Guangxi Agricultural Investigation Mission to Australia for Agricultural Investigation Report
Guangxi Agricultural Investigation Mission to Australia for Agricultural Investigation Report
Approved by the leaders of the Economic and Trade Office, a group of 16 people from the Guangxi Agricultural Research Group went to Australia and New Zealand from February 24 to March 13, 2005 for agricultural industrialization, agricultural product processing and sales markets. He has visited Victoria, Queensland's agricultural management institutions, Victorian Agricultural Production Systems Research Center, and farms. He has had discussions and exchanges with relevant management, scientific research personnel, farmers, entrepreneurs, etc. The activities have been very fruitful. The situation report will now be as follows:
I. Basic Situation of Agricultural Production in Australia and New Zealand Australia is a country dominated by agriculture, animal husbandry, mining and manufacturing. It is rich in agricultural products such as sheep, cattle, wheat and sugar. The advantages of agricultural production are obvious: First, the area is vast and the per capita cultivated land area is large. The total area of the country is 7.68 million square kilometers, with a total population of 20 million people and an average of 2.3 people per square kilometer. The national agricultural and livestock land is about 480 million hectares, accounting for 63% of the country's land area. The per capita agricultural and livestock land of the agricultural population is 27 hectares. The area is nearly 3 hectares. Second, the land conditions suitable for cultivation are better. One-third of Australia's regions are suitable for the development of animal husbandry, and one-third of the regions are suitable for the development of farming. The land conditions suitable for the development of agriculture and animal husbandry are good. The land is flat and fertile, and there is a certain amount of rainfall. It is suitable for the production of wheat, rice, barley, sugar cane and cotton. Third, the degree of mechanization of agriculture is relatively high. The whole process of production of major agricultural products has been mechanized. Fourth, the government attaches great importance to the development of agriculture and animal husbandry. In order to strengthen agriculture, the Australian Government has established the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in recent years to manage agriculture, forestry, fishery production and foreign trade throughout the country. Due to these advantages and conditions, coupled with the government's continuous adjustment of policies, Australia's agriculture and animal husbandry has developed steadily in recent years.
New Zealand is located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean and covers an area of about 270,000 square kilometers. 89% of them are mountains and hills, and the plain area only accounts for 8% of the total area. Two-thirds of the country's land is suitable for farming and animal husbandry, with an area of 385,000 square kilometers of arable land. There are a total of 480,000 square kilometers of natural grassland, and the area of artificial grassland is more than double that of natural grassland. There are 24,400 sheep farms nationwide and 16,700 dairy farms.
New Zealand has a population of 3.6 million, of which 86% are descendants of British immigrants and 9% are Maori. The population of the North Island accounts for about three-quarters of the total population, and the most important cities are concentrated in the North Island. New Zealand's largest city and the largest commercial port is Auckland, with a population of nearly 800,000. It is the country's largest industrial center and international transportation hub.
New Zealand's economy is developed, and the status of agriculture and animal husbandry in the national economy is very important. Most of New Zealand's industries still use agricultural and livestock products as raw materials. The income of various products of agriculture and animal husbandry accounts for about 3/4 of the national income, and the export value of agricultural and livestock products as raw materials accounts for nearly half of the total export value. Animal husbandry accounts for about 80% of the total agricultural output; the population engaged in animal husbandry accounts for 80% of the agricultural population.
Second, the main characteristics of the production of agriculture and animal husbandry in the two countries The industrialization of agriculture and animal husbandry. In recent years, the two countries have focused on organizing and guiding farmers and herdsmen to carry out production and business activities according to market demand, participate in international competition, continuously improve varieties, improve quality, survive the fittest, and implement technological innovation in competition, thereby improving the competitiveness of agricultural products in the international market. . In particular, the cultivation of forage grass, the breeding of cattle and sheep deer, the processing and export of animal products, etc., the layout is reasonable, the ring is closely linked, the industrial chain is getting longer and longer, the agricultural products are processed, transformed and added value many times, and the agriculture and animal husbandry Development has achieved integration with the international market. It is understood that more than 70% of the livestock products of the two countries are currently used for export. Among them, the export of livestock products in New Zealand is as high as 90%, and the export value of livestock products accounts for 44% of the total exports of the country.
