal member”, mainly local farmers, and has land in the local area; the second is “appointed members”. The associate members have no land, but the engaged business is related to agriculture. The third type is "other members", which has neither land nor agriculture, but invests in shares. No matter how much the member contributes, each member has only one vote. Only formal members have the right to vote. Associate members and other members do not, which reflects the social nature of the farmers' association to protect the interests of farmers.
The Agricultural Association is divided into three levels: the highest is the national level, that is, the national, referred to as “all-agricultural”; the second is the county-level; the second is the municipal-level.
The national agricultural associations, that is, the whole farmers are registered in the country, and other agricultural associations are registered in the provinces and cities. In order to regulate the operation of the Agricultural Cooperatives, the State also introduced the "Agricultural Association Law".
The Agricultural Cooperatives implements the shareholding system of member investment and shareholding in the economy, and operates independently and is responsible for its own profits and losses. However, in terms of operation, the state gives many policy support and support. For example, corporate income tax paid by other enterprises is generally 20-30%, while the Agricultural Cooperative only pays 6%. Members receive dividends and bear risks according to investment, but members do not divide the rights according to the amount of investment. The rights of each member are equal, that is, the right to one vote. The operator or person in charge of the Agricultural Cooperatives shall implement the membership election system and the selection and appointment system of the Agricultural Cooperatives in accordance with the Agricultural Cooperative Law and the Articles of Association.
The Agricultural Cooperative has five main functions, namely: sales of agricultural and sideline products, procurement of agricultural production materials and materials, agricultural financial services, agricultural insurance services, and agricultural management. These five items can only basically cover all the agricultural-related paid services in the field of agricultural production before, during and after the birth. Whether buying pesticides, seeds or agricultural machinery, they are generally provided by the Agricultural Cooperatives. The agricultural products of the peasants after harvest in autumn are generally handed over to the Agricultural Cooperatives, which are jointly acquired by the Agricultural Cooperatives. The national policy of benefiting farmers is generally operated by the Agricultural Cooperatives. Take agricultural machinery subsidies as an example. Whether it is national, county or municipal, it is operated by agricultural associations at all levels. The management of agriculture, agricultural machinery research, seed cultivation, technical appraisal, and agricultural machinery driving licenses are also the responsibility of the specific professional departments within the Agricultural Cooperative. We visited Japan this time. We visited many organizations of the Agricultural Association, such as the “Agricultural Experimental Farm” in Hokkaido, Japan. It has been nearly 40 years old, and has also tested rice varieties for nearly 40 years. The agricultural research institution in Tokyo visited the “agricultural production mix” of the farmers at the grassroots level. The Agricultural Cooperatives not only have the above five functions, because the Agricultural Cooperative itself is also an economic entity, and some agricultural associations also run hospitals and other businesses. Therefore, in Japan's agriculture, the Agricultural Cooperative is everywhere, and there is no time. Without agricultural associations, agricultural production cannot be carried out.
At the beginning of the development of the Agricultural Cooperatives, the state gave the Agricultural Cooperatives many support policies. Therefore, the Japanese Agricultural Cooperatives developed rapidly, and the operation of the Agricultural Cooperatives was constantly standardized. The State also introduced the Agricultural Cooperative Law. The Agricultural Cooperatives insisted on providing quality and standardized agricultural and farmers. Services have played a big role in the field of agricultural production, namely: a good buffer between the government and farmers, the market and farmers, planning coordination and free competition, coordination of services, organization and guidance of agriculture And the irreplaceable role of farmers, and therefore welcomed by farmers, market recognition, the government's attention and support.
