Report on the investigation of water saving and conservation tillage in Australia
Report on the investigation of water saving and conservation tillage in Australia
According to the China-Australia Agricultural Science and Technology Exchange Agreement, a five-member delegation of the Ministry of Agriculture's dry water conservation and conservation tillage agriculture went to Australia for a special study from June 19 to July 3, 1999. Under the careful arrangement and accompaniment of the staff of the Australian Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, the water resources management agencies, the Institute of Sustainable Agricultural Irrigation, and the Agricultural Production Systems of Victoria, South Australia, New South Wales, and Queensland were inspected. The Center, Meteorological and Applied Research Center, Agricultural University, agricultural machinery production enterprises, farms, and related management, scientific research personnel, farmers and entrepreneurs have conducted extensive discussions and exchanges, and the investigation activities have been a complete success. The relevant investigations are reported as follows:
I. Basic Situation of Agricultural Production Australia is a country dominated by agriculture, animal husbandry, mining and manufacturing. It is rich in agricultural products such as sheep, cattle, wheat and sugar. The development of agricultural production has its own advantages: First, the area is vast, and the per capita cultivated land area is large. The total area of the country is 7.68 million square kilometers. In 1998, the number was 18 million, with an average of 2.3 people per square kilometer. The national agricultural and livestock industry used about 480 million hectares, accounting for 63% of the country's land area. The per capita agricultural and livestock land of the agricultural population was 27 hectares. The cultivated land area is nearly 3 hectares. Second, the land conditions suitable for cultivation are better. One third of Australia is suitable for the development of animal husbandry and one third of the area is suitable for agriculture. The land conditions suitable for the development of agriculture and animal husbandry are good. The land is flat and fertile, and there is a certain amount of rainfall. It is suitable for the production of wheat, rice, barley, sugar cane and cotton. Third, the degree of mechanization of agriculture is relatively high. The whole process of production of major agricultural products has been mechanized. Fourth, the government attaches great importance to the development of agriculture and animal husbandry. From the institutional setting, it can be seen that in the past, agriculture was managed by the Ministry of Primary Industries and Energy. In order to strengthen agriculture, the Australian Government has established the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in recent years to manage agriculture, forestry, fishery production and foreign trade throughout the country. Due to these advantages and conditions, coupled with the government's continuous adjustment of policies, Australia's agriculture and animal husbandry has developed steadily in recent years. In the agricultural sector, the government management departments, research institutions and universities we are visiting are eager to cooperate with us in technology, promotion and trade.
II. Policy measures to improve the utilization rate of agricultural water Australia is a country with relatively poor water resources. The national desert and semi-desert account for 35% of the country's land area. The Murray River and its tributaries in the southeast are Australia's most important rivers, but with less water storage. The natural rainfall in Australia is uneven. The annual average rainfall of more than 60% is less than 500mm. The annual rainfall of more than 30% is less than 375mm. Although the rainfall is relatively abundant in the western coastal areas, the distribution is extremely uneven and the annual evaporation is Far greater than rainfall. In general, drought and drought are the main factors that constrain the development of Australian agriculture. In order to strengthen the management of water resources, the Australian government has successively carried out enterprise reforms on water management institutions since the 1990s to control the use of water resources. Details are as follows:
--- Reforming water management institutions and implementing enterprise management. In order to make water resources management institutions closely related to water resources utilization and improve water use efficiency, in recent years, Australia has carried out enterprise reforms for water resources management institutions. The water station in the Tatura region of Victoria, which we visited, was originally a state-owned water management agency. It is now a company belonging to the state. The company's chairman is appointed by the government. The company's main responsibilities are to provide water services to the community, develop water supply policies, implement quota water supply, determine water prices, water consumption, and solicit user opinions on the company. 80% of the funding for this institution comes from users, and 20% comes from the return of government funds. Since the operational status of the enterprise water management organization is closely related to the water use efficiency, the degree of attention of these organizations to water use efficiency is enhanced.