Mechanization of agricultural and livestock production. The pasture production in the two countries is basically organized on a farm basis. The production scale is generally 400 to 500 hectares. Each farm has about 200 and 2,500 cattle and sheep. Natural grazing pastures are generally sown every 10 years, and need to be fertilized 2 to 3 times a year. If the variety is improved, the sowing date is shortened; the grassland used for hay feed is harvested, and the annual sowing and harvesting is about 3 。. From the situation of the two countries, the grassland ploughing, pasture sowing, fertilization, weeding, harvesting, picking, bundling, milking, shearing and other aspects are all completed by machinery, and the whole process of agricultural and livestock production is basically mechanized. .
Grassland management is scientific. Green farming is a major feature of Australia and New Zealand. The two countries are sparsely populated and rich in resources. The state actively participates in the international division of labor in development policies, pays attention to the advantages of the country, and focuses its development on animal husbandry. The domestic demand for food is basically dependent on imports, and there is no grassland. The situation. The development of animal husbandry, especially the scientific management of pastures, has reduced the cultivation of land. Almost all of the land area is covered by green vegetation, which protects the ecological environment. Since the farms and ranches in both countries are completely privatized, the farmers are both grazing and grazing, paying attention to the balance between the amount of cattle and sheep and grass production, and avoiding overgrazing and degrading the pasture. In actual operation, the farmer regularly calculates the yield of forage in different areas and different plots according to different seasons and different varieties, and then calculates the number of pastures and grazing time according to the amount of grass and cattle, and conducts scientific rotation grazing. Maintaining the sustainable development of agriculture and animal husbandry.
Third, it is worth learning from the experience
1. The government strengthens financial support for agriculture. Australia's agricultural input has increased steadily. Taking the 2000/2001 Australian federal government's budget expenditure as an example, in addition to normal agricultural expenditures, the federal government has increased agricultural expenditures by A$350 million, mainly for the support of farmers. Among them, about 310 million Australian dollars to supplement the "promoting Australia's agricultural development" package, 22.3 million for the protection of animal and plant health; 8.5 million Australian dollars for strengthening the Australian animal and plant quarantine department; 9.15 million Australian dollars for promoting health quarantine in Australia and East Timor border areas A$3.65 million is used as part of national biotechnology to develop and improve the origin identification system for agricultural products. The government provides concessional loans or grants for farm development through the formulation of “rehabilitation plans” and “adjustment plans”. The Federal Development Bank, the Federal Reserve Bank, and many large commercial banks provide loans to farms; financial sources of government and public institutions provide a significant increase in agricultural funding sources. Through various subsidies to reduce the burden on the farm; the farm purchases new equipment, builds grain storage warehouses, builds fences, rationalizes saline and alkali fields, repairs canals and dams, etc., the government gives 18% subsidies; tax concessions. When paying personal income tax, farmers pay tax on average if their income is higher than the average of the previous five years; if they are lower than the average of the previous five years, they will pay tax on a certain percentage of the income of the current year; the government will pay for farm facilities and research. The promotion department gives tax exemption. In addition, aid to agriculture includes loans to farmers in times of market downturn, support for efficient and promising farms to scale up, and help farmers who lose in competition to switch jobs.
2. Increase funding for agricultural research through multiple channels. In order to encourage the combination of agricultural technology research and production, the Australian government implements a plan for joint research and promotion of agricultural industrial sectors. The industrial sector and the government contribute to the research and technology promotion of the industry according to the principle of 1:1. Each agricultural product has a certain percentage of commission after it is sold. Agricultural technology research and promotion for the production of this product. For example, for every cow sold for $0.35, for each pig sold, $0.20; wool producers pay 3% of their wool income as a research promotion tax, which is deducted from the price by the statutory agency of each industry. In addition, the government often uses special funds to strengthen research and technology promotion in certain areas. Other sources of funding are sponsored by industry associations and companies, drawn from the income of farmers benefiting from new technologies, and income from paid services by private or other technology promotion agencies. In the late 1980s, the annual funding for agricultural research and technology promotion in Australia was about 400 million Australian dollars, of which 50% were distributed by state-level government agencies, 35% by scientific and industrial research organizations, 10% by universities, and 5% by private companies. . 70-80% of the funds for the agricultural extension department are supplied by the government in accordance with the 1:1 regulations, and the rest are sourced from non-governmental sources. The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization of Australia is the most authoritative research institution of the federal government. CSIRO has a total of 22 research departments, among which the agricultural research department undertakes various agricultural research on agricultural products and production processes. These departments have government financial allocations and are the most government-funded institutions in the agricultural sector. In 1999, only in agricultural research, CSIRO received government funding of 80 million Australian dollars, accounting for 80% of the total government support for agriculture in the same year. Another research and development institution of the federal and state governments is the research and development center, which is composed of a state-run and private sector. The typical CRC includes universities, CSIRO, state government departments, companies and related industry associations. The government provides a smaller proportion. Financial support.
