Investigation Report on the Status Quo of the Agricultural Mechanization System in Germany in 2019
Report on the status quo of the agricultural machinery system in Germany in 2003
The Ministry of Agriculture went to the German Agricultural Mechanization System Construction and Management Training Group for 16 people. From March 3 to March 22, 2003, he went to the German Hessian Agricultural Association, DLG Agricultural Machinery Testing Center, Bavarian Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Bavaria. The Agricultural Machinery Training Institute, the Technical University of Munich, and the European Union Agricultural Office of Berlin conducted training and visited and visited agricultural machinery manufacturers such as GRIMME and AMAZONEN and three agricultural enterprises. Through training exchanges and field visits, the members of the training group have a certain understanding of the German agricultural service system, agricultural machinery testing program, agricultural machinery training system, agricultural machinery research and development and agricultural machinery production, and learned a lot of advanced management techniques and new The concept has achieved great gains.
After summarizing and summarizing, the relevant study and study are now described as follows:
I. Germany's agricultural mechanization system Germany has an area of 17.3 million hectares of cultivated land, accounting for about half of its land area. Its main crop is wheat, with more than 2.9 million hectares. In agricultural production, animal husbandry occupies an important position. At present, the annual economic income of agricultural enterprises is 43 billion euros, of which about half is the income of animal husbandry. In the animal husbandry, the income of milk accounts for 90%, which is the main source of income of agricultural enterprises.
Since the Second World War, the agricultural production structure in Germany has undergone great changes. The area of business per household of agricultural enterprises has been increasing. The number of enterprises has been declining. The number of agricultural enterprises has dropped from more than 1.6 million in 1949 to the present. There are 1 million farms with an area of more than 2 hectares; the number of agricultural employees has dropped from 4.819 million in 1949 to 940,000 in 2001, and the agricultural population accounts for the proportion of the entire society. In 1950, it was 24.1. %, 38.2% in 1900 and only 2.5% in 2000; the number of people supported by each farmer increased from 10 in 1950 to 128 in 2001. In the process, technological advancement and modern agricultural machinery played. Great role.
Germany's agricultural and agricultural machinery management and service institutions Germany's agricultural management departments are mainly the agriculture and forestry departments of the states. The Bavarian Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry surveyed by the eight branches of the management of fisheries, planting, agricultural engineering, five educational and research institutions, 1 A technical development center, three research management departments, a training center and a farm, as well as seven regional government agricultural departments and rural development departments, 47 county agricultural offices, and 61 agricultural schools. Mainly responsible for agricultural policy advice and policy implementation, agricultural support and agricultural subsidies such as agricultural insurance, adult vocational education and continuing education, and agricultural research applications. The function of German agricultural services is mainly undertaken by agricultural associations. The Agricultural Cooperative is a top-down civil society composed of grassroots agricultural associations, regional agricultural associations, state agricultural associations and the National Agricultural Association. For example, the Agricultural Association of Quande is composed of 16 state agricultural associations; in the Hessen State we visited, the Agricultural Cooperatives consisted of 24 regional agricultural associations and 2,370 grassroots agricultural associations, representing the interests of 33,000 agricultural enterprises in the state, accounting for the statewide agriculture. 90% of the business. The Agricultural Cooperatives help agricultural enterprises solve their problems in science and technology and law, reflect the problems of agricultural enterprises to the government, and solve the problems by influencing legislation. In terms of agricultural mechanization services, in the past, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of all German states have technical offices responsible for the coordination and quality supervision of agricultural machinery organizations. They are mainly responsible for communicating directly with agricultural enterprises and timely reporting the quality and performance of agricultural machinery to agricultural machinery manufacturers. With the development of agricultural mechanization, there are currently six states with institutions in this area, three of which are affiliated agencies of the State Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. 80% of the funds are paid by the state government, 20% are paid by agricultural enterprises, and the other three are Private business.
The Agricultural Cooperative has no direct relationship with the government. Its funding is mainly based on membership fee income and no financial support. In Hessen, the peasant association fee consists of two parts. The first part is the basic membership fee, 50 euros per household enterprise, and the second part is based on the land area of the agricultural enterprise, about 8-10 euros/ha. With the changes in the structure of German agricultural economy, the Agricultural Cooperative also faces some problems: First, due to the reduction in the number of agricultural enterprises and the reduction of cultivated land, the income of membership fees is also decreasing year by year. Second, in order to increase social employment, the peasants are required to retire at the age of 65 and hand over the farm to young people. At present, the number of retirees is large, and the pressure to pay pensions is very high. In addition, German agriculture is also facing the situation that farmers' wages are growing, bread prices are growing, and raw material prices have been declining. Since 2000, German farmers' income has begun to decline.
