Hydraulics Internship Report

Hydraulics Internship Report


1. Internship purpose:
1. Make a foundation for future professional studies by understanding internships.
2. Establish a model of water conservancy and hydropower engineering in the brain through internship.
3. Understand the basic composition and role of water conservancy and hydropower projects through internships.
4. Learn about the characteristics and functions of hydraulic structures through internships.
5. Understand the water conservancy planning, design, construction and management through the internship.
6. Learn hydraulic engineering expertise and hydraulic construction through specific examples of internships.
2. Internship content:
Baojixia Hub Project
1. Baojixia Irrigation Project
Water diversion address: Linjia Village, Baoji City, Weihe River Diversion flow: 60 m3/S Water introduction: 1.1 billion m3 River source water: 2.78 billion m3 Irrigation area: 17.93 million mu Project characteristics: The head is low-dam self-flowing water. There are Wangjiaya, Xinyigou, Dabagou, Weihe and other reservoirs combined with reservoirs in the irrigation area. The reservoir forms a long-salt-type water transfer with an annual adjustable water volume of 197 million m3. The total length of the main canal is 180km, of which 98km is the famous channel of the loess. Project evolution: The project started in November 1958, was suspended in 1962, resumed in 1968, and passed through water in July 1971. The designed irrigated area was 1.7 million mu, and the high irrigation and drainage area was included in the unified management, with a total area of ​​293.5. Ten thousand mu, of which the area above the raft is 1.793 million mu. In order to solve the problem of water shortage in irrigation, the flooding of the head dam was started in 1997, and the flood control was completed. After the gate was opened, the capacity of 50 million m3 could be formed. The annual adjustable water volume was 0.797 billion m3, and the storage capacity of the four reservoirs was 148 million. m
2. Baojixia plus gate project original dam height: 27m brake design dam height: 49.6m storage capacity: 50 million m3 below normal position Effective storage capacity: 38 million 5 gates, 10m wide, 8.3m high, arc gate. Engineering characteristics: The annual adjustable water storage capacity after the opening of the canal is 0.8 billion m3. The Wangjiaya, Xinyigou, Dabeigou and Ganhe four reservoirs in the irrigation area can replenish 148 million m3 of water, so that the water shortage in the upper irrigation area of ​​Baojixia is 1.55. The m3 is reduced to 88 million m3, and a power station can be built after the head of the canal, with a installed capacity of 9600kw. The unreasonable condition of the original water diversion tunnel was changed. The project started construction in 1996.
3. Wangjiaya Reservoir Project Basin Area: 3288 km2 Dam Height: 24m Dam Type: Homogeneous earth dam, dam crest through Baojixia main canal, flow: 60m3/S Total storage capacity: 94.2 million m3 Effective storage capacity: 87.5 million m3 Project features: The project is the first large-scale combination of reservoirs in the province. The dam crest passes through the Baoji Gorge main canal. The main canal water can be put into the reservoir to regulate the non-irrigation period. When the water is short, the water supply channel is replenished. Significantly, accumulated experience for the combination design of the reservoir in our province.
4. Weishui inverted rainbow project Weishui inverted rainbow is a large-scale water conveyance building across the Weishui River Valley in the Baoji Gorge Irrigation District. It is a double-tube bridge inverted rainbow composed of steel pipes and concrete pipes. The single pipe is 880 meters long. The maximum water head is 70 meters and the designed flow rate is 52 cubic meters per second. It controls the irrigation area of ​​1.59 million mu in the upper irrigation area. It is the largest inverted rainbow project in the northwest region and a very important throat project. The project has been in operation for more than 30 years since its completion. The internal and external wear and tear of the pipeline is severe and must be reformed. The project was included in the national large and medium-sized irrigation district continued construction and water-saving renovation project in 2002, with a planned investment of 45.4 million yuan, and a comprehensive transformation of the inverted rainbow.
