Japan and South Korea Agricultural Investigation Report
Japan and South Korea Agricultural Investigation Report
Yichang City to Japan and South Korea "one village one product" inspection training group
According to the Foreign Affairs Office of the Municipal Government and the Municipal Agriculture Bureau, the notice on organizing the relevant county, township and village leaders and agricultural science and technology personnel from our city to go to Japan to carry out the "one village, one product" campaign to create agricultural products "excellent brand" to participate in international and domestic market competition inspection training "The spirit of the archives, at the invitation of the Japan-Shizuoka Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Exchange Association of Shizuoka Prefecture, was organized by the Municipal Foreign Affairs Office and the Municipal Agricultural Bureau, and the Yichang City to Japan and South Korea "One Village One Product" inspection training group, on September 5, 2005 On the 16th, he went to Japan and South Korea for a 12-day study tour. The relevant situation is reported as follows:
I. Basic information The delegation has a total of 16 delegations, including 6 county-level cadres, 5 agricultural system cadres, 4 township town mayors, and 1 foreign city office leader and translator. The Yichang Wujiagang District People's Congress Standing Committee Hu Yonghe, deputy director of the association, and Yuan Xinmin, chief of the expert department of Yichang Foreign Affairs Office, served as the head and secretary-general respectively. I mainly studied the successful experience of the "One Village One Product" campaign in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, and the development of the citrus industry in Jeju, South Korea. I visited the Shizuoka Citrus Test Site, the Shizuoka City Clearwater Agricultural Complex, and Japan's largest citrus selection. The fruit packaging line, the Japanese agricultural products and agricultural supermarkets, and the Citrus Division of the Jeju Warming Agricultural Research Institute visited Japanese and Korean fruit farmers, and had discussions and scientific exchanges with experts from the Japanese and Korean citrus communities, deepening the members of the delegation to Japan. The understanding of the “One Village One Product” campaign has a certain understanding of the agricultural situation in which Japan and South Korea are mainly based on the citrus industry.
Second, the main harvest of Japanese agriculture "one village and one product" movement Japan's "one village one product" movement originated in Oita Prefecture. Oita Prefecture is located in western Japan and is 0-800m above sea level. The population is 1.2 million, of which 40% is agricultural population, and the average annual income of farmers is 4-5 million yen. One village and one product movement is not only a crop that we understand, but a variety of crops or a kind of agricultural products. It means that a village must have at least one famous brand of agricultural products on the market. The goal is that the average annual income of farmers reaches 7 million. Above yuan.
The core content of the "One Village, One Product" campaign is: to take advantage of local self-reliance, to take advantage of local characteristics, to adapt to local conditions, to study in depth, to be creative, to maximize potential, and to create high-quality, Japanese-made First, the market faces the world, creates the brand of the earth, has local agricultural products, and cultivates a group of young and promising people to revitalize the local economy.
The “One Village, One Product” campaign has received subsidies from the state, county, and municipal governments, and its purpose is to mobilize farmers. To mobilize the enthusiasm of the peasants and increase the income of the peasants, before the one-village and one-product movement, the peasants were relatively poor. Through the “one village, one product” campaign, the economy was invigorated and the peasants’ income was raised. The Agricultural Cooperative's system of serving “one village, one product” before, during and after delivery is a guarantee for the rapid development of “one village, one product”.
Each city and town must at least create a distinctive product. Of course, it can also be "one village, two products" or "one village, three products" or "two villages and one product" or "three villages and one product". What is the local situation, how to scientifically plan the variety, determine the scale, and adopt advanced technologies, we must rack our brains and think. After the selection, selection and selection, the government will come forward to plan in a unified way. Once the plan is approved and implemented, it cannot be easily changed.
Japan Agricultural Association's development overview and successful experience
1. The history of the Japanese Agricultural Association. After the Second World War, Japan enacted the Agricultural Land Reform Act and implemented agricultural land reform. In 1947, Japan promulgated the "Agricultural Synergy Combination Law", which determined the special status of the Agricultural Cooperatives through the form of law. From 1947 to 1950, in less than three years, grassroots agricultural associations across Japan have been established. There are more than 4,000 grassroots agricultural associations established nationwide, and more than 99% of farmers have joined the Agricultural Association.