German agricultural machinery testing
DLG—Deutsche Landwirtschafts-Gesellschaft eV consists of four main divisions, one of which is the Department of Agricultural Machinery, Electronic Testing and Animal and Plant Testing. The German Agricultural Cooperative Agricultural Machinery Testing Agency is headquartered in Frankfurt and has more than 50 staff members. The German agricultural machinery testing organization has also established a European agricultural machinery testing network jointly with the agricultural machinery testing institutions in 12 countries in Europe, forming a framework for professional division of labor in agricultural machinery testing. For example, large agricultural machinery in Germany is not currently inspected at its home country, but sent to A farm machinery testing room in Denmark conducts tests. Through such a professional division of labor, the testing organizations in each country are not all-inclusive. The Frankfurt Testing Center in Germany is currently mainly engaged in the testing of tractors, combine harvesters, breeding equipment and lawn equipment.
The DLG Agricultural Machinery Testing Center is a non-profit organization that is politically and economically independent of the government. Its income is mainly due to member payables, service charges and social assistance. The products that pass the test can be labeled with the DLG quality assurance, which can be regarded as the mark of the quality of the agricultural machinery production enterprise, and can also be regarded as the mark that the farmers can approve the purchase. DLG publishes the test results to the public in the form of Intetnet, professional magazines and test reports.
DLG agricultural machinery testing is carried out in accordance with public standards such as ISO and CE, and is developed by DLG itself for the time when there is no standard. Its testing content is divided into three categories: First, comprehensive testing. Including safety testing, maintenance testing and operability testing, so that farmers can buy with confidence. The test program is the field test and the test report is used by the test committee. The second is a special test of some performance. The third is to conduct performance tests on new products by the founding companies, issue test reports to the providing enterprises, and provide consulting and technical support for enterprises to improve products. The agency can complete more than 600 comprehensive tests and more than 2,000 special tests in one year.
In Germany, all agricultural machinery testing projects of enterprises are not mandatory, and all testing items of agricultural machinery testing institutions are also charged. Part of DLG's testing can be supported by the state's financial support, mainly the national consumer rights protection department for mechanical noise testing, etc., through the provision of certain subsidies in the construction of testing facilities and equipment to provide financial assistance.
German agricultural machinery vocational training Due to the establishment of the European Union, agricultural policies tend to be unified. The state governments have limited effects on agricultural policies. They only do more investigations for EU coordination and have a strong sense of policy making. Therefore, the state governments now pay more attention to the exchange and application of agricultural information and technology.
The Bavarian Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry has an agricultural training center, which is divided into three colleges, one of which is the Agricultural Machinery Technology Institute. In Germany, after the adoption of basic education, young people need a kind of training similar to vocational training in China before employment. Divided into 3 years, four levels, one is the basic knowledge of professional theory; the second is practical operation skills; the third is management ability; the fourth is professional skills training, this stage belongs to the process of further study, you can choose.
The Bavarian Academy of Agricultural Machinery Technology is mainly engaged in the training of agricultural machinery operation and maintenance. After the basic education, the young people apply for it, and the state government issues the plan and funds to go to the college for training. After the end of the study, the certificate is issued. After the students graduate, 90% of them go to the agricultural enterprise to engage in training. work. At the same time, the center also undertakes short-term training for farmers' skills. The training is basically free. Farmers volunteer to participate, and about 500-600 people receive this training every year.
The college has a full range of teaching facilities and a wealth of teaching aids. The college has a number of very advanced agricultural implements for use as teaching aids, all of which are funded by various manufacturing companies. While studying, the trainees also selected the tools. For agricultural machinery manufacturers, this actually played a combination of training and selection.
German agricultural machinery research and development and production The Munich University of Technology is a world-renowned industrial technology institute with a specialized agricultural machinery research institute. According to Dr. K.TH. Rex, the one-third of the salary of the institute is supported by the government, and the remaining two-thirds of the funds are supported by the contracted project. The Institute receives a total of 12 million euros of project funding from the government and enterprises each year.
Students who entered the college's mechanical majors were based on the first two years of study, regardless of majors. During this period, one third of the students were eliminated. 5-9 semester is divided into professional studies, and the 10th semester is used for graduation defense. If you pass the skills and management ability training, you can also get the Master title.