--- Implement water control and use it for a fee. All water resources in Australia are owned by the government and farmers must pay for water. Farmers apply to the water supply station to purchase water, and the water supply station purchases it from the water supply management organization in the state according to the needs and quotas of the farmers, and then sells it to the farmers. We saw on the farms we visited that there are water metering devices in the canals to determine the amount of water and costs. According to the farmer's introduction, the water supply exceeds the quota and the price is increased. The price of water is mainly determined based on the cost of water. The investment in water supply facilities in different regions is different, and the price of water is also different. The retail price per liter of water is generally around $20. The cost of water fee is roughly the same: channel maintenance and operation costs account for 30%, dam construction costs account for 30%, equipment renewal fees account for 30%, and other miscellaneous expenses account for 10%. After the initial cost of water is determined, the company will repeatedly negotiate with the farmers and report to the State Water Supply Department for approval. Water trading is also possible between farmers. If a farmer does not use water or needs more water, he can sell or buy water, either permanent resale or temporary resale. The price of water for permanent resale is generally 500-1000 Australian dollars per million liters, and the temporarily transferred water price is generally 15~200 Australian dollars per million liters. The quota of water is used for a fee, which reduces the waste of water resources. The trade of water between farmers also makes the distribution of water in different regions and places more reasonable and efficient.
--- The government and farmers jointly invested in the construction of water supply facilities. According to the person in charge of the water station in the Tatura area, Australia's initial water supply channels and other facilities were invested by the government. It has been used for more than 100 years and many facilities have been aging and damaged. The maintenance costs of these facilities were jointly funded by the government and farmers. In 1994, the Tatura region invested 4 million Australian dollars to repair the aging water supply channels, including the government providing 2 million Australian dollars and users providing 2 million Australian dollars. He believes that in the future, it will gradually turn to farmers to invest in water supply facilities.
--- The government gives certain support to the development of dry farming and water-saving agriculture. In order to encourage farmers to adopt new technologies, the Australian government has adopted some subsidy policies to make agriculture sustainable. The basic subsidy projects are as follows: First, subsidize the land remediation plan, generally subsidies about 10%; second, subsidize the dressing irrigation canal; third, subsidize the purchase of soil moisture detector; fourth, subsidize the water recycling plan .
Due to the gradual reform of the institutions that manage water resources, and the gradual marketization of water use, the utilization of agricultural water in Australia has undergone corresponding changes: First, the transfer of water to high-yield products. According to reports, in the past 10 years, the benefits of agriculture and animal husbandry have declined, water consumption has decreased, while horticultural agriculture has high efficiency and water consumption has increased. In recent years, the proportion of the output value of different agricultural and livestock products and the proportion of water use are generally: 50% of the water and output of dairy farming are equal; 45% of the total water consumption is used for agriculture and animal husbandry, and the output only accounts for the total output value. 25%; horticultural agricultural output accounts for 23%, and water use only 3%. Due to the comparative benefit, the use of agriculture and animal husbandry is reduced. The second is to promote the application of water-saving technology. Due to the implementation of paid water, farmers pay attention to water conservation, and adopt some techniques such as measuring soil water content, timely irrigation, dry farming for water saving, and improving soil conditions to improve water utilization.
III. Main technical measures for water conservation in dry farming Because of the policy of using water for paid use, farmers are eager to use water as oil, and do everything possible to adopt various water-saving measures to improve water utilization.
--- Promote the measurement of soil moisture technology to achieve timely irrigation. Monitoring soil moisture, refining the amount of water, reducing waste of water and reducing costs are important for sustainable agricultural development and high yields. At present, the soil moisture testing methods used in Australia include: plug-in measurement method, environmental moisture monitoring method, TDR moisture test method, and remote sensing test method. Focus on when to water, how much water to fill, how long water to fill, how much depth to achieve irrigation, and how much time is required for irrigation. When we visited the potato farm and the Yi'an farm, the farmers introduced us to the simple soil moisture testing technology.