2. The scope of work of the Japanese Agricultural Association. The agricultural association has a wide range of work, including agricultural production materials, procurement of daily necessities and construction of agricultural public facilities, as well as collection, processing, storage, preservation and sales of agricultural products; continuing education of farmers on new agricultural technologies, new varieties and management skills. Training; design and construction of chain agricultural warehouses, livestock, poultry, aquatic products market; transportation, architectural design planning and engineering supervision, construction and expansion of overseas agricultural associations. In the words of Mr. Cheng Yifu, the editor-in-chief of the Japan Environmental Agriculture News, and the person in charge of the distribution, the Japanese Agricultural Association has all gone from cradle to grave.
3. The main functions of the Japan Agricultural Association. The Japan Agricultural Association is a non-governmental organization established by Japanese farmers to pay their dues under the Agricultural Cooperative Law. There are four main aspects to its work function:
The first is to guide agricultural production. The Agricultural Cooperative's production guidance for farmers is very comprehensive, including education and training of production technology, formulation of production plans, improvement and renewal of new varieties, adjustment of planting structure, and application of technical standards.
The second is to concentrate on selling agricultural products and purchasing agricultural production materials. It is the most important daily work of the Agricultural Cooperatives to help farmers concentrate on selling agricultural products and promote the circulation of agricultural products and their means of production. The agricultural products sold by the Agricultural Cooperatives include rice, vegetables, flowers, fruits, etc.; the sales methods include supermarket sales, wholesale market sales and direct sales. In order to reduce the links in the circulation of production materials and reduce the production cost, the Agricultural Cooperatives organizes the centralized procurement of agricultural production materials according to the needs of the members. The Agricultural Cooperatives unify the orders with the manufacturers and then distribute them to the members. For the daily necessities of the farmers who join the association, the agricultural association also organizes a unified purchase, and can enjoy the factory price or the wholesale price. Through centralized procurement, the farmers who joined the association received benefits.
The third is credit cooperation. Japanese law stipulates that the Agricultural Cooperatives can set up their own credit business. The main characteristics of the Japan Agricultural Association's financial activities are: not for profit, aiming to serve all members of the Agricultural Association; funds are mainly used to develop agricultural production and farmers' life, to improve the living standards of farmers; the same agricultural and financial policies of the country Work closely together.
The fourth is social welfare and insurance. The Japan Agricultural Association has established a risk fund system, calling on members to develop a spirit of mutual assistance and cooperation, jointly solve the problems faced, and ensure that farmers can get some compensation when they suffer losses due to accidents or accidents, and improve the ability of agriculture to resist natural disasters. The welfare of the Japan Agricultural Association includes medical insurance, marriage, funeral, marriage, and jealousy. The Agricultural Association organizes farmers to participate in insurance, and some also establish their own hospitals to provide guarantees for farmers' health. It also invests in the construction of many basic welfare facilities needed for peasants' weddings and funerals, providing services to farmers and reducing the economic burden on farmers.
4. Conditions for the development of the Japanese Agricultural Association. The first is legal protection. Japan enacted the Agricultural Cooperative Combination Act as early as 1947 and revised it again in the 1960s. This is a special law enacted by Japan to promote and protect the development of the Agricultural Cooperative. It is clearly stipulated that the Agricultural Cooperative is different from economic groups and political groups, and it is a special legal person; it recognizes the independent management rights and democratic management rights of the Agricultural Cooperatives to ensure that they are not subject to administrative interference, ensure the economic status of farmers, and stipulate that the Agricultural Cooperatives are not operating groups for profit. It is a service organization, and the income of various businesses of the Agricultural Association is owned by the members of the Agricultural Association. The second is policy support. It is reflected in the agricultural policies, taxation and financial policies formulated by various levels of government in Japan. Adhere to the economic adjustment of agriculture, and rarely use administrative orders. For example, the government has completed the development of new varieties, agricultural bases and agricultural products wholesale markets, product processing equipment construction, and stable vegetable production through the formulation of corresponding subsidy policies, which not only enables the government's plans to be realized, but also ensures that farmers receive benefits. . In supporting the Agricultural Cooperatives to carry out credit business, governments at all levels have formulated corresponding policies to ensure the sources of funding for the Agricultural Cooperatives, including state subsidized loans, interest-free loans from county governments, and loans for agriculture, forestry and fishery. In terms of taxation policies, it is stipulated that the various taxes of the Agricultural Cooperatives are about 10 percentage points lower than the tax rates of other legal persons. The third is the active participation of farmers. The Japanese Agricultural Association organized the scattered farmers to jointly organize production and enter the market as its purpose. It did not aim at profitability, insisted on service first, and won the support of the majority of farmers. Farmers enthusiastically participated in the Agricultural Association and obeyed the guidance of the Agricultural Cooperative, which ensured a solid foundation for the development of the Agricultural Cooperative. This was most evident at the beginning of the establishment of the Agricultural Cooperative. Only after entering the 1990s, due to the influence of international and domestic economic development, and the reasons of the Japanese Agricultural Association itself, the dependence of farmers on the Agricultural Cooperatives has declined.