At present, Germany uses its own technological advantages to produce medium-sized tractors in India based on German technology. German agricultural machinery experts proposed a plan for the operation of agricultural machinery enterprises for developing countries such as China, including eight parts. The first is to establish a private system; the second is to conduct research and development in cooperation with universities and professional scientific research units in production, learning, and research; the third is to coordinate development with the agricultural economic management department; the fourth is to have planning for production, and to introduce technology without rushing for technology. And pay attention to application; the fifth is to pay attention to security protection. The government should play a role in this regard; the sixth is to establish a quality assurance system; the seventh is to have better technical sources such as book publications; the eighth is to establish support systems for employee training, project management, and foreign languages.
After training at the University of Munich, we visited two German agricultural machinery companies GRIMMER and AMAMZONE in Lower Saxony.
GRIMMER is a comprehensive large-scale joint-stock company with technical research and development, production, training, marketing and service. The manufacturing equipment is very advanced and professional. The company is the world's largest producer of potato machinery, covering everything from planting to harvesting to storage. The production accounts for 60% of total European production and is exported to more than 40 countries and regions. Product specifications range from 2 lines to 8 lines, ranging in price from €35,000 to €80,000. The company's two-row planter and two-row and four-row harvester and other small potato production machinery have been exported to China's Mongolia, Gansu, Hebei, Guangxi and other potato production areas this year.
AMAMZONE is a company that produces agricultural machinery such as farming, sowing, fertilizing, and pesticide spraying. The company integrates science, industry and trade, has its own research team, and cooperates with the university to develop technology. It has a 1000-hectare product testing base. The company was founded in 1883. In 2002, its output value reached 180 million euros. It ranks fourth among German agricultural machinery companies and 60% of its products. The company's marketing department has a Chinese export department, and a special person is responsible. In 2002, some of the company's farming machines were imported through the agent of Beijing, Maerxi, in Xinjiang.
Finally, we visited two farms, each of which has an area of about 120 hectares, mainly planting potatoes and onions. Throughout the production process, mechanization has been achieved from land preparation, planting, plant protection, harvesting, grading, transportation and storage. In terms of agricultural mechanization, these farms rely mainly on their own machinery. At the peak of their operations, they can also adjust their machinery and cooperate with each other to greatly improve the utilization rate of machinery and the efficiency of agricultural production.
Second, the main experience through 20 days of study and visits, inspections, we believe that Germany in the agricultural, agricultural machinery service management system has many places worth learning and learning, many experiences worthy of our research, by learning these good things, you can To make us less detours in the development of agricultural machinery, we can more effectively strengthen the management services for our agricultural machinery, so that China's agricultural machinery can develop rapidly and healthily based on the experience of advanced countries.
After the Second World War, Germany gradually established an effective agricultural machinery management service system. In the whole agriculture, the agricultural association organization covering more than 90% of the farmers was established from the top down. The organization can coordinate with the government and the community on behalf of the interests of farmers. Various relationships involve technology, law, culture, politics, and policy. Providing farmers with services in law, technology, information, market, etc., to achieve a certain degree of organizational and orderly agricultural production. In the agricultural machinery management and service, a distinctive system has also been formed. There is an agricultural machinery office under the government to organize and coordinate, quality supervision and rights protection. In the form of unified government organization, it provides technical training to agricultural enterprises and strengthens the employees. On-the-job training, improve their technical quality, so that practitioners can effectively and rationally use advanced agricultural machinery, and master some scientific management methods. Through DLG agricultural machinery testing, in terms of safety, use and other performance checks, from the interests of both producers and users, set up a relationship of mutual trust, to ensure the interests of both parties. In the aspect of agricultural machinery maintenance, the principle of who is responsible for sales is fully implemented, and an after-sales maintenance service system that is responsible for the seller is established.
In the development of agricultural machinery, the government has provided the necessary financial support in Germany. The agricultural machinery vocational skills training is provided by the government on-demand training programs and provides funding; in terms of scientific research and testing, the government has also given great financial support. This has played a significant role in the development of the agricultural mechanized service system. In agricultural production, the government has certain subsidies for the construction of warehouses and other infrastructure for agricultural enterprises. For the fuel used in agricultural machinery, Germany stipulates that the tax of 0.21 euros per liter of diesel country is exempted, that is, the agricultural enterprise purchases the oil invoice and the application, and the government department returns it in the form of environmental protection tax. At present, the German diesel market price is about 0.95 euros per liter, and the fuel subsidy is equivalent to 22% of the market price. Similar policies exist in France, Belgium, the Netherlands and other countries.