3. The state implements a franchise for wheat. Monopoly operations on an agricultural product are unique in countries with a market economy. In 1939, Australia established the monopoly institution of the Wheat Board in a statutory form to regulate the sale of wheat in the international and domestic markets. As an agent of all wheat farming in Australia, it is a service monopoly. In recent years, its monopoly status has declined. Its purpose is to protect, develop and sustain the wheat market, reduce costs and increase producers' benefits; provide market choices for food, especially wheat producers; and conduct food-related processing and value-added activities. The functions of the Wheat Board are: controlling the export of wheat and its overseas sales; engaging in the purchase, sale and export of other food varieties; arranging wheat production for domestic sales and exports; promoting, financing and engaging in operations with wheat and processing Related research. The Wheat Board can purchase wheat from overseas, engage in other commercial activities consistent with its objectives, engage in the storage, processing and transportation of wheat, purchase and operate the appropriate facilities, and engage in financial and financial activities consistent with its commercial activities, providing Marketing-related services, designating agents at home and abroad, and establishing branches and joint ventures. In 1989, the Australian government changed the situation that the domestic market of wheat was completely controlled by the wheat bureau, and the market was opened, and anyone could buy and sell freely. The purpose of the reform is to enable producers to make production decisions at actual market prices while allowing producers to take on some market risks. The Wheat Board provides producers with so-called “concentration pools” as a unified sales and settlement method, and participates in market competition as an equal operator. Domestic sales prices are determined by the market.
4. Improve the agricultural production service system. A major feature of Australian agricultural services is that any service is implemented on a contractual basis. For example, the shearing work of each farm is mostly carried out by a professional shearing service team, and large-scale agricultural machinery operations on many farms, such as ploughing land, are also completed by specialized service organizations. Contractual services were developed in the 1970s and are now widely used in crop farming, animal husbandry, farmland infrastructure, and agricultural product transportation. There are veterinary service teams in Australia that combine official and private veterinary services. There are 3,000 veterinarians, of which 55% are private veterinarians. All veterinarians have received higher education and passed the qualification examinations, with a high level of knowledge and practical work experience. Official veterinary services organizations typically combine enforcement regulations, research, quality control and extension services. There are about 100 seed companies in Australia and more than 1,700 original breeding farms. Crops and forage seeds have specialized breeding grounds, which are under the responsibility of scientific research departments; inspection and processing of improved varieties. Storage, sales, etc. have been formed into a whole, achieving production specialization and quality standardization.
5. Establish an organization that represents the interests of farmers themselves – the National Farmers Union. The National Farmers' Union is a group of Australian farmers established in 1979 to represent, protect and enhance the interests of its members and the agricultural sector. The National Farmers' Union consists of three main components: the core institutions, the Agricultural Products Council, and the state farmers' organizations. The Alliance represents farmers in dealing with the government, other industrial sectors, other industrial organizations, the news media, community organizations and foreign farmers' associations. For the federal and state governments, it is an “out-of-hospital activity group” that lobbying parliamentarians to support the interests of farmers. The alliance mediates disputes between farmers and other systems to protect the interests of farmers. It has also established a fund of A$10 million, which is mainly used to support activities to protect the interests of farmers, conduct economic analysis, and propose policy recommendations. It has a circulation of 130,000 copies of the "Farmers of the Farmers", a 24-hour news program, and a comprehensive school education program that provides information to many Chinese schools.
6. Pay attention to resource utilization and protection. Australia's agricultural layout and specific technical measures are all around the protection of the environment and the rational use of resources. First, a set of land information systems and legal systems have been established to ensure that private land use is in line with national policies through land management agencies. Australia's public land accounts for about 87% of the land, and most of the pasture and forest land is public land that is leased to ranchers and forestry companies. Second, strive to increase the productivity of land resources. The main measures are: vigorous use of sprinkler irrigation, underground infiltration and drip irrigation technology, effectively saving water resources. The irrigated area has expanded year by year, with grassland irrigated area accounting for 43%, and the rest being rice and other grains; appropriate farming methods are being implemented. Many farms place sheep in wheat fields, use sheep manure to fertilize fields, and use legumes to implement wheat bean rotation; balance soil nutrients. At the beginning of this century, Australian scientists discovered that phosphate soil should be added to Australia's soil. In the 1960s, they found that the soil lacked active trace elements such as boron, copper, zinc and manganese, which affected the growth of crops and the yield and quality of wool. They promoted the application of trace element fertilizers with remarkable effects.