--- Adopt the method of recycling water. Water supply channels and drains are built in the land to form a circulation system that allows the leaked water to flow into the collection basin through the drain and recycle.
--- Implement a rotation system. Rice is planted every year, two years, and wheat, barley or pasture is replanted to save water and improve soil structure.
--- Implement land remediation plan. The farmer concentrated on the film, under the guidance of government funds, improved the land in the area, and planned the canals and trees.
--- Take technical measures such as furrow irrigation, drip irrigation, and infiltration irrigation to reduce water waste.
IV. In the investigation of conservation tillage and fixed-track operations, we made a special trip to the University of Queensland's Gordon College, which has been working with China Agricultural University for many years, to learn more about the new situation in conservation tillage and fixed-track operations. According to reports, at present, 90% of Australian households use conservation tillage methods, and 500,000 hectares of land use fixed-track operations. The Agricultural Mechanization Research Center of the Gordon Institute conducted an in-depth study of agricultural machinery fixed-track operations. What they call fixed-track operations is mainly to study the effectiveness of agricultural tires, the degree of compaction on the ground and the impact on crops. Through the accuracy of the fixed track, the tire is reduced in soil compaction, reducing soil runoff and loss, saving energy and increasing production. For non-fixed road operations, the width of compaction is 20% to 30% of the width, and the compaction of multiple operations is about 50%, while the fixed-track operation is only 15%. The average runoff difference between compacted and non-compacted soils is 60 mm, that is, compacted soil runoff is large, and non-compacted soil runoff is small. The fixed track operation increased production by about 15%, and the fixed road plus no-till method, the above effect is better. The technical measure adopted is to widen the track and walk on a fixed trajectory. The farm we visited had 3,000 hectares of land. Seven years ago, we switched to fixed roads and no-tillage deep fertilization. This made it possible to produce only one season a year, and now it will produce two seasons a year, increasing production by 70%.
V. The methods that we can learn from and learn from. Through investigation, we believe that Australia's dryland water conservation and conservation tillage have a high level of development, and there are many worthy of us in the formulation of drought-saving and water-saving policies and scientific research and technology promotion. Where to learn and learn from:
The first is to implement quotas for paid water and strengthen the management of water resources. Changing traditional water use concepts and habits and strengthening water management are important for improving water use efficiency. The Australian government has strengthened the management of water resources. In accordance with economic laws, the implementation of paid use and quota water supply has not only promoted the development of water-saving technologies, but also changed farmers' water use concepts, thereby improving water use efficiency. It is recommended to speed up the reform of China's agricultural water system, implement reasonable price policies and measures to encourage water trading behavior, and promote the rationalization of water resources allocation.
Second, we attach great importance to the study of water-saving technologies. During our visit, we went to several research institutes for irrigation and water-saving technologies, and deeply felt that their water-saving technology research projects were closely related to the actual production, and they were quickly promoted and applied, and they were willing to cooperate with China for research and promotion. It is recommended to strengthen research in this area. At the same time, actively carry out cooperation with the Australian side in water-saving technologies, and borrow other people's scientific research results to promote the development of China's water-saving technologies.
Third, the government should have effective input in the promotion of agricultural technology. The experiment, demonstration and promotion of agricultural practical technology, the government should invest through projects and funds, form an effective mechanism, and supervise the implementation, and guide the diffusion and popularization of practical technology.
The fourth is to pay attention to the environmental management of agricultural water use. Agricultural water is polluted by chemical fertilizers, pesticides, etc., and is discharged into rivers and lakes, causing secondary pollution, and it can be reused in the farmland for active ingredients. It is recommended to use Australia's farmland circulating water supply method to recycle agricultural water in a relatively closed environment, which can save water and protect the environment.