However, at present, the Japanese Agricultural Association is also facing some difficulties and problems, as well as reforms and continuous improvement and improvement. First, the government's policy of benefiting farmers has been gradually reduced, and the support and support policies for the Agricultural Cooperatives are also decreasing. If the agricultural machinery subsidy lasted for nearly 40 years and the cancellation began in 2004, farmers will no longer enjoy subsidies for purchasing agricultural machinery. Therefore, farmers purchasing agricultural machinery are not the only ones purchased from the agricultural cooperatives. They can purchase directly from manufacturers and other distributors. Other agricultural uses. There are similar problems with materials, so the Agricultural Cooperative has encountered competition in its operations. In the past, the Agricultural Cooperatives had a national policy of benefiting farmers, implemented a near-monopoly operation, and was constrained by the National Agricultural Cooperative Law. There was a lack of market competition, and now the competition was intensifying. Second, the Agricultural Cooperative Organization was huge, and the layers were overweight, trade circulation, procurement and sales. The price increase has been increased at a level of 10%, and the grassroots farmers and farmers have great opinions on this. Therefore, at present, the Japanese Agricultural Association is facing reforms. We believe that through the reforms, the Japanese Agricultural Association will continue to improve and improve. After decades of development, the Japanese Agricultural Association has its own strength and role to play. It is an irreplaceable and substitute for any economic organization. Nothing. However, the establishment and development of the Japan Agricultural Association, the effective service provided by agriculture and farmers, and the historical role it plays are worthy of full affirmation. Good experiences and practices are worth learning and learning. The problems and shortcomings are worthy of us. Absorb and take the lead.
Director of Agricultural Machinery Bureau of Heilongjiang Provincial Agricultural Reclamation Bureau
From September 6 to 20, 2005, I went to Japan with the Agricultural Reclamation Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture to investigate the development of agricultural machinery and the organization of the Agricultural Association. During the visit, I visited the Agricultural Products Promotion Section of the Production Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan, and talked with Mr. Haramoto, Mr. Hiroshi, and Mr. Hiroshi, Mr. Hiroshi, and the Ministry of Technology and Countermeasures, on the development of rice production, the movement of agricultural land, and the development of rice mechanization. The symposium on agricultural machinery, the delegation and the participants of 12 agricultural machinery companies such as Shirakawa Shirakawa, Jingguan, Kubota, Shovel, Matsuyama, Mitsubishi, Yanmar, Yamamoto, Hitachi, SUZUTEC, TAKAKITA, DELICA, etc. The issue of related issues was extensively discussed. Japan’s Agricultural Machinery News, Agricultural Economics News and Rural News gave a special report on the seminar. They also visited the Central Test Site of Hokkaido Dao Li and visited Iwami. In the field of rice breeding trials, I exchanged rice breeding techniques; visited the Kubota Agricultural Machinery Co., Ltd. Beihai Agricultural Machinery After-sales Maintenance Plant and the Tokyo Agricultural Machinery Manufacturing Plant; visited the National Agricultural Cooperative Test Site, the Tokyo Agricultural Testing Agency, and the development of Miho City, Hokkaido. Machi-Minami Maizuo Farming Group, Matsuura Farm, Kyowa-cho Farmers in the households, Rusutsu farmers, Ogawa farm farmers and Osaka; and agricultural and agricultural machinery experts in Japan on the cultivation of rice varieties, seedlings, cultivation, planting, water and fertilizer management, weeding and disease prevention technologies and the whole process of mechanization Extensive and in-depth exchanges.
The development history and current situation of Japanese agricultural mechanization
Japan is a country with a large population and relatively small land and cultivated land. Food production is very important and has always been placed in a very prominent position. In particular, after the Second World War, the Japanese government began to pay more attention to and develop agriculture, and promoted the development of agriculture by vigorously developing agricultural mechanization. The development of agricultural mechanization in Japan began in 1947. After nearly 60 years of development, agricultural production has all been mechanized, leading the world, especially the mechanization of rice production in the world's highest level. It has generally experienced four stages of development:
The introduction period of agricultural machinery. This period was the initial stage of agricultural machinery in Japan. In July 1949, the Japanese nation began to implement the "Agricultural Machinery Dependence Inspection System" for the purpose of promoting the improvement of agricultural machinery. It was the beginning of Japan's implementation of the agricultural machinery development policy. In March 1958, Japan enacted the Law on the Promotion of Agricultural Mechanization, which promoted the development of agricultural mechanization. Especially after 1955, Japan's mining industry developed rapidly, surpassing agriculture, driving the transfer of agricultural population to industry and other industrial sectors. The agricultural population was significantly reduced, and the demand for agricultural mechanization was stronger, which in turn led to the agricultural machinery. Development. In 1956, Japan enacted the Law on Temporary Measures for the Revitalization of Machinery Industry, which promoted the development of the agricultural machinery manufacturing industry, and new and applicable agricultural machinery continued to emerge. At the end of 1964, the state's agricultural machinery subsidy policy was also implemented.