Fourth, after the investigation
1. Strengthening the construction of agricultural products enterprises and promoting agricultural industrialization management Australian agriculture has entered a modernization and become a major exporter of agricultural products. Apart from natural resources, climate and environmental advantages, an important experience is that agricultural product processing enterprises are developed and driven to a variety of Professional cooperatives are the dominant form, and agricultural industrialization management methods are scientific. Various types of professional cooperatives and processing enterprises are the mainstay of agricultural product processing and the entry into the international and domestic markets. The behaviors of various associations and government departments at all levels of government, the breeding of varieties and technical services The main body of operation, market control, and policy support. Although the agricultural modernization in our district has already appeared, there is still a big gap compared with the developed countries. To make the agriculture in our district reach the modernization level as soon as possible, and to adapt to the international metropolis, we must increase the construction of leading enterprises in agricultural products processing. Promote agricultural industrialization. In the specific mode of industrialized operation, we must take the road of a company + company + base. Especially after China's accession to the WTO, the competition of agricultural products into the international market is more intense. We must vigorously cultivate a large number of enterprises with large scale, high technology content and famous brand advantages. Strong agricultural product processing enterprises and trade organizations act as the main body of agricultural products in our region to enter the international and domestic markets. It is recommended that relevant departments further improve and cultivate specific measures for the development of leading agricultural products enterprises, further improve relevant incentive support policies, and accelerate the pace of agricultural industrialization in our region by raising the level of industrialization.
2. It is necessary to speed up the construction of a food safety system and cultivate a number of agricultural product brands that meet international market standards.
The inspiration for this visit to Australia and New Zealand is that agricultural products must meet the safety and hygiene standards of the international market in order to enter the international market, including the standards of production bases and finished products. When the standard is reached, the passport to enter the market is obtained. We must learn from foreign advanced technology and management experience to accelerate the construction of a safe food production system.
3. Transforming government functions and serving export-oriented agricultural enterprises During the inspection, we realized that we should develop foreign exchange earning agriculture and let the agricultural products in our district truly enter the international market. In the current situation that agricultural enterprises are still not strong, rely on farmers or enterprises to single-handedly. Without government support, it is clear that there will be a longer process. Enterprises need the government to give great help and support to the overall publicity of agricultural products, information services, and the construction of customs standards.
4. It is worth learning from the policy and experience of Australian agricultural use of reclaimed water. The policies and methods of agricultural reuse in urban sewage treatment in Australia are worth learning. Their specific approach is: the government is responsible for laying the main line, building the reservoir, and increasing the capacity of electricity. The subsidy is 400 Australian dollars per 30 hectares. The pipelines and irrigation equipment are owned by the farmer. The water fee is not collected for 15 years, and the maintenance costs are responsible for each. Moreover, the government that affected the farm planting during the construction of the main pipeline also compensated. The government and the farm implement contract management, and must pay a deposit before applying for construction on the farm. The urbanization construction in our district is developing rapidly. Urban sewage treatment is a big problem. If our urban sewage treatment can be done as well as Australia, it is a good thing for the benefit of the country and the benefit of future generations.
The time of the inspection was short and the harvest was many. The members of the delegation said that after returning to China, they should actively digest the results of study and investigation, take advantage of the situation, work hard, and make new contributions to the new situation of agricultural and rural work.