Head of the investigation team for drought-saving and conservation tillage in Australia: Guo Jianhui Member: Liu Min Jiang Guohua Zhao Shuhua Du Bing
According to the China-Australia Agricultural Science and Technology Exchange Agreement, a five-member delegation of the Ministry of Agriculture's dry water conservation and conservation tillage agriculture went to Australia for a special study from June 19 to July 3, 1999. Under the careful arrangement and accompaniment of the staff of the Australian Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, the water resources management agencies, the Institute of Sustainable Agricultural Irrigation, and the Agricultural Production Systems of Victoria, South Australia, New South Wales, and Queensland were inspected. The Center, Meteorological and Applied Research Center, Agricultural University, agricultural machinery production enterprises, farms, and related management, scientific research personnel, farmers and entrepreneurs have conducted extensive discussions and exchanges, and the investigation activities have been a complete success. The relevant investigations are reported as follows:
I. Basic Situation of Agricultural Production Australia is a country dominated by agriculture, animal husbandry, mining and manufacturing. It is rich in agricultural products such as sheep, cattle, wheat and sugar. The development of agricultural production has its own advantages: First, the area is vast, and the per capita cultivated land area is large. The total area of the country is 7.68 million square kilometers. In 1998, the number was 18 million, with an average of 2.3 people per square kilometer. The national agricultural and livestock industry used about 480 million hectares, accounting for 63% of the country's land area. The per capita agricultural and livestock land of the agricultural population was 27 hectares. The cultivated land area is nearly 3 hectares. Second, the land conditions suitable for cultivation are better. One third of Australia is suitable for the development of animal husbandry and one third of the area is suitable for agriculture. The land conditions suitable for the development of agriculture and animal husbandry are good. The land is flat and fertile, and there is a certain amount of rainfall. It is suitable for the production of wheat, rice, barley, sugar cane and cotton. Third, the degree of mechanization of agriculture is relatively high. The whole process of production of major agricultural products has been mechanized. Fourth, the government attaches great importance to the development of agriculture and animal husbandry. From the institutional setting, it can be seen that in the past, agriculture was managed by the Ministry of Primary Industries and Energy. In order to strengthen agriculture, the Australian Government has established the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in recent years to manage agriculture, forestry, fishery production and foreign trade throughout the country. Due to these advantages and conditions, coupled with the government's continuous adjustment of policies, Australia's agriculture and animal husbandry has developed steadily in recent years. In the agricultural sector, the government management departments, research institutions and universities we are visiting are eager to cooperate with us in technology, promotion and trade.
II. Policy measures to improve the utilization rate of agricultural water Australia is a country with relatively poor water resources. The national desert and semi-desert account for 35% of the country's land area. The Murray River and its tributaries in the southeast are Australia's most important rivers, but with less water storage. The natural rainfall in Australia is uneven. The annual average rainfall of more than 60% is less than 500mm. The annual rainfall of more than 30% is less than 375mm. Although the rainfall is relatively abundant in the western coastal areas, the distribution is extremely uneven and the annual evaporation is Far greater than rainfall. In general, drought and drought are the main factors that constrain the development of Australian agriculture. In order to strengthen the management of water resources, the Australian government has successively carried out enterprise reforms on water management institutions since the 1990s to control the use of water resources. Details are as follows:
--- Reforming water management institutions and implementing enterprise management. In order to make water resources management institutions closely related to water resources utilization and improve water use efficiency, in recent years, Australia has carried out enterprise reforms for water resources management institutions. The water station in the Tatura region of Victoria, which we visited, was originally a state-owned water management agency. It is now a company belonging to the state. The company's chairman is appointed by the government. The company's main responsibilities are to provide water services to the community, develop water supply policies, implement quota water supply, determine water prices, water consumption, and solicit user opinions on the company. 80% of the funding for this institution comes from users, and 20% comes from the return of government funds. Since the operational status of the enterprise water management organization is closely related to the water use efficiency, the degree of attention of these organizations to water use efficiency is enhanced.