There are many new ideas worthy of our thinking on the concept of agricultural mechanization development. German experts believe that only when the agricultural labor force is reduced, will more people engage in other service industries. The transfer of agricultural labor and the reduction of agricultural employees are mainly based on engineering technology. It cannot be considered that the development of agricultural mechanization will increase the unemployment of the agricultural labor force. In fact, at the same time as industrial production, the labor force is also decreasing. A large part of the personnel are transferred to the service industry. If it is not, it must generate unemployment. They also believe that agriculture cannot be said to be unimportant because of the reduction in agricultural labor, and agriculture contributes a lot to society. It is impossible to use backward production methods to retain farmers in order to reduce the pressure on employment. In history, Germany tried to control the loss of agricultural labor by restricting the development of agriculture, but in fact it has little effect. The reduction of agricultural labor is still an unstoppable development process. China's current theoretical research in this area is not enough. Some problems cannot be said thoroughly, which has a negative impact on the development of agricultural machinery.
The government regulation of agricultural development is very important. From the historical process of EU agricultural policy development, the following experiences are worth learning from: First, agricultural issues are different from industrial ones. Agriculture is a special sector and cannot be completely regulated by the market. Governments need appropriate regulation, especially at a stage when agriculture is still underdeveloped, and government intervention is very important. Second, in addition to the purpose of protecting and mobilizing the enthusiasm of farmers for production, the government should also emphasize the enhancement of the competitiveness of agricultural products in the international market. In particular, we must combine production and sales and consider them in a comprehensive manner. Third, government regulation should be carried out within the framework of the WTO Green Box Policy. It mainly adopts direct subsidies, invests in infrastructure projects, promotes structural adjustment and balanced development, and subsidizes research, development and promotion of new technologies. Fourth, the government's investment in agriculture accounts for a large proportion of total expenditure. Of the total budget of 100 billion euros per year in the EU, 50%, or 50 billion euros, is used to subsidize agriculture, and government intervention is used to reach farmers' income. Level.
Third, several suggestions to further strengthen the study and study of German agricultural mechanization development experience, short-term study, visit, to thoroughly understand the development of agricultural machinery in Germany, advanced technology, ideas is impossible, for the mechanization of German agriculture The understanding is still very superficial. To have a thorough and accurate grasp of its development policies, development laws and lessons learned, there must be more time. There are many good experiences in the development of German agricultural machinery, and there are also many problems at the same time. Further research and exploration are very beneficial to the healthy development of agricultural machinery in China. Therefore, it is recommended that the state send researchers in this field to conduct special research.
Actively promote the cooperation and exchange of agricultural mechanization between China and Germany. The development of agricultural mechanization in Germany is very fast. Agricultural machinery products use a large number of advanced technologies in the industry, such as engine technology, variable speed technology, safety protection technology, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the technology of agricultural machinery industry with Germany. The exchanges enable China's agricultural machinery industry to track and follow the most cutting-edge technologies in the world to achieve simultaneous development with the international community. You can learn German advanced technology by means of sending students. In addition, German agricultural machinery companies and research units have shown great enthusiasm and strong desire to cooperate with China in producing agricultural machinery and selling German products to the Chinese market. China's agricultural machinery department should invite German enterprises, institutions and scientific research units to communicate with China. Investigate, establish joint ventures, wholly-owned enterprises, introduce German technology into China, improve the level of China's agricultural machinery products, and then push products to the world.
Strengthen the government's support for the construction of agricultural mechanization system, establish a promotion policy system for the development of national agricultural mechanization, and promote the development of agricultural mechanization in China from the aspects of legal system and finance. We must continue to strengthen China's agricultural machinery promotion permit system, build a trust bridge between China's agricultural machinery enterprises and farmers, and safeguard the interests of both sides. It is necessary to increase the government's support for agricultural machinery vocational training, improve the quality of agricultural workers in China, and promote the development of agricultural mechanization and agricultural modernization. It is necessary to strengthen the research and input on the safety performance, environmental protection and other aspects of the design and manufacture of agricultural machinery to ensure the safe use of agricultural machinery. It is necessary to increase support for scientific research and development and technology promotion of agricultural machinery from the financial aspect, speed up the upgrading of agricultural machinery products, accelerate the introduction and digestion of new agricultural machinery and new products, and comprehensively upgrade the level of agricultural equipment in China and promote the realization of agricultural modernization.