5. The organization form of the Japanese Agricultural Association. The Japan Agricultural Association is a special legal person organized and developed by its own unique organizational principles and operating principles. The principles are mainly voluntary participation, democratic management, collaboration, restrictions on funding quotas, promotion of educational development and distribution of surplus funds. The highest authority of the Japan Agricultural Association is a general assembly recommended by various grassroots organizations and elected by all members. The board of directors and the board of supervisors are elected by the general congress, and the highest leadership of the association is elected by the board of directors. The work of the board of directors and leading members is supervised and inspected by the board of supervisors. Since the implementation of the reforms by the Japan Agricultural Association in the 1990s, the original three-level organization system of “the city, the town, the village, the city, the county, the county and the county” has been changed to the second level, and the association of the capital, the county, the prefecture and the county has been Go to the central government and merge the grassroots agricultural associations to expand the scale and strength of the agricultural association. According to the reform plan of the Agricultural Cooperatives, the Japanese grassroots agricultural associations have been reduced to 1,580 by 1999, and by 2002, they have been reduced to 1,040. The National Central Committee has four committees of production, life, general affairs and finance, which are in contact with the Agricultural Association Economic Union, the Communist Youth League, the Welfare Union and the Financial Union of the Central Committee of the Capital, the Provincial Government, and the County Council. The County Agricultural Association only conducts business guidance for the municipal, town, and village agricultural associations. It is a joint and cooperative relationship and does not have administrative command rights, thus ensuring the independence and autonomy of the grassroots agricultural associations.
Members of the Japan Agricultural Association are divided into regular members and associate members. Official members are farmers engaged in agricultural production. Associate members do not engage in agricultural production, but rely solely on funding to do business through the Agricultural Cooperative. Associate members do not enjoy the rights of regular members, nor do they assume the obligations of formal members.
In addition to the membership fees paid by the agricultural associations, the agricultural cooperatives' funds are mainly supplemented by collecting agricultural product transaction fees. The agricultural trade volume of the Japan Agricultural Association accounts for 80% of the national agricultural product trading volume in Japan, and the handling fee is about 8.5% of the transaction amount. The proportion is distributed by the Central All-Agriculture Association to the county and city farmers' associations. Second, the relevant funds of the Japanese state are also allocated to farmers through the Agricultural Cooperative.
Japan's citrus industry At present, Japan's citrus area is about 60,000 hectares, with a total output of about 1.7 million tons. The area and output have been basically stable for 10 years. The greenhouse planting area accounts for about 1/10. Its main varieties are Nichinan No. 1, Qingdao, Dajin No. 4, Qingjian, Wuzhihuo, Ota, and Chunjian. We focus on the Shizuoka County, with an annual output of 150,000 tons of citrus, accounting for about 10% of the total production in Japan, 90% of which is Qingdao Wenzhou mandarin orange, and the navel orange has gradually withdrawn from the Japanese orange orchard. Japanese citrus can not be self-sufficient, importing about 600,000 tons of fresh citrus fruit every year. The main imported areas are the United States, Brazil, South Africa and Australia.
We are deeply impressed by Japan's advanced citrus cultivation technology. The first is reasonable close planting. Despite limited land resources, the cultivation density of Japanese orange orchards is generally controlled between 21 and 40 plants, and the maximum is not more than 60 plants. The orange orchards are wide between rows, which is convenient for mechanical operation. The second is water-saving irrigation. All the orange gardens are equipped with automatic irrigation systems. In the past, most of them were sprinkler irrigation, but now they are mainly drip irrigation and micro-spray. The third is to implement grass cultivation in orange orchards. The fourth is to cover with a reflective gas permeable membrane to reduce soil moisture, increase soil temperature, and improve the coloration of the lower fruit, thereby increasing the sugar content of the fruit. Fifth, the degree of mechanization is high. Mechanized operations have been realized in production processes such as pumping, fertilization, and pest control. Sixth, attach importance to facility cultivation. Japan's facility cultivation citrus is basically warm in winter, the earliest heating began in September, greenhouse citrus was listed in June, but the production cost is higher, the price is very expensive.