List of members of the delegation to Australia, Zeng Fanlin Secretary of the Guangxi Agricultural Information Center, deputy director
Chen Guolu, Deputy Secretary General of the People's Government of Chenzhou City
Huang Zhenliang, Deputy Director, Finance Bureau of Chenzhou City
Xie Wenhao, Chief of the Finance Bureau of Chenzhou City
Huang Shikang Vice Mayor of Tunxi Municipal People's Government
Yang Lijian, Director of the Agricultural Bureau of Tunxi City
Chen Jingan, Director of the Agricultural Bureau of Cangwu County
Hu Zhenyu, Deputy Secretary of the CPC Tengxian County Association
Huang Baoxu, Director of the Agricultural Bureau of Tengxian County
Liu Dongqing, Director of the Agricultural Bureau of Guigang City
Li Shuiheng Deputy Secretary of the District Committee of the Gangbei Municipal Committee of Guigang City
Lu Shaoquan Director and Party Secretary of Gangbei District Agriculture Bureau, Guigang City
Yu Weihong Director of the Agricultural Bureau of Guiping City
Chen Wei Guangxi Economic Exchange Center
Approved by the leaders of the Economic and Trade Office, a group of 16 people from the Guangxi Agricultural Research Group went to Australia and New Zealand from February 24 to March 13, 2005 for agricultural industrialization, agricultural product processing and sales markets. He has visited Victoria, Queensland's agricultural management institutions, Victorian Agricultural Production Systems Research Center, and farms. He has had discussions and exchanges with relevant management, scientific research personnel, farmers, entrepreneurs, etc. The activities have been very fruitful. The situation report will now be as follows:
I. Basic Situation of Agricultural Production in Australia and New Zealand Australia is a country dominated by agriculture, animal husbandry, mining and manufacturing. It is rich in agricultural products such as sheep, cattle, wheat and sugar. The advantages of agricultural production are obvious: First, the area is vast and the per capita cultivated land area is large. The total area of the country is 7.68 million square kilometers, with a total population of 20 million people and an average of 2.3 people per square kilometer. The national agricultural and livestock land is about 480 million hectares, accounting for 63% of the country's land area. The per capita agricultural and livestock land of the agricultural population is 27 hectares. The area is nearly 3 hectares. Second, the land conditions suitable for cultivation are better. One-third of Australia's regions are suitable for the development of animal husbandry, and one-third of the regions are suitable for the development of farming. The land conditions suitable for the development of agriculture and animal husbandry are good. The land is flat and fertile, and there is a certain amount of rainfall. It is suitable for the production of wheat, rice, barley, sugar cane and cotton. Third, the degree of mechanization of agriculture is relatively high. The whole process of production of major agricultural products has been mechanized. Fourth, the government attaches great importance to the development of agriculture and animal husbandry. In order to strengthen agriculture, the Australian Government has established the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in recent years to manage agriculture, forestry, fishery production and foreign trade throughout the country. Due to these advantages and conditions, coupled with the government's continuous adjustment of policies, Australia's agriculture and animal husbandry has developed steadily in recent years.
New Zealand is located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean and covers an area of about 270,000 square kilometers. 89% of them are mountains and hills, and the plain area only accounts for 8% of the total area. Two-thirds of the country's land is suitable for farming and animal husbandry, with an area of 385,000 square kilometers of arable land. There are a total of 480,000 square kilometers of natural grassland, and the area of artificial grassland is more than double that of natural grassland. There are 24,400 sheep farms nationwide and 16,700 dairy farms.
New Zealand has a population of 3.6 million, of which 86% are descendants of British immigrants and 9% are Maori. The population of the North Island accounts for about three-quarters of the total population, and the most important cities are concentrated in the North Island. New Zealand's largest city and the largest commercial port is Auckland, with a population of nearly 800,000. It is the country's largest industrial center and international transportation hub.
New Zealand's economy is developed, and the status of agriculture and animal husbandry in the national economy is very important. Most of New Zealand's industries still use agricultural and livestock products as raw materials. The income of various products of agriculture and animal husbandry accounts for about 3/4 of the national income, and the export value of agricultural and livestock products as raw materials accounts for nearly half of the total export value. Animal husbandry accounts for about 80% of the total agricultural output; the population engaged in animal husbandry accounts for 80% of the agricultural population.
Second, the main characteristics of the production of agriculture and animal husbandry in the two countries The industrialization of agriculture and animal husbandry. In recent years, the two countries have focused on organizing and guiding farmers and herdsmen to carry out production and business activities according to market demand, participate in international competition, continuously improve varieties, improve quality, survive the fittest, and implement technological innovation in competition, thereby improving the competitiveness of agricultural products in the international market. . In particular, the cultivation of forage grass, the breeding of cattle and sheep deer, the processing and export of animal products, etc., the layout is reasonable, the ring is closely linked, the industrial chain is getting longer and longer, the agricultural products are processed, transformed and added value many times, and the agriculture and animal husbandry Development has achieved integration with the international market. It is understood that more than 70% of the livestock products of the two countries are currently used for export. Among them, the export of livestock products in New Zealand is as high as 90%, and the export value of livestock products accounts for 44% of the total exports of the country.
Mechanization of agricultural and livestock production. The pasture production in the two countries is basically organized on a farm basis. The production scale is generally 400 to 500 hectares. Each farm has about 200 and 2,500 cattle and sheep. Natural grazing pastures are generally sown every 10 years, and need to be fertilized 2 to 3 times a year. If the variety is improved, the sowing date is shortened; the grassland used for hay feed is harvested, and the annual sowing and harvesting is about 3 。. From the situation of the two countries, the grassland ploughing, pasture sowing, fertilization, weeding, harvesting, picking, bundling, milking, shearing and other aspects are all completed by machinery, and the whole process of agricultural and livestock production is basically mechanized. .