Member of the study tour on March 27, 2003:
Liu Luncai, Huang Wei, Wang Yan, Hu Boyin, Hu Wei, Tian Jilai, Han Zhan, Shu Weijun, Sun Li, Zhu Peili, Cheng Shuangjin, Wang Yougen, Li Youhua, Tan Renzhong, Luo Shoujun, Yang Liu
The Ministry of Agriculture went to the German Agricultural Mechanization System Construction and Management Training Group for 16 people. From March 3 to March 22, 2003, he went to the German Hessian Agricultural Association, DLG Agricultural Machinery Testing Center, Bavarian Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Bavaria. The Agricultural Machinery Training Institute, the Technical University of Munich, and the European Union Agricultural Office of Berlin conducted training and visited and visited agricultural machinery manufacturers such as GRIMME and AMAZONEN and three agricultural enterprises. Through training exchanges and field visits, the members of the training group have a certain understanding of the German agricultural service system, agricultural machinery testing program, agricultural machinery training system, agricultural machinery research and development and agricultural machinery production, and learned a lot of advanced management techniques and new The concept has achieved great gains.
After summarizing and summarizing, the relevant study and study are now described as follows:
I. Germany's agricultural mechanization system Germany has an area of 17.3 million hectares of cultivated land, accounting for about half of its land area. Its main crop is wheat, with more than 2.9 million hectares. In agricultural production, animal husbandry occupies an important position. At present, the annual economic income of agricultural enterprises is 43 billion euros, of which about half is the income of animal husbandry. In the animal husbandry, the income of milk accounts for 90%, which is the main source of income of agricultural enterprises.
Since the Second World War, the agricultural production structure in Germany has undergone great changes. The area of business per household of agricultural enterprises has been increasing. The number of enterprises has been declining. The number of agricultural enterprises has dropped from more than 1.6 million in 1949 to the present. There are 1 million farms with an area of more than 2 hectares; the number of agricultural employees has dropped from 4.819 million in 1949 to 940,000 in 2001, and the agricultural population accounts for the proportion of the entire society. In 1950, it was 24.1. %, 38.2% in 1900 and only 2.5% in 2000; the number of people supported by each farmer increased from 10 in 1950 to 128 in 2001. In the process, technological advancement and modern agricultural machinery played. Great role.
Germany's agricultural and agricultural machinery management and service institutions Germany's agricultural management departments are mainly the agriculture and forestry departments of the states. The Bavarian Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry surveyed by the eight branches of the management of fisheries, planting, agricultural engineering, five educational and research institutions, 1 A technical development center, three research management departments, a training center and a farm, as well as seven regional government agricultural departments and rural development departments, 47 county agricultural offices, and 61 agricultural schools. Mainly responsible for agricultural policy advice and policy implementation, agricultural support and agricultural subsidies such as agricultural insurance, adult vocational education and continuing education, and agricultural research applications. The function of German agricultural services is mainly undertaken by agricultural associations. The Agricultural Cooperative is a top-down civil society composed of grassroots agricultural associations, regional agricultural associations, state agricultural associations and the National Agricultural Association. For example, the Agricultural Association of Quande is composed of 16 state agricultural associations; in the Hessen State we visited, the Agricultural Cooperatives consisted of 24 regional agricultural associations and 2,370 grassroots agricultural associations, representing the interests of 33,000 agricultural enterprises in the state, accounting for the statewide agriculture. 90% of the business. The Agricultural Cooperatives help agricultural enterprises solve their problems in science and technology and law, reflect the problems of agricultural enterprises to the government, and solve the problems by influencing legislation. In terms of agricultural mechanization services, in the past, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of all German states have technical offices responsible for the coordination and quality supervision of agricultural machinery organizations. They are mainly responsible for communicating directly with agricultural enterprises and timely reporting the quality and performance of agricultural machinery to agricultural machinery manufacturers. With the development of agricultural mechanization, there are currently six states with institutions in this area, three of which are affiliated agencies of the State Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. 80% of the funds are paid by the state government, 20% are paid by agricultural enterprises, and the other three are Private business.
The Agricultural Cooperative has no direct relationship with the government. Its funding is mainly based on membership fee income and no financial support. In Hessen, the peasant association fee consists of two parts. The first part is the basic membership fee, 50 euros per household enterprise, and the second part is based on the land area of the agricultural enterprise, about 8-10 euros/ha. With the changes in the structure of German agricultural economy, the Agricultural Cooperative also faces some problems: First, due to the reduction in the number of agricultural enterprises and the reduction of cultivated land, the income of membership fees is also decreasing year by year. Second, in order to increase social employment, the peasants are required to retire at the age of 65 and hand over the farm to young people. At present, the number of retirees is large, and the pressure to pay pensions is very high. In addition, German agriculture is also facing the situation that farmers' wages are growing, bread prices are growing, and raw material prices have been declining. Since 2000, German farmers' income has begun to decline.