5. Qishuihe aqueduct height: 30m length: 208.5m Design flow: 40m3 / S Check flow: 55 m3 / S Engineering features: rib arch, prefabricated truss and ribbed rectangular tank structure
Yuhui Canal Irrigation Project
Water diversion address: Zhangjiashan diversion flow of Shuyang County, Luohe County: 50 m3/S Water introduction: Annual average of 450 million m3 River source average annual water: 2 billion m3 Irrigation area: 13.5 billion mu Project features: the head is low sediment river The dam self-flowing water. Double irrigation in irrigation districts can extract about 100 million m3 of return water and groundwater annually, and about 60% of groundwater for summer irrigation. The channel design has a sediment carrying capacity of 15%. Since the 1970s, scientific water diversion has been implemented. The maximum sediment concentration can reach 40%, and the annual limit of water can be exceeded from 10 to 20 million m3. Engineering evolution: The project started in 1930 and was released in June 1932, when a flow rate of 16 m3/s was introduced. The original design irrigated area was 640,000 mu, and the initial liberation was 600,000 mu. In 1966, the hub was rebuilt, the water diversion capacity was increased to 50 m3/s, and the irrigated area was gradually expanded to 1.35 million mu. In order to increase the power generation and regulation of the head, it was converted into a water diversion gate in 1997, with a 6-hole lift horizontal gate, the hole width is 10m, the door height is 8.3m, the overflow dam top is increased by 11.2, and the dam is led to generate electricity and installed capacity. 7500kw, becoming a water conservancy hub for irrigation and power generation.
Shihe River Reservoir Project Reservoir Dam Site: Stone River Mei County Diaoguanguan Watershed Area: 686km2 Dam Height: 114m Dam Type: Clay Core Wall Rockfill Dam Total Storage Capacity: 125 million m3 Effective Storage Capacity: 120 million m3 River Source Runoff: Annual Average 4.48 Million m3 irrigated area: Designed 1.28 million mu, including 370,000 mu in the south of the Weihe River and 9.1 million mu in the north of the Weihe River. Power generation: the power station behind the dam, installed capacity of 18,500 kw. Project features: The reservoir dam is the highest earth-rock dam built in China. It is the first core-wall rockfill dam in our province. The inverted-hole anti-seepage wall is used for the first time on the right bank of the dam. For the first time, the spillway uses a large gate to control the normal water level. Project evolution: The project was constructed according to the 50m low dam in Baoji area in 1970. In 1972, the provincial water conservancy hall was changed to high dam design. In 1976, the provincial hydropower project bureau began mechanized construction, creating a precedent for mechanized dam construction in our province. The dam was built. The Shihe River Reservoir is the first South-to-North Water Transfer Project in the province. It is designed to solve the 370,000-mu irrigation of the Weihe River. It plans to replenish water to the 910,000-mu irrigation area in the north of the Weihe River. After the completion of the Baojixia Project, it will be integrated into the Baojixia Great Irrigation District. The high irrigation area has been adjusted and failed to achieve the original design. In 1996, the expansion of the Stone River East Main Canal was extended to Heihe River and connected to the water supply system of Xi'an City. The annual water supply for the city was 100 million m3, making the Shihe River Reservoir a comprehensive water conservancy project for irrigation, urban water supply, power generation and tourism. 10,000 mu plus Kuanghui Canal irrigation area of ​​550,000 mu, a total of 1.53 million mu. The high pumping is merged into the Baoji Gorge with a flow of 350,000 mu, and there are 1.18 million mu, minus 270,000 mu of well irrigation. The remaining 910,000 mu is the water supply area of ​​the Shihe River Reservoir.
Fengjiashan Reservoir Project Address: River Fengjiashan Basin Area: 232km3 Dam Height: 3m Dam Type: Homogeneous Earth Dam Total Storage Capacity: 3.89m3 Effective Storage Capacity: 8.6 Billion m3 River Source Runoff: Annual Average of 485 Million m3 Irrigation Area: Irrigation Area: 360,000 Mu, of which 710,000 acres of water pumping, 650,000 acres of self-flow. Power generation: 4500kw after dam and water diversion power generation. Project features: The project is designed to discharge flood from flood discharge tunnel and spillway tunnel, and has a very spillway. The first ventilation vent in the spillway tunnel in China has good anti-cavitation effect. Project Evolution: The project started in 1970 and was completed in 1974, which has played a huge role in increasing agricultural production. Since the 1990s, the management has been dominated by irrigation. At the same time, it supplied 30 million m3 to Baoji City, 30 million m3 to the Woolwan Reservoir, and 40 million m3 to Baoji No. 2 Power Plant. Multi-faceted comprehensive benefits such as irrigation, water supply, tourism, and power generation.
Heihe Reservoir Project Reservoir Address: Heping County, Jinpen Basin Area: 481kw2 Dam Height: 30m Dam Type: Earth core gravel dam Total storage capacity: 200 million m3 Effective storage capacity: 145 million m3 River source runoff: annual average of 667 million m3 urban water supply: Water supply 60-800,000 tons Annual water supply: 400 million m3 Irrigation area 370,000 mu Power generation: water generation after dam, installed capacity 20,000 kw Project features: The project is mainly for water supply to Xi'an, with irrigation, power generation and flood control And other comprehensive benefits. After the reservoir is completed, the water supply channel can be included in the Nanshan tributary such as the Stone River, the Tianyu, the Sui, and the Shijiazhuang. The daily water supply capacity is up to 1.2 million tons. The water supply culvert is 86km from the reservoir to Qujiangchi Water Plant. The reservoir project is under construction.