South Korea's Jeju citrus industry South Korea's citrus area is 23,000 hectares, with a production of 789,000 tons, of which 99.9% is in Jeju Island. According to the output, 88.7% is premature Wenzhou, 9.6% is ordinary Wenzhou, and the other is 1.6%.
In 2004, the total area of citrus in Jeju was 22048 hectares, including 9189 hectares in the South Jeju County, 5127 hectares in the northern Jeju County, 5085 hectares in the Seogwipo City, and 2647 hectares in Jeju City. The total output of citrus is 595,591 tons, including 260,374 tons in Nanji Prefecture, 122,821 tons in northern Jeju, 149,614 tons in Seogwipo and 62,782 tons in Jeju City. There are 31,233 citrus cultivation farms, including 13,199 in Southern Jeju, 7737 in northern Jeju, 8,386 in Seogwipo, and 3,782 in Jeju.
The area of facility cultivation increased from 30 hectares in 1990 to 520 hectares in 2002, to 1000 hectares in 2004, and 30 times in 14 years. The total citrus production capacity reached 25,903 tons. The maturity period basically reaches the annual supply, the open field cultivation is listed in October-December, the greenhouse is listed in the rain-proof cultivation in February-March, and the greenhouse heating is listed in April-October. The earliest warming before November, the fruit matures from April to June, and the warming is from December 1st to December 12th. The fruit matures from June to August and warms from December 25th to the end of January. It will be listed in mid-August to September, and the maturity of warming after January 21 will be listed in mid-September to October.
Compared with Japan, facilities cultivation in South Korea basically relies on farmers' own investment, which is in stark contrast to Japan's 75% from government investment. A survey of farmers found that the biggest expense of warming greenhouses for growing Wenzhou mandarin oranges is fuel consumption. Generally, it needs to be heated for 200 days. An acre greenhouse requires 8 tons of fuel. If it is 3,500 yuan per ton, the fuel cost is 28,000 yuan/mu. According to their production level, the yield per mu can reach 4 tons, and the fuel cost per kilogram of fruit reaches 7 yuan. The entrance of greenhouse citrus orchard is 3000-4000 won/kg, equivalent to RMB 24-32/kg. The retail price is about 5,000 won / kg, equivalent to 40 yuan / kg. According to farmers, 50% of the income is generally profit.
Third, thinking and suggestions
1. Learn from the successful experience of the development of the Japanese Agricultural Association and actively promote the construction of rural professional cooperative organizations in the city. Through inspections and contact with the actual situation of our city, we feel that in the increasingly internationalized supply of agricultural products, we must organize a family of farmers to form a new one with a certain scale of production, considerable economic strength, and ability to participate in market competition. The Agricultural Cooperative Organization, and the Japan Agricultural Association is a form of agricultural organization that can be used for reference. Such an organization should have the functions of serving members, protecting the interests of members, training demonstrations and mutual cooperation. This kind of cooperative organization established on the basis of peasant's voluntary, cooperative, mutual assistance and democratic management has strong vitality and development potential, and will vigorously promote agricultural development and increase farmers' income. It is necessary to do a good job in the pilot, choose a good working condition, a high level of peasant awareness, and establish a professional cooperative organization demonstration base in a place that the leaders attach importance to, focusing on the pilot work in terms of organizational nature, status, service function, operational mechanism, etc., and also on policy support. Explore and advance to form a complete and standardized operation method.
2. Learn to introduce citrus cultivation techniques. Through this inspection, we saw the aging phenomenon of agricultural labor in Japan and South Korea. Agriculture is their sunset industry, which will provide opportunities for China's future agricultural exports. With the development of China's economy and the emergence of high-income groups, the mature Wenzhou mandarin in April-August should have a market. The current production costs, especially the cost of fuel, are high, and the prices of the fruits produced are relatively high. Therefore, there are still problems in the large-scale cultivation of greenhouse greenhouses. The technology of delaying the late ripening mandarin to the harvest from February to March by using rain-proof cultivation is worthy of introduction and promotion, which will greatly improve the efficiency of citrus cultivation. It is recommended to test and demonstrate in the city first, and then gradually promote it after success.