German agricultural machinery testing
DLG—Deutsche Landwirtschafts-Gesellschaft eV consists of four main divisions, one of which is the Department of Agricultural Machinery, Electronic Testing and Animal and Plant Testing. The German Agricultural Cooperative Agricultural Machinery Testing Agency is headquartered in Frankfurt and has more than 50 staff members. The German agricultural machinery testing organization has also established a European agricultural machinery testing network jointly with the agricultural machinery testing institutions in 12 countries in Europe, forming a framework for professional division of labor in agricultural machinery testing. For example, large agricultural machinery in Germany is not currently inspected at its home country, but sent to A farm machinery testing room in Denmark conducts tests. Through such a professional division of labor, the testing organizations in each country are not all-inclusive. The Frankfurt Testing Center in Germany is currently mainly engaged in the testing of tractors, combine harvesters, breeding equipment and lawn equipment.
The DLG Agricultural Machinery Testing Center is a non-profit organization that is politically and economically independent of the government. Its income is mainly due to member payables, service charges and social assistance. The products that pass the test can be labeled with the DLG quality assurance, which can be regarded as the mark of the quality of the agricultural machinery production enterprise, and can also be regarded as the mark that the farmers can approve the purchase. DLG publishes the test results to the public in the form of Intetnet, professional magazines and test reports.
DLG agricultural machinery testing is carried out in accordance with public standards such as ISO and CE, and is developed by DLG itself for the time when there is no standard. Its testing content is divided into three categories: First, comprehensive testing. Including safety testing, maintenance testing and operability testing, so that farmers can buy with confidence. The test program is the field test and the test report is used by the test committee. The second is a special test of some performance. The third is to conduct performance tests on new products by the founding companies, issue test reports to the providing enterprises, and provide consulting and technical support for enterprises to improve products. The agency can complete more than 600 comprehensive tests and more than 2,000 special tests in one year.
In Germany, all agricultural machinery testing projects of enterprises are not mandatory, and all testing items of agricultural machinery testing institutions are also charged. Part of DLG's testing can be supported by the state's financial support, mainly the national consumer rights protection department for mechanical noise testing, etc., through the provision of certain subsidies in the construction of testing facilities and equipment to provide financial assistance.
German agricultural machinery vocational training Due to the establishment of the European Union, agricultural policies tend to be unified. The state governments have limited effects on agricultural policies. They only do more investigations for EU coordination and have a strong sense of policy making. Therefore, the state governments now pay more attention to the exchange and application of agricultural information and technology.
The Bavarian Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry has an agricultural training center, which is divided into three colleges, one of which is the Agricultural Machinery Technology Institute. In Germany, after the adoption of basic education, young people need a kind of training similar to vocational training in China before employment. Divided into 3 years, four levels, one is the basic knowledge of professional theory; the second is practical operation skills; the third is management ability; the fourth is professional skills training, this stage belongs to the process of further study, you can choose.
The Bavarian Academy of Agricultural Machinery Technology is mainly engaged in the training of agricultural machinery operation and maintenance. After the basic education, the young people apply for it, and the state government issues the plan and funds to go to the college for training. After the end of the study, the certificate is issued. After the students graduate, 90% of them go to the agricultural enterprise to engage in training. work. At the same time, the center also undertakes short-term training for farmers' skills. The training is basically free. Farmers volunteer to participate, and about 500-600 people receive this training every year.
The college has a full range of teaching facilities and a wealth of teaching aids. The college has a number of very advanced agricultural implements for use as teaching aids, all of which are funded by various manufacturing companies. While studying, the trainees also selected the tools. For agricultural machinery manufacturers, this actually played a combination of training and selection.
German agricultural machinery research and development and production The Munich University of Technology is a world-renowned industrial technology institute with a specialized agricultural machinery research institute. According to Dr. K.TH. Rex, the one-third of the salary of the institute is supported by the government, and the remaining two-thirds of the funds are supported by the contracted project. The Institute receives a total of 12 million euros of project funding from the government and enterprises each year.
Students who entered the college's mechanical majors were based on the first two years of study, regardless of majors. During this period, one third of the students were eliminated. 5-9 semester is divided into professional studies, and the 10th semester is used for graduation defense. If you pass the skills and management ability training, you can also get the Master title.