Grassland management is scientific. Green farming is a major feature of Australia and New Zealand. The two countries are sparsely populated and rich in resources. The state actively participates in the international division of labor in development policies, pays attention to the advantages of the country, and focuses its development on animal husbandry. The domestic demand for food is basically dependent on imports, and there is no grassland. The situation. The development of animal husbandry, especially the scientific management of pastures, has reduced the cultivation of land. Almost all of the land area is covered by green vegetation, which protects the ecological environment. Since the farms and ranches in both countries are completely privatized, the farmers are both grazing and grazing, paying attention to the balance between the amount of cattle and sheep and grass production, and avoiding overgrazing and degrading the pasture. In actual operation, the farmer regularly calculates the yield of forage in different areas and different plots according to different seasons and different varieties, and then calculates the number of pastures and grazing time according to the amount of grass and cattle, and conducts scientific rotation grazing. Maintaining the sustainable development of agriculture and animal husbandry.
Third, it is worth learning from the experience
1. The government strengthens financial support for agriculture. Australia's agricultural input has increased steadily. Taking the 2000/2001 Australian federal government's budget expenditure as an example, in addition to normal agricultural expenditures, the federal government has increased agricultural expenditures by A$350 million, mainly for the support of farmers. Among them, about 310 million Australian dollars to supplement the "promoting Australia's agricultural development" package, 22.3 million for the protection of animal and plant health; 8.5 million Australian dollars for strengthening the Australian animal and plant quarantine department; 9.15 million Australian dollars for promoting health quarantine in Australia and East Timor border areas A$3.65 million is used as part of national biotechnology to develop and improve the origin identification system for agricultural products. The government provides concessional loans or grants for farm development through the formulation of “rehabilitation plans” and “adjustment plans”. The Federal Development Bank, the Federal Reserve Bank, and many large commercial banks provide loans to farms; financial sources of government and public institutions provide a significant increase in agricultural funding sources. Through various subsidies to reduce the burden on the farm; the farm purchases new equipment, builds grain storage warehouses, builds fences, rationalizes saline and alkali fields, repairs canals and dams, etc., the government gives 18% subsidies; tax concessions. When paying personal income tax, farmers pay tax on average if their income is higher than the average of the previous five years; if they are lower than the average of the previous five years, they will pay tax on a certain percentage of the income of the current year; the government will pay for farm facilities and research. The promotion department gives tax exemption. In addition, aid to agriculture includes loans to farmers in times of market downturn, support for efficient and promising farms to scale up, and help farmers who lose in competition to switch jobs.
2. Increase funding for agricultural research through multiple channels. In order to encourage the combination of agricultural technology research and production, the Australian government implements a plan for joint research and promotion of agricultural industrial sectors. The industrial sector and the government contribute to the research and technology promotion of the industry according to the principle of 1:1. Each agricultural product has a certain percentage of commission after it is sold. Agricultural technology research and promotion for the production of this product. For example, for every cow sold for $0.35, for each pig sold, $0.20; wool producers pay 3% of their wool income as a research promotion tax, which is deducted from the price by the statutory agency of each industry. In addition, the government often uses special funds to strengthen research and technology promotion in certain areas. Other sources of funding are sponsored by industry associations and companies, drawn from the income of farmers benefiting from new technologies, and income from paid services by private or other technology promotion agencies. In the late 1980s, the annual funding for agricultural research and technology promotion in Australia was about 400 million Australian dollars, of which 50% were distributed by state-level government agencies, 35% by scientific and industrial research organizations, 10% by universities, and 5% by private companies. . 70-80% of the funds for the agricultural extension department are supplied by the government in accordance with the 1:1 regulations, and the rest are sourced from non-governmental sources. The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization of Australia is the most authoritative research institution of the federal government. CSIRO has a total of 22 research departments, among which the agricultural research department undertakes various agricultural research on agricultural products and production processes. These departments have government financial allocations and are the most government-funded institutions in the agricultural sector. In 1999, only in agricultural research, CSIRO received government funding of 80 million Australian dollars, accounting for 80% of the total government support for agriculture in the same year. Another research and development institution of the federal and state governments is the research and development center, which is composed of a state-run and private sector. The typical CRC includes universities, CSIRO, state government departments, companies and related industry associations. The government provides a smaller proportion. Financial support.