The development period of agricultural machinery. During this period, with the rapid growth of the Japanese economy, the rural labor force was rapidly transferred to the secondary and tertiary industries, and the number of people engaged in agriculture was further reduced, and mechanization was rapidly developed. During this period, rice transplanters and harvesters appeared, which solved the problems of farmers' “big bends” and “small sickles” and basically realized the whole process of agricultural mechanization from rice cultivation, transplanting, management, harvesting, drying to processing. The extensive and extensive use of agricultural machinery has also brought about the safety of agricultural machinery and roads and field driving. In 1965, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Japan began to implement the Agricultural Safety Countermeasures, and in 1969, the Agricultural Safety Standards and Agricultural The benchmark of mechanical safety equipment, the whole system of agricultural mechanization is sound, from manufacturing to use and management are relatively standardized, and agricultural machinery is developing healthily.
The maturity and saturation period of agricultural machinery. Since 1975, due to the continuous promotion of the operation of transplanting operations and harvesting operations, the productivity level has been further improved, and the pace of liberating heavy labor has taken a step forward. Agricultural machinery not only further improves in terms of performance and durability, but also achieves amazing development in the application of electronic and hydraulic technologies, improving the driving operation of agricultural machinery, improving rideability and safety. In 1976, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of the People's Republic of China formulated the "Outline for the Confirmation of Agricultural Machinery Safety Equipment" and began to conduct safety appraisal and safety management of agricultural machinery. In order to popularize the agricultural machinery of electromechanical and hydraulic integration technology, Japan also granted preferential policies to tax purchasers in 1984.
The period of diversification of agricultural machinery. By 1985, Japan had basically realized the mechanization of agricultural production, but began to pursue the use of convenience, supporting operations and labor saving. To this end, large tractors began to be equipped with cabs, equipped with the same air-conditioning equipment, radios, and audio equipment as the cars in the cab, in pursuit of a comfortable working environment, and agricultural machinery developed in a more advanced direction.
After more than 50 years of development, Japan has achieved a high degree of mechanization of agricultural production, especially rice production, and achieved mechanization in the whole process, leading the world. Paddy field preparation, generally using rotary tiller and ground soil agitating soil preparation machine, the land preparation effect is good; rice breeding, using shed room breeding, Japan adopts "dry breeding and thin planting" technology, due to lack of seedbed soil, developed in recent years After the rice husk is crushed, the seedling tray and the seedbed soil processed by special mechanical equipment are used for promotion, all of which are mechanically planted and factoryized; the transplanting is all mechanized, in the northern part of Hokkaido, Japan, because of the cold zone, the latitude is the same as that of China. Jilin is close to the southern part of Heilongjiang, but Hokkaido is located in the Pacific Ocean. It is a maritime climate and slow in spring. Therefore, when transplanting in spring, it is similar to the Sanjiang Plain in Heilongjiang, and it accounts for about 50% of the area. The transplanting machine is used for transplanting. In other parts of Japan, ordinary quick-twisting machines are generally used, and the rice transplanting machine is equipped with high equipment. Almost every household has transplanting machines. One rice transplanting machine works on average for less than one week; the field management of waterways, one It is sprayed and topdressed with a sprayer with a range of nearly 30 meters, and the helicopter and unmanned aircraft are used. Japan's water resources are abundant. Rice is almost all surface water, rivers and lakes are numerous, water conservancy and irrigation facilities are complete and complete; rice harvesting is entirely mechanical, and the main models are semi-feeding 4-6 rows of harvesters, followed by It is fully fed, and there is no winder; after the rice is harvested, the climate in Japan is humid, and when the rice is harvested, the water content is high, and it is usually sent for drying. Drying uses rice-specific dryers ranging from 5 to 30 tons, and large ones also has hundreds of tons. Other crops are also highly mechanized, such as potatoes, sowing and harvesting are mechanized. The potato harvester we saw in Hokkaido is very advanced, using a large self-propelled harvester, one operation, combined harvest, and good harvest quality. it is good.