At present, Germany uses its own technological advantages to produce medium-sized tractors in India based on German technology. German agricultural machinery experts proposed a plan for the operation of agricultural machinery enterprises for developing countries such as China, including eight parts. The first is to establish a private system; the second is to conduct research and development in cooperation with universities and professional scientific research units in production, learning, and research; the third is to coordinate development with the agricultural economic management department; the fourth is to have planning for production, and to introduce technology without rushing for technology. And pay attention to application; the fifth is to pay attention to security protection. The government should play a role in this regard; the sixth is to establish a quality assurance system; the seventh is to have better technical sources such as book publications; the eighth is to establish support systems for employee training, project management, and foreign languages.
After training at the University of Munich, we visited two German agricultural machinery companies GRIMMER and AMAMZONE in Lower Saxony.
GRIMMER is a comprehensive large-scale joint-stock company with technical research and development, production, training, marketing and service. The manufacturing equipment is very advanced and professional. The company is the world's largest producer of potato machinery, covering everything from planting to harvesting to storage. The production accounts for 60% of total European production and is exported to more than 40 countries and regions. Product specifications range from 2 lines to 8 lines, ranging in price from €35,000 to €80,000. The company's two-row planter and two-row and four-row harvester and other small potato production machinery have been exported to China's Mongolia, Gansu, Hebei, Guangxi and other potato production areas this year.
AMAMZONE is a company that produces agricultural machinery such as farming, sowing, fertilizing, and pesticide spraying. The company integrates science, industry and trade, has its own research team, and cooperates with the university to develop technology. It has a 1000-hectare product testing base. The company was founded in 1883. In 2002, its output value reached 180 million euros. It ranks fourth among German agricultural machinery companies and 60% of its products. The company's marketing department has a Chinese export department, and a special person is responsible. In 2002, some of the company's farming machines were imported through the agent of Beijing, Maerxi, in Xinjiang.
Finally, we visited two farms, each of which has an area of about 120 hectares, mainly planting potatoes and onions. Throughout the production process, mechanization has been achieved from land preparation, planting, plant protection, harvesting, grading, transportation and storage. In terms of agricultural mechanization, these farms rely mainly on their own machinery. At the peak of their operations, they can also adjust their machinery and cooperate with each other to greatly improve the utilization rate of machinery and the efficiency of agricultural production.
Second, the main experience through 20 days of study and visits, inspections, we believe that Germany in the agricultural, agricultural machinery service management system has many places worth learning and learning, many experiences worthy of our research, by learning these good things, you can To make us less detours in the development of agricultural machinery, we can more effectively strengthen the management services for our agricultural machinery, so that China's agricultural machinery can develop rapidly and healthily based on the experience of advanced countries.
After the Second World War, Germany gradually established an effective agricultural machinery management service system. In the whole agriculture, the agricultural association organization covering more than 90% of the farmers was established from the top down. The organization can coordinate with the government and the community on behalf of the interests of farmers. Various relationships involve technology, law, culture, politics, and policy. Providing farmers with services in law, technology, information, market, etc., to achieve a certain degree of organizational and orderly agricultural production. In the agricultural machinery management and service, a distinctive system has also been formed. There is an agricultural machinery office under the government to organize and coordinate, quality supervision and rights protection. In the form of unified government organization, it provides technical training to agricultural enterprises and strengthens the employees. On-the-job training, improve their technical quality, so that practitioners can effectively and rationally use advanced agricultural machinery, and master some scientific management methods. Through DLG agricultural machinery testing, in terms of safety, use and other performance checks, from the interests of both producers and users, set up a relationship of mutual trust, to ensure the interests of both parties. In the aspect of agricultural machinery maintenance, the principle of who is responsible for sales is fully implemented, and an after-sales maintenance service system that is responsible for the seller is established.
In the development of agricultural machinery, the government has provided the necessary financial support in Germany. The agricultural machinery vocational skills training is provided by the government on-demand training programs and provides funding; in terms of scientific research and testing, the government has also given great financial support. This has played a significant role in the development of the agricultural mechanized service system. In agricultural production, the government has certain subsidies for the construction of warehouses and other infrastructure for agricultural enterprises. For the fuel used in agricultural machinery, Germany stipulates that the tax of 0.21 euros per liter of diesel country is exempted, that is, the agricultural enterprise purchases the oil invoice and the application, and the government department returns it in the form of environmental protection tax. At present, the German diesel market price is about 0.95 euros per liter, and the fuel subsidy is equivalent to 22% of the market price. Similar policies exist in France, Belgium, the Netherlands and other countries.