3. The state implements a franchise for wheat. Monopoly operations on an agricultural product are unique in countries with a market economy. In 1939, Australia established the monopoly institution of the Wheat Board in a statutory form to regulate the sale of wheat in the international and domestic markets. As an agent of all wheat farming in Australia, it is a service monopoly. In recent years, its monopoly status has declined. Its purpose is to protect, develop and sustain the wheat market, reduce costs and increase producers' benefits; provide market choices for food, especially wheat producers; and conduct food-related processing and value-added activities. The functions of the Wheat Board are: controlling the export of wheat and its overseas sales; engaging in the purchase, sale and export of other food varieties; arranging wheat production for domestic sales and exports; promoting, financing and engaging in operations with wheat and processing Related research. The Wheat Board can purchase wheat from overseas, engage in other commercial activities consistent with its objectives, engage in the storage, processing and transportation of wheat, purchase and operate the appropriate facilities, and engage in financial and financial activities consistent with its commercial activities, providing Marketing-related services, designating agents at home and abroad, and establishing branches and joint ventures. In 1989, the Australian government changed the situation that the domestic market of wheat was completely controlled by the wheat bureau, and the market was opened, and anyone could buy and sell freely. The purpose of the reform is to enable producers to make production decisions at actual market prices while allowing producers to take on some market risks. The Wheat Board provides producers with so-called “concentration pools” as a unified sales and settlement method, and participates in market competition as an equal operator. Domestic sales prices are determined by the market.
4. Improve the agricultural production service system. A major feature of Australian agricultural services is that any service is implemented on a contractual basis. For example, the shearing work of each farm is mostly carried out by a professional shearing service team, and large-scale agricultural machinery operations on many farms, such as ploughing land, are also completed by specialized service organizations. Contractual services were developed in the 1970s and are now widely used in crop farming, animal husbandry, farmland infrastructure, and agricultural product transportation. There are veterinary service teams in Australia that combine official and private veterinary services. There are 3,000 veterinarians, of which 55% are private veterinarians. All veterinarians have received higher education and passed the qualification examinations, with a high level of knowledge and practical work experience. Official veterinary services organizations typically combine enforcement regulations, research, quality control and extension services. There are about 100 seed companies in Australia and more than 1,700 original breeding farms. Crops and forage seeds have specialized breeding grounds, which are under the responsibility of scientific research departments; inspection and processing of improved varieties. Storage, sales, etc. have been formed into a whole, achieving production specialization and quality standardization.
5. Establish an organization that represents the interests of farmers themselves – the National Farmers Union. The National Farmers' Union is a group of Australian farmers established in 1979 to represent, protect and enhance the interests of its members and the agricultural sector. The National Farmers' Union consists of three main components: the core institutions, the Agricultural Products Council, and the state farmers' organizations. The Alliance represents farmers in dealing with the government, other industrial sectors, other industrial organizations, the news media, community organizations and foreign farmers' associations. For the federal and state governments, it is an “out-of-hospital activity group” that lobbying parliamentarians to support the interests of farmers. The alliance mediates disputes between farmers and other systems to protect the interests of farmers. It has also established a fund of A$10 million, which is mainly used to support activities to protect the interests of farmers, conduct economic analysis, and propose policy recommendations. It has a circulation of 130,000 copies of the "Farmers of the Farmers", a 24-hour news program, and a comprehensive school education program that provides information to many Chinese schools.
6. Pay attention to resource utilization and protection. Australia's agricultural layout and specific technical measures are all around the protection of the environment and the rational use of resources. First, a set of land information systems and legal systems have been established to ensure that private land use is in line with national policies through land management agencies. Australia's public land accounts for about 87% of the land, and most of the pasture and forest land is public land that is leased to ranchers and forestry companies. Second, strive to increase the productivity of land resources. The main measures are: vigorous use of sprinkler irrigation, underground infiltration and drip irrigation technology, effectively saving water resources. The irrigated area has expanded year by year, with grassland irrigated area accounting for 43%, and the rest being rice and other grains; appropriate farming methods are being implemented. Many farms place sheep in wheat fields, use sheep manure to fertilize fields, and use legumes to implement wheat bean rotation; balance soil nutrients. At the beginning of this century, Australian scientists discovered that phosphate soil should be added to Australia's soil. In the 1960s, they found that the soil lacked active trace elements such as boron, copper, zinc and manganese, which affected the growth of crops and the yield and quality of wool. They promoted the application of trace element fertilizers with remarkable effects.