--- Implement water control and use it for a fee. All water resources in Australia are owned by the government and farmers must pay for water. Farmers apply to the water supply station to purchase water, and the water supply station purchases it from the water supply management organization in the state according to the needs and quotas of the farmers, and then sells it to the farmers. We saw on the farms we visited that there are water metering devices in the canals to determine the amount of water and costs. According to the farmer's introduction, the water supply exceeds the quota and the price is increased. The price of water is mainly determined based on the cost of water. The investment in water supply facilities in different regions is different, and the price of water is also different. The retail price per liter of water is generally around $20. The cost of water fee is roughly the same: channel maintenance and operation costs account for 30%, dam construction costs account for 30%, equipment renewal fees account for 30%, and other miscellaneous expenses account for 10%. After the initial cost of water is determined, the company will repeatedly negotiate with the farmers and report to the State Water Supply Department for approval. Water trading is also possible between farmers. If a farmer does not use water or needs more water, he can sell or buy water, either permanent resale or temporary resale. The price of water for permanent resale is generally 500-1000 Australian dollars per million liters, and the temporarily transferred water price is generally 15~200 Australian dollars per million liters. The quota of water is used for a fee, which reduces the waste of water resources. The trade of water between farmers also makes the distribution of water in different regions and places more reasonable and efficient.
--- The government and farmers jointly invested in the construction of water supply facilities. According to the person in charge of the water station in the Tatura area, Australia's initial water supply channels and other facilities were invested by the government. It has been used for more than 100 years and many facilities have been aging and damaged. The maintenance costs of these facilities were jointly funded by the government and farmers. In 1994, the Tatura region invested 4 million Australian dollars to repair the aging water supply channels, including the government providing 2 million Australian dollars and users providing 2 million Australian dollars. He believes that in the future, it will gradually turn to farmers to invest in water supply facilities.
--- The government gives certain support to the development of dry farming and water-saving agriculture. In order to encourage farmers to adopt new technologies, the Australian government has adopted some subsidy policies to make agriculture sustainable. The basic subsidy projects are as follows: First, subsidize the land remediation plan, generally subsidies about 10%; second, subsidize the dressing irrigation canal; third, subsidize the purchase of soil moisture detector; fourth, subsidize the water recycling plan .
Due to the gradual reform of the institutions that manage water resources, and the gradual marketization of water use, the utilization of agricultural water in Australia has undergone corresponding changes: First, the transfer of water to high-yield products. According to reports, in the past 10 years, the benefits of agriculture and animal husbandry have declined, water consumption has decreased, while horticultural agriculture has high efficiency and water consumption has increased. In recent years, the proportion of the output value of different agricultural and livestock products and the proportion of water use are generally: 50% of the water and output of dairy farming are equal; 45% of the total water consumption is used for agriculture and animal husbandry, and the output only accounts for the total output value. 25%; horticultural agricultural output accounts for 23%, and water use only 3%. Due to the comparative benefit, the use of agriculture and animal husbandry is reduced. The second is to promote the application of water-saving technology. Due to the implementation of paid water, farmers pay attention to water conservation, and adopt some techniques such as measuring soil water content, timely irrigation, dry farming for water saving, and improving soil conditions to improve water utilization.
III. Main technical measures for water conservation in dry farming Because of the policy of using water for paid use, farmers are eager to use water as oil, and do everything possible to adopt various water-saving measures to improve water utilization.
--- Promote the measurement of soil moisture technology to achieve timely irrigation. Monitoring soil moisture, refining the amount of water, reducing waste of water and reducing costs are important for sustainable agricultural development and high yields. At present, the soil moisture testing methods used in Australia include: plug-in measurement method, environmental moisture monitoring method, TDR moisture test method, and remote sensing test method. Focus on when to water, how much water to fill, how long water to fill, how much depth to achieve irrigation, and how much time is required for irrigation. When we visited the potato farm and the Yi'an farm, the farmers introduced us to the simple soil moisture testing technology.