There are many new ideas worthy of our thinking on the concept of agricultural mechanization development. German experts believe that only when the agricultural labor force is reduced, will more people engage in other service industries. The transfer of agricultural labor and the reduction of agricultural employees are mainly based on engineering technology. It cannot be considered that the development of agricultural mechanization will increase the unemployment of the agricultural labor force. In fact, at the same time as industrial production, the labor force is also decreasing. A large part of the personnel are transferred to the service industry. If it is not, it must generate unemployment. They also believe that agriculture cannot be said to be unimportant because of the reduction in agricultural labor, and agriculture contributes a lot to society. It is impossible to use backward production methods to retain farmers in order to reduce the pressure on employment. In history, Germany tried to control the loss of agricultural labor by restricting the development of agriculture, but in fact it has little effect. The reduction of agricultural labor is still an unstoppable development process. China's current theoretical research in this area is not enough. Some problems cannot be said thoroughly, which has a negative impact on the development of agricultural machinery.
The government regulation of agricultural development is very important. From the historical process of EU agricultural policy development, the following experiences are worth learning from: First, agricultural issues are different from industrial ones. Agriculture is a special sector and cannot be completely regulated by the market. Governments need appropriate regulation, especially at a stage when agriculture is still underdeveloped, and government intervention is very important. Second, in addition to the purpose of protecting and mobilizing the enthusiasm of farmers for production, the government should also emphasize the enhancement of the competitiveness of agricultural products in the international market. In particular, we must combine production and sales and consider them in a comprehensive manner. Third, government regulation should be carried out within the framework of the WTO Green Box Policy. It mainly adopts direct subsidies, invests in infrastructure projects, promotes structural adjustment and balanced development, and subsidizes research, development and promotion of new technologies. Fourth, the government's investment in agriculture accounts for a large proportion of total expenditure. Of the total budget of 100 billion euros per year in the EU, 50%, or 50 billion euros, is used to subsidize agriculture, and government intervention is used to reach farmers' income. Level.
Third, several suggestions to further strengthen the study and study of German agricultural mechanization development experience, short-term study, visit, to thoroughly understand the development of agricultural machinery in Germany, advanced technology, ideas is impossible, for the mechanization of German agriculture The understanding is still very superficial. To have a thorough and accurate grasp of its development policies, development laws and lessons learned, there must be more time. There are many good experiences in the development of German agricultural machinery, and there are also many problems at the same time. Further research and exploration are very beneficial to the healthy development of agricultural machinery in China. Therefore, it is recommended that the state send researchers in this field to conduct special research.
Actively promote the cooperation and exchange of agricultural mechanization between China and Germany. The development of agricultural mechanization in Germany is very fast. Agricultural machinery products use a large number of advanced technologies in the industry, such as engine technology, variable speed technology, safety protection technology, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the technology of agricultural machinery industry with Germany. The exchanges enable China's agricultural machinery industry to track and follow the most cutting-edge technologies in the world to achieve simultaneous development with the international community. You can learn German advanced technology by means of sending students. In addition, German agricultural machinery companies and research units have shown great enthusiasm and strong desire to cooperate with China in producing agricultural machinery and selling German products to the Chinese market. China's agricultural machinery department should invite German enterprises, institutions and scientific research units to communicate with China. Investigate, establish joint ventures, wholly-owned enterprises, introduce German technology into China, improve the level of China's agricultural machinery products, and then push products to the world.
Strengthen the government's support for the construction of agricultural mechanization system, establish a promotion policy system for the development of national agricultural mechanization, and promote the development of agricultural mechanization in China from the aspects of legal system and finance. We must continue to strengthen China's agricultural machinery promotion permit system, build a trust bridge between China's agricultural machinery enterprises and farmers, and safeguard the interests of both sides. It is necessary to increase the government's support for agricultural machinery vocational training, improve the quality of agricultural workers in China, and promote the development of agricultural mechanization and agricultural modernization. It is necessary to strengthen the research and input on the safety performance, environmental protection and other aspects of the design and manufacture of agricultural machinery to ensure the safe use of agricultural machinery. It is necessary to increase support for scientific research and development and technology promotion of agricultural machinery from the financial aspect, speed up the upgrading of agricultural machinery products, accelerate the introduction and digestion of new agricultural machinery and new products, and comprehensively upgrade the level of agricultural equipment in China and promote the realization of agricultural modernization.
Member of the study tour on March 27, 2003:
Liu Luncai, Huang Wei, Wang Yan, Hu Boyin, Hu Wei, Tian Jilai, Han Zhan, Shu Weijun, Sun Li, Zhu Peili, Cheng Shuangjin, Wang Yougen, Li Youhua, Tan Renzhong, Luo Shoujun, Yang Liu
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