Weijiabao Water Conservancy Project Address: Weijiabao Water Diversion Flow in Hemei County: 55m3/S Original Huihui Canal: 30m3/S渭 High Pumping 25 m3/S Water Diversion: Both 128 million m3 Irrigation Area Original 550,000 Mu工程 high pumping 960,000 acres of engineering features: the head of the river is a multi-sediment river low dam self-flow water diversion. The drainage effect of sand discharge is relatively successful. After the original 550,000 mu irrigation, the groundwater was raised to form a double well irrigation. Project evolution: The hub of the hub project was completed in 1936. The first channel was held on December 15, 1937, with a flow rate of 30 m3/s. In 1950, the irrigated area was only 270,000 mu, and it was improved year by year. By 1957, it had grown to 570,000 mu. After the completion of the high pumping, the two north and south canals were formed. After the completion of Baojixia, it will be integrated into the management of Baojixia Irrigation District.
Diaoyutai is located on the bank of Shipanxi River, 17 kilometers south of Baoji County. It goes up the ramp and then goes to the newly built Diaoyutai Reservoir. The dam is 50 meters high, 450,000 cubic meters of water is stored, the length is 176m, the bottom width is 13m, the top width is 2m, and the irrigated area is 32,000 acres. The dam-type double-curved arch dam has been developed as a tourist attraction: the squadron stone carving stone slab fishing platform ruins Jiang Taigong Temple Wujiting Zhou Wenwang Temple Sanqing Temple Tangyu double aqueduct--front pool--water diversion pressure pipeline--hydropower station-- Bridge trough and parallel channel. Internship summary:
1. Water storage hub:
Role: reservoir regulation, flood control, power generation, irrigation, shipping, water supply, fisheries, tourism.
Form a building:
Water retaining structure arch dam buttress dam earth and rock dam)
Drainage building overflow dam, spillway tunnel, drainage pipe, construction diversion),
Specialized building
2. Water diversion irrigation hub:
Role: to obtain river water in line with water quantity and water quality requirements, to meet irrigation, power generation, industrial type: damless water diversion, dam diversion
2. No dam layout: intake sluice, sluice gate, along river pool, ship raft, fish pass
3. There are dam type setting: the river gate raises the water level and the sediment river: 1、sand-slot type.2 artificial curved type.3, bottom barrier type.4, bottom sanding corridor type less sediment river : Side, positive water diversion.
4. Grit chamber: The section of the pool is larger than the section of the diversion channel. After the water flows into the pool, the section is enlarged, the flow velocity is reduced, the water flow is reduced, and the sediment is deposited.
5. Channel: no pressure open channel, the number from small to large, from high to low, water can be reduced.
6. Canal structures: culverts, water tunnels, aqueducts, inverted siphons, jumps and steep slopes)
3. Power generation project:
1. Power generation development mode: dam type power generation, diversion type power generation, hybrid power generation
2. Hydropower station consists of buildings:
1) water retaining buildings; 2) water discharge buildings; 3) hydropower station inlet buildings; 4) hydropower station diversion buildings; 5) hydropower station voltage stabilizer buildings; 6) power generation, transformer, distribution buildings
3. Hydropower station layout:
1) Dam type hydropower station hub: dam type, riverbed type; 2) diversion type hydropower station: no pressure type, pressure type; 3) hybrid type
4.Hydraulic machinery and electrical equipment: turbine; generator
4. Summary of work knowledge:
1. Gravity arch dam: Arch dam with more significant gravity. Generally, gravity arch dams are often built in wide river valleys, and their thickness is relatively large, and the thickness-to-height ratio is often above 0.35. Gravity arch dam forms vary by valley shape. For wide U-shaped or trapezoidal valleys, a center-fixed radius arch dam is often used, close to the gravity dam. Variable center variable radius arch dams are often used for wider V-shaped valleys. Gravity arch dam is a thick dam in arch dam. Its main advantages are: 1 has the advantages of arch dam and gravity dam, high safety, and has great potential for resisting super standard flood or accidental load; The drain hole and the dam top overflow are arranged in the dam body; 3, it is convenient to set up the workshop on the downstream side of the dam; 4 the dam body stress and the osmotic pressure ratio drop are low; 5 sometimes the terrain structure and geological requirements can be adapted, and the body structure can also be adjusted. Reduce the dam foundation stress to meet the geological requirements of the dam site. For example, the geology of the Hoover Dam in the United States is such that the dam type of the 221m dam is controlled to be less than 3 MPa.