Japanese rice mechanization development experience
Japan's agriculture is essentially rice farming. Agriculture is dominated by rice. Nearly 50% of cultivated land is used to grow rice. Japan can be called "the country of rice farming" and rice is called "international rice" by Japan. Therefore, agricultural mechanization is no exception, and it is mechanization based on rice. The mechanization of rice production also represents the mechanization of agriculture in Japan. Looking at the history of the development of agricultural machinery in Japan, combined with our field visits to Japan, Japan's experience in developing rice mechanization mainly has the following four points: attaching great importance to the mechanization of rice production and vigorously developing agricultural machinery. Japan ended the end of World War II as a demarcation point. Before the war, agriculture was underdeveloped. After the war, the national economy was vigorously restored and developed. The Agrarian Reform Act was implemented to realize the cultivation of farmers, which greatly improved the production enthusiasm of rice farmers. At the same time, the government and the "Agricultural Machinery Promotion Law" were introduced in 1953. Through the introduction of high-performance agricultural machinery with plans to carry out experimental research, promote the promotion and application of applicable agricultural machinery, adopt an inspection system for the establishment of agricultural machinery and a sound test of agricultural machinery. Research systems and measures to ensure that they are funded. Through the development of agricultural mechanization, the agricultural labor productivity will be greatly improved to reduce farmers, transfer and separate agricultural labor, and engage in the development of industry, tertiary industry and urbanization. Then, in 1956, the Law on Temporary Measures for the Revitalization of Machinery Industry was introduced to support and support the development of the agricultural machinery manufacturing industry. These are all worth learning and learning from. A subsidy policy is applied to agriculture, rice production and farmers' purchase of agricultural machinery. Japan's agriculture is highly supported by national policies, rice is called "international rice", and rice production is an industry that the government attaches great importance to and supports. Japan has always had government support policies for agriculture and rice production. The subsidies for farmers to purchase paddy fields began in 1964 and lasted for 40 years until 2004. For more than 40 years, the enthusiasm of farmers to use machinery has been very high, and the government has high subsidies, ranging from 10% to more than 50%. In particular, the proportion and amount of subsidies for purchasing advanced and high prices are also large. Greatly promoted the development of agricultural machinery. According to local conditions, combined with national conditions, the development of agricultural machinery. Japan is a long and narrow island country with fewer people and less land. The land is not contiguous and the land is small and scattered. In addition to the implementation of the Agrarian Reform Act from 1947 to 1950, the government forced the rice fields that were originally concentrated in the hands of a few landowners to be divided into small plots for farmers to cultivate, making the plot smaller. It can be said that Japan is a typical intensive cultivation of "small rice farming", so we feel that Japanese agricultural machinery is also a "small agricultural machine." Agricultural machinery serves agricultural production and develops with the development of agricultural production. Mechanization of rice production in Japan has been developed to adapt to the production characteristics of rice. Therefore, rice machinery in Japan is mainly small and medium-sized and refined. Agricultural machinery has high manufacturing quality and advanced performance, and there are more and more advanced agricultural machinery products. The price of agricultural machinery in Japan is also high, but it is not high in comparison and calculation. First, the price of agricultural products is high, and the price is lower than that of agricultural machinery. The price of Japanese rice is 10 times that of China, and similar agricultural machinery products are not. It is 10 times higher than China; the second is that the government has more subsidies, a higher proportion, and a larger quota. The agricultural machinery socialized service system is sound and provides guarantee for agricultural machinery.
The Agricultural Cooperative Association is a socialized, entrepreneurial, and association organization for agricultural services. It plays a big role in agricultural production and development in Japan. From the central to the local city or village, there are agricultural associations. Providing pre-production, mid-production and post-production services for agriculture and farmers, including providing social services for agricultural machinery, providing farmers with sales and procurement machinery, spare parts supply, technical training and services, maintenance services, oil supply and agricultural machinery license management. The Agricultural Cooperative is also responsible for operating government subsidies for agricultural machinery. Farmers have no worries about using agricultural machinery.