Fourth, after the investigation
1. Strengthening the construction of agricultural products enterprises and promoting agricultural industrialization management Australian agriculture has entered a modernization and become a major exporter of agricultural products. Apart from natural resources, climate and environmental advantages, an important experience is that agricultural product processing enterprises are developed and driven to a variety of Professional cooperatives are the dominant form, and agricultural industrialization management methods are scientific. Various types of professional cooperatives and processing enterprises are the mainstay of agricultural product processing and the entry into the international and domestic markets. The behaviors of various associations and government departments at all levels of government, the breeding of varieties and technical services The main body of operation, market control, and policy support. Although the agricultural modernization in our district has already appeared, there is still a big gap compared with the developed countries. To make the agriculture in our district reach the modernization level as soon as possible, and to adapt to the international metropolis, we must increase the construction of leading enterprises in agricultural products processing. Promote agricultural industrialization. In the specific mode of industrialized operation, we must take the road of a company + company + base. Especially after China's accession to the WTO, the competition of agricultural products into the international market is more intense. We must vigorously cultivate a large number of enterprises with large scale, high technology content and famous brand advantages. Strong agricultural product processing enterprises and trade organizations act as the main body of agricultural products in our region to enter the international and domestic markets. It is recommended that relevant departments further improve and cultivate specific measures for the development of leading agricultural products enterprises, further improve relevant incentive support policies, and accelerate the pace of agricultural industrialization in our region by raising the level of industrialization.
2. It is necessary to speed up the construction of a food safety system and cultivate a number of agricultural product brands that meet international market standards.
The inspiration for this visit to Australia and New Zealand is that agricultural products must meet the safety and hygiene standards of the international market in order to enter the international market, including the standards of production bases and finished products. When the standard is reached, the passport to enter the market is obtained. We must learn from foreign advanced technology and management experience to accelerate the construction of a safe food production system.
3. Transforming government functions and serving export-oriented agricultural enterprises During the inspection, we realized that we should develop foreign exchange earning agriculture and let the agricultural products in our district truly enter the international market. In the current situation that agricultural enterprises are still not strong, rely on farmers or enterprises to single-handedly. Without government support, it is clear that there will be a longer process. Enterprises need the government to give great help and support to the overall publicity of agricultural products, information services, and the construction of customs standards.
4. It is worth learning from the policy and experience of Australian agricultural use of reclaimed water. The policies and methods of agricultural reuse in urban sewage treatment in Australia are worth learning. Their specific approach is: the government is responsible for laying the main line, building the reservoir, and increasing the capacity of electricity. The subsidy is 400 Australian dollars per 30 hectares. The pipelines and irrigation equipment are owned by the farmer. The water fee is not collected for 15 years, and the maintenance costs are responsible for each. Moreover, the government that affected the farm planting during the construction of the main pipeline also compensated. The government and the farm implement contract management, and must pay a deposit before applying for construction on the farm. The urbanization construction in our district is developing rapidly. Urban sewage treatment is a big problem. If our urban sewage treatment can be done as well as Australia, it is a good thing for the benefit of the country and the benefit of future generations.
The time of the inspection was short and the harvest was many. The members of the delegation said that after returning to China, they should actively digest the results of study and investigation, take advantage of the situation, work hard, and make new contributions to the new situation of agricultural and rural work.
List of members of the delegation to Australia, Zeng Fanlin Secretary of the Guangxi Agricultural Information Center, deputy director
Chen Guolu, Deputy Secretary General of the People's Government of Chenzhou City
Huang Zhenliang, Deputy Director, Finance Bureau of Chenzhou City
Xie Wenhao, Chief of the Finance Bureau of Chenzhou City
Huang Shikang Vice Mayor of Tunxi Municipal People's Government
Yang Lijian, Director of the Agricultural Bureau of Tunxi City
Chen Jingan, Director of the Agricultural Bureau of Cangwu County
Hu Zhenyu, Deputy Secretary of the CPC Tengxian County Association
Huang Baoxu, Director of the Agricultural Bureau of Tengxian County
Liu Dongqing, Director of the Agricultural Bureau of Guigang City
Li Shuiheng Deputy Secretary of the District Committee of the Gangbei Municipal Committee of Guigang City
Lu Shaoquan Director and Party Secretary of Gangbei District Agriculture Bureau, Guigang City
Yu Weihong Director of the Agricultural Bureau of Guiping City
Chen Wei Guangxi Economic Exchange Center
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