--- Adopt the method of recycling water. Water supply channels and drains are built in the land to form a circulation system that allows the leaked water to flow into the collection basin through the drain and recycle.
--- Implement a rotation system. Rice is planted every year, two years, and wheat, barley or pasture is replanted to save water and improve soil structure.
--- Implement land remediation plan. The farmer concentrated on the film, under the guidance of government funds, improved the land in the area, and planned the canals and trees.
--- Take technical measures such as furrow irrigation, drip irrigation, and infiltration irrigation to reduce water waste.
IV. In the investigation of conservation tillage and fixed-track operations, we made a special trip to the University of Queensland's Gordon College, which has been working with China Agricultural University for many years, to learn more about the new situation in conservation tillage and fixed-track operations. According to reports, at present, 90% of Australian households use conservation tillage methods, and 500,000 hectares of land use fixed-track operations. The Agricultural Mechanization Research Center of the Gordon Institute conducted an in-depth study of agricultural machinery fixed-track operations. What they call fixed-track operations is mainly to study the effectiveness of agricultural tires, the degree of compaction on the ground and the impact on crops. Through the accuracy of the fixed track, the tire is reduced in soil compaction, reducing soil runoff and loss, saving energy and increasing production. For non-fixed road operations, the width of compaction is 20% to 30% of the width, and the compaction of multiple operations is about 50%, while the fixed-track operation is only 15%. The average runoff difference between compacted and non-compacted soils is 60 mm, that is, compacted soil runoff is large, and non-compacted soil runoff is small. The fixed track operation increased production by about 15%, and the fixed road plus no-till method, the above effect is better. The technical measure adopted is to widen the track and walk on a fixed trajectory. The farm we visited had 3,000 hectares of land. Seven years ago, we switched to fixed roads and no-tillage deep fertilization. This made it possible to produce only one season a year, and now it will produce two seasons a year, increasing production by 70%.
V. The methods that we can learn from and learn from. Through investigation, we believe that Australia's dryland water conservation and conservation tillage have a high level of development, and there are many worthy of us in the formulation of drought-saving and water-saving policies and scientific research and technology promotion. Where to learn and learn from:
The first is to implement quotas for paid water and strengthen the management of water resources. Changing traditional water use concepts and habits and strengthening water management are important for improving water use efficiency. The Australian government has strengthened the management of water resources. In accordance with economic laws, the implementation of paid use and quota water supply has not only promoted the development of water-saving technologies, but also changed farmers' water use concepts, thereby improving water use efficiency. It is recommended to speed up the reform of China's agricultural water system, implement reasonable price policies and measures to encourage water trading behavior, and promote the rationalization of water resources allocation.
Second, we attach great importance to the study of water-saving technologies. During our visit, we went to several research institutes for irrigation and water-saving technologies, and deeply felt that their water-saving technology research projects were closely related to the actual production, and they were quickly promoted and applied, and they were willing to cooperate with China for research and promotion. It is recommended to strengthen research in this area. At the same time, actively carry out cooperation with the Australian side in water-saving technologies, and borrow other people's scientific research results to promote the development of China's water-saving technologies.
Third, the government should have effective input in the promotion of agricultural technology. The experiment, demonstration and promotion of agricultural practical technology, the government should invest through projects and funds, form an effective mechanism, and supervise the implementation, and guide the diffusion and popularization of practical technology.
The fourth is to pay attention to the environmental management of agricultural water use. Agricultural water is polluted by chemical fertilizers, pesticides, etc., and is discharged into rivers and lakes, causing secondary pollution, and it can be reused in the farmland for active ingredients. It is recommended to use Australia's farmland circulating water supply method to recycle agricultural water in a relatively closed environment, which can save water and protect the environment.
Head of the investigation team for drought-saving and conservation tillage in Australia: Guo Jianhui Member: Liu Min Jiang Guohua Zhao Shuhua Du Bing
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