Japan's experience in developing rice mechanization gives us enlightenment
The government must attach great importance to agricultural mechanization and support and support the development of agricultural mechanization. Japan is a rare country in the world that attaches great importance to agriculture. The issue of food security is very important for Japan. Therefore, the government has always attached great importance to agriculture and has continuously introduced policies to support and support the development of agriculture. Agricultural machinery is the main tool and means of agricultural production. Supporting agriculture first supports agricultural machinery and vigorously develops agricultural mechanization. Japan has successively introduced the "Agricultural Mechanization Promotion Law" and a long-term subsidy policy for farmers to purchase agricultural machinery, so that the agricultural machinery will be developed in a long-term and stable manner. China's subsidies for farmers to purchase agricultural machinery have just begun. The proportion and scope of subsidies are still relatively small, which cannot meet the needs of agricultural development and the wishes of the majority of farmers. In the future, China should increase the intensity of agricultural machinery subsidies, including expanding the scope of subsidies and increasing the ratio and quota of subsidies. It should be an effective and fundamental measure for the government to support and support the development of agricultural machinery. Japan is the country with the highest level of rice production and rice mechanization in the world, and its mechanization technology for rice production is worth learning and learning from. Mechanization of rice production in Japan is first-class in the world. As mentioned above, it is small and medium-sized, but it has good mechanical manufacturing quality, high technology content, advanced performance, sturdy and durable, and easy operation. It is the main tool and means to implement advanced rice production science and technology. There is no high and high level of mechanization of rice production, and there is no high technology and high level of rice production in Japan today. Therefore, China is also a big country in rice production, especially the farming system. Taking Heilongjiang Reclamation as an example, rice production is currently at the leading level in China. They belong to cold rice cultivation, and its characteristics are similar to Hokkaido, the main rice producing area in Japan. In the past, Heilongjiang Reclamation District has combined with local realities to learn and draw on the techniques and methods of rice production in Japan, including mechanization of rice, which is greatly inspired by Japan. In the future, it is still necessary to continue to learn and learn from the experience, technology and practices of Japanese mechanized rice production. Learn the practices and experiences of the Japan Agricultural Association and vigorously develop and build a social service system for agricultural machinery in China. At present, China's agricultural machinery is not only a low level, but also the agricultural machinery socialization service system is not perfect and perfect. The Japanese approach is worth learning and learning from. From the top to the bottom, the Agricultural Cooperatives form a network and form a system. The Agricultural Cooperative Association is an industry organization that farmers and farmers independently participate in. It is an economic organization that provides farmers with various services related to agriculture, including agricultural machinery. In Japan, the role of the Agricultural Cooperative is very large. China should consider developing organizations similar to the Japan Agricultural Association to establish and improve social organizations that serve agriculture and agricultural machinery.
About the Japan Agricultural Association
Agricultural Association, the full name: "Japan Farmers Association", is an organization that combines economic and social. The Agricultural Association implements the membership system. The members are divided into three types: one is “formal member”, mainly local farmers, and has land in the local area; the second is “appointed members”. The associate members have no land, but the engaged business is related to agriculture. The third type is "other members", which has neither land nor agriculture, but invests in shares. No matter how much the member contributes, each member has only one vote. Only formal members have the right to vote. Associate members and other members do not, which reflects the social nature of the farmers' association to protect the interests of farmers.
The Agricultural Association is divided into three levels: the highest is the national level, that is, the national, referred to as “all-agricultural”; the second is the county-level; the second is the municipal-level.
The national agricultural associations, that is, the whole farmers are registered in the country, and other agricultural associations are registered in the provinces and cities. In order to regulate the operation of the Agricultural Cooperatives, the State also introduced the "Agricultural Association Law".