2. Earth-rock dam: The collective name of earth dam and rockfill dam, also known as local material dam. Both earth dams and rockfill dams are traditional dam types with a long history and are commonly used.
Advantages of the Soviet Nurek Earth and Rock Dam: 1 The dam material is taken from the local area, which can save cement, steel and wood; 2 The engineering geological conditions of the dam foundation are lower than other dam types; 3 The seismic performance is better. Disadvantages: 1 Generally, expensive drainage structures, such as spillways and tunnels, need to be built outside the dam; 2 if the reservoir is flooded, the dam will be damaged, so the ability to withstand super-standard floods is poor.
3. Earth dams use local soil and sand, gravel, gravel, gravel, stone and other dams. It is an ancient and still growing and widely used water retaining building. Sometimes called the earth dam. According to the configuration of the dam material in the dam, the earth dam can be divided into four categories: homogeneous earth dam, multiple earth dams, core wall, earth dam, inclined wall, earth dam
4. Sedimentation of silt in the reservoir silt in the reservoir area. After the river flows into the backwater area of ​​the reservoir, the flow rate decreases due to the increase of the section, the sedimentation capacity of the water flow decreases, and the sediment in the belt will be silted in the reservoir area. The sedimentation quantity, process and distribution of sediment in the reservoir area are affected by various factors such as reservoir capacity, plane shape, bottom topography, radon water height, operation mode, incoming water quantity, process and sediment composition.
5. Reservoir introduction: Artificial waters formed in valleys, rivers or low-lying areas by dams, dikes, sluices, sluices, etc. It is the main measure used for runoff regulation to change the natural water resource allocation process and plays an important role in social and economic development.
6. Introduction to Hydropower Station: A comprehensive engineering facility that converts water energy into electrical energy. It is also called a hydropower plant. It includes a series of hydropower station buildings and various hydropower station equipment installed for the production of electric energy using water energy.
7. Dam-type hydropower station: A hydropower station that builds a dam to raise the water head and centrally regulates the natural water flow to produce electricity. Its main features are that the barrage and hydropower plants are concentrated in the same section of the river. The water heads of the power stations are basically all obtained from the dam elevation water level. Applicable conditions The dam type hydropower station is suitable for the gentle slope of the river and the conditions for dam construction. River section. Among them, the reservoir with large capacity upstream of the dam of the hydropower station behind the dam can regulate the flow, which is conducive to increasing the installed capacity of the power station, adapting to the peak shaving requirements of the power system, and fully utilizing the utilization of water energy. It is also high, and it can often play the role of flood control and meet other requirements. The shortcomings are the flooding loss of the reservoir and the difficulty of resettlement of urban and rural residents. Therefore, the hydropower station behind the dam of the high dam reservoir is only suitable for construction in alpine valleys and submerged areas. Riverbed hydropower stations only have low dams, and the reservoir capacity and regulation capacity are small. They mainly rely on the natural flow of rivers to generate electricity, so they are also called runoff hydropower stations. Due to the large amount of abandoned water, the utilization of water energy is greatly restricted, the comprehensive benefits are relatively small, but the difficulties of flooding loss and resettlement are also small. It is suitable for construction in plains or hilly areas, the slope of the river is slow, and the water level is raised. It will significantly increase the river section of the cross-strait urban and rural inundation losses.
8. Reservoir immersion: The reservoir water storage makes the groundwater in the surrounding area of ​​the reservoir high, causing secondary disasters such as salinization and swamping. High groundwater levels can cause capillary water to rise, and when it rises to the foundation of the building or the roots of crops and trees, and for a longer duration, immersion problems will occur. Immersion can reduce the crop yield of farmland, the ground conditions of industrial and mining enterprises and civil buildings deteriorate and damage, the amount of water in the mine increases, the railway and highway will be tumbling and frost heaving, and sometimes the reservoir's normal water level or dam site selection will be affected.