The Agricultural Cooperatives implements the shareholding system of member investment and shareholding in the economy, and operates independently and is responsible for its own profits and losses. However, in terms of operation, the state gives many policy support and support. For example, corporate income tax paid by other enterprises is generally 20-30%, while the Agricultural Cooperative only pays 6%. Members receive dividends and bear risks according to investment, but members do not divide the rights according to the amount of investment. The rights of each member are equal, that is, the right to one vote. The operator or person in charge of the Agricultural Cooperatives shall implement the membership election system and the selection and appointment system of the Agricultural Cooperatives in accordance with the Agricultural Cooperative Law and the Articles of Association.
The Agricultural Cooperative has five main functions, namely: sales of agricultural and sideline products, procurement of agricultural production materials and materials, agricultural financial services, agricultural insurance services, and agricultural management. These five items can only basically cover all the agricultural-related paid services in the field of agricultural production before, during and after the birth. Whether buying pesticides, seeds or agricultural machinery, they are generally provided by the Agricultural Cooperatives. The agricultural products of the peasants after harvest in autumn are generally handed over to the Agricultural Cooperatives, which are jointly acquired by the Agricultural Cooperatives. The national policy of benefiting farmers is generally operated by the Agricultural Cooperatives. Take agricultural machinery subsidies as an example. Whether it is national, county or municipal, it is operated by agricultural associations at all levels. The management of agriculture, agricultural machinery research, seed cultivation, technical appraisal, and agricultural machinery driving licenses are also the responsibility of the specific professional departments within the Agricultural Cooperative. We visited Japan this time. We visited many organizations of the Agricultural Association, such as the “Agricultural Experimental Farm” in Hokkaido, Japan. It has been nearly 40 years old, and has also tested rice varieties for nearly 40 years. The agricultural research institution in Tokyo visited the “agricultural production mix” of the farmers at the grassroots level. The Agricultural Cooperatives not only have the above five functions, because the Agricultural Cooperative itself is also an economic entity, and some agricultural associations also run hospitals and other businesses. Therefore, in Japan's agriculture, the Agricultural Cooperative is everywhere, and there is no time. Without agricultural associations, agricultural production cannot be carried out.
At the beginning of the development of the Agricultural Cooperatives, the state gave the Agricultural Cooperatives many support policies. Therefore, the Japanese Agricultural Cooperatives developed rapidly, and the operation of the Agricultural Cooperatives was constantly standardized. The State also introduced the Agricultural Cooperative Law. The Agricultural Cooperatives insisted on providing quality and standardized agricultural and farmers. Services have played a big role in the field of agricultural production, namely: a good buffer between the government and farmers, the market and farmers, planning coordination and free competition, coordination of services, organization and guidance of agriculture And the irreplaceable role of farmers, and therefore welcomed by farmers, market recognition, the government's attention and support.
However, at present, the Japanese Agricultural Association is also facing some difficulties and problems, as well as reforms and continuous improvement and improvement. First, the government's policy of benefiting farmers has been gradually reduced, and the support and support policies for the Agricultural Cooperatives are also decreasing. If the agricultural machinery subsidy lasted for nearly 40 years and the cancellation began in 2004, farmers will no longer enjoy subsidies for purchasing agricultural machinery. Therefore, farmers purchasing agricultural machinery are not the only ones purchased from the agricultural cooperatives. They can purchase directly from manufacturers and other distributors. Other agricultural uses. There are similar problems with materials, so the Agricultural Cooperative has encountered competition in its operations. In the past, the Agricultural Cooperatives had a national policy of benefiting farmers, implemented a near-monopoly operation, and was constrained by the National Agricultural Cooperative Law. There was a lack of market competition, and now the competition was intensifying. Second, the Agricultural Cooperative Organization was huge, and the layers were overweight, trade circulation, procurement and sales. The price increase has been increased at a level of 10%, and the grassroots farmers and farmers have great opinions on this. Therefore, at present, the Japanese Agricultural Association is facing reforms. We believe that through the reforms, the Japanese Agricultural Association will continue to improve and improve. After decades of development, the Japanese Agricultural Association has its own strength and role to play. It is an irreplaceable and substitute for any economic organization. Nothing. However, the establishment and development of the Japan Agricultural Association, the effective service provided by agriculture and farmers, and the historical role it plays are worthy of full affirmation. Good experiences and practices are worth learning and learning. The problems and shortcomings are worthy of us. Absorb and take the lead.
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