9. Reservoir leakage: The phenomenon that the reservoir water seeps into the lowlands outside the reservoir along the permeable rock belt. After the reservoir is filled with water, the water level rises and the return water area increases. The reservoir water is filled with the gap between the bottom of the reservoir and the rock and soil of the reservoir, and the water table in the reservoir is higher. When the reservoir water level rises above the reservoir groundwater watershed elevation, the reservoir water will often pass through the pores of the loose rock layer and the layers of the hard rock layer, faults, joint fissures, unconformity surfaces, dissolution cavities, weathering crusts and other seepage channels. The dam foundation and the dam are leaked, and are discharged to the low-lying areas such as the neighboring valley or the downstream of the dam. The new springs and the flow of the original springs, wells and dark rivers, and the increase of the confined heads are closely related to the fluctuation of the reservoir water level.
10. Reservoir characteristic value Reservoir design and operation of several characteristic reservoir water level and feature storage capacity as design and control application conditions. These eigenvalues ​​reflect the size, benefits, and application of the reservoir and are often selected through economic analysis and comprehensive comparison. Characteristic reservoir water level The reservoir needs to control the water level of various characteristic reservoirs that reach, limit or allow to fall to and fall under various hydrological conditions. The main characteristic water levels are: 1 normal water storage level, which refers to the upper limit water level that the reservoir is allowed to store in the normal operation. It is the most important characteristic water level of the reservoir, which determines the scale and benefits of the reservoir, and also largely determines the size of the hydraulic structure. 2 Dead water level refers to the lowest water level allowed to be dropped by the reservoir under normal operation conditions. 3 Flood control limit water level refers to the upper limit water level that the reservoir is allowed to store in the flood season. It is usually formulated according to the flood characteristics of the river basin and flood control requirements. When the reservoir flood control calculation is carried out, the water level can be used as the starting water level 4 flood control high water level, which refers to the highest flood level reached by the reservoir when the downstream protection zone encounters the design flood; 5 design flood level refers to the reservoir reached when the dam encounters the design flood The highest flood level; 6 check flood level refers to the highest flood level reached by the reservoir when the dam encounters a nuclear flood. Characteristic storage capacity The reservoir volume corresponding to the water level below a characteristic reservoir or between two characteristic water levels generally refers to the static storage capacity below the water level in front of the dam. The main characteristics of the library are: 1 dead storage capacity, referring to the reservoir volume below the dead water level. 2 Xinli storage capacity, also known as adjustment storage capacity, refers to the reservoir volume between the normal water storage level and the dead water level. 3 Flood storage capacity refers to the reservoir volume between the flood control high water level and the flood control limit water level. 4 Flood storage capacity refers to the reservoir volume between the nuclear flood level and the flood control limit water level. 5 Overlapping storage capacity refers to the reservoir volume between the normal water storage level and the flood control limit water level. This part of the storage can be used for both flood protection and profitability. When the flood storage capacity and the Xinli storage capacity completely overlap, the normal water storage level is the high water level for flood control. When the flood storage capacity is completely separated from the Xinli storage capacity, the normal water storage level is the flood control limit water level. 6 Total storage capacity, refers to the reservoir volume below the nuclear flood level. It is one of the main criteria for classifying reservoirs.
Question and thinking:
1. How to comprehensively develop and utilize water resources for the benefit of mankind?
Comprehensive consideration in water conservancy development: reservoir regulation, flood control, power generation, irrigation, shipping, water supply, fisheries, tourism, environmental protection, river management, protection of nature, etc.
2. How to plan, arrange, design water retaining buildings, draining buildings, water delivery buildings, special buildings?
For example, the Baojixia Water Control Project will include water-blocking buildings, water-dissipating buildings, water-transporting buildings and special buildings in the planning and design. The sparrows are small and the five internal organs are complete.
3. How to choose a hydraulic building reasonably?
Under what conditions, choose the inverted rainbow, what conditions to choose the aqueduct such as the aqueduct, whether the inverted siphon can be changed according to the specific conditions of the local, and what kind of dam type to choose, what kind of power station layout to choose, etc.
4. Now many rivers are damaged by different degrees of pollution. What should be done as a water conservancy?
We need to fully grasp the relevant knowledge to rationally develop water resources. For example, it is better for Diaoyutai to do it. He combines human history, geographical conditions, comprehensive development, especially the current tourism industry.
5. How to scientifically construct in construction?
Whether it is pre-made or ready-made, what method can be more cost-effective and scientific
6. How to apply modern science and technology to water conservancy classrooms?
Such as computer-aided design, "3S" technology, computer monitoring automation technology, "unmanned" duty room, etc., such as the Weijiabao water diversion power station, is that the "unmanned" duty water is the life left to the ancestors in our hands. Source, protecting water resources is the common historical mission of our water conservancy