3. Pay attention to the training of agricultural technicians in our city. The members of the delegation unanimously felt that the experience of advanced agricultural technology and the emphasis on training of agricultural technology talents in Japan and South Korea is worth learning. It is recommended that the municipal government and relevant departments of the municipality pay more attention to the study and training of the agricultural technology backbone of the city, formulate training and training plans, arrange training funds, and regularly organize delegations to study and study in developed countries such as Japan and South Korea. At the same time, Japanese and Korean experts should be invited to conduct academic exchanges and guidance.
September 28, 2005
Yichang City to Japan and South Korea "one village one product" inspection training group
According to the Foreign Affairs Office of the Municipal Government and the Municipal Agriculture Bureau, the notice on organizing the relevant county, township and village leaders and agricultural science and technology personnel from our city to go to Japan to carry out the "one village, one product" campaign to create agricultural products "excellent brand" to participate in international and domestic market competition inspection training "The spirit of the archives, at the invitation of the Japan-Shizuoka Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Exchange Association of Shizuoka Prefecture, was organized by the Municipal Foreign Affairs Office and the Municipal Agricultural Bureau, and the Yichang City to Japan and South Korea "One Village One Product" inspection training group, on September 5, 2005 On the 16th, he went to Japan and South Korea for a 12-day study tour. The relevant situation is reported as follows:
I. Basic information The delegation has a total of 16 delegations, including 6 county-level cadres, 5 agricultural system cadres, 4 township town mayors, and 1 foreign city office leader and translator. The Yichang Wujiagang District People's Congress Standing Committee Hu Yonghe, deputy director of the association, and Yuan Xinmin, chief of the expert department of Yichang Foreign Affairs Office, served as the head and secretary-general respectively. I mainly studied the successful experience of the "One Village One Product" campaign in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, and the development of the citrus industry in Jeju, South Korea. I visited the Shizuoka Citrus Test Site, the Shizuoka City Clearwater Agricultural Complex, and Japan's largest citrus selection. The fruit packaging line, the Japanese agricultural products and agricultural supermarkets, and the Citrus Division of the Jeju Warming Agricultural Research Institute visited Japanese and Korean fruit farmers, and had discussions and scientific exchanges with experts from the Japanese and Korean citrus communities, deepening the members of the delegation to Japan. The understanding of the “One Village One Product” campaign has a certain understanding of the agricultural situation in which Japan and South Korea are mainly based on the citrus industry.
Second, the main harvest of Japanese agriculture "one village and one product" movement Japan's "one village one product" movement originated in Oita Prefecture. Oita Prefecture is located in western Japan and is 0-800m above sea level. The population is 1.2 million, of which 40% is agricultural population, and the average annual income of farmers is 4-5 million yen. One village and one product movement is not only a crop that we understand, but a variety of crops or a kind of agricultural products. It means that a village must have at least one famous brand of agricultural products on the market. The goal is that the average annual income of farmers reaches 7 million. Above yuan.
The core content of the "One Village, One Product" campaign is: to take advantage of local self-reliance, to take advantage of local characteristics, to adapt to local conditions, to study in depth, to be creative, to maximize potential, and to create high-quality, Japanese-made First, the market faces the world, creates the brand of the earth, has local agricultural products, and cultivates a group of young and promising people to revitalize the local economy.
The “One Village, One Product” campaign has received subsidies from the state, county, and municipal governments, and its purpose is to mobilize farmers. To mobilize the enthusiasm of the peasants and increase the income of the peasants, before the one-village and one-product movement, the peasants were relatively poor. Through the “one village, one product” campaign, the economy was invigorated and the peasants’ income was raised. The Agricultural Cooperative's system of serving “one village, one product” before, during and after delivery is a guarantee for the rapid development of “one village, one product”.
Each city and town must at least create a distinctive product. Of course, it can also be "one village, two products" or "one village, three products" or "two villages and one product" or "three villages and one product". What is the local situation, how to scientifically plan the variety, determine the scale, and adopt advanced technologies, we must rack our brains and think. After the selection, selection and selection, the government will come forward to plan in a unified way. Once the plan is approved and implemented, it cannot be easily changed.
Japan Agricultural Association's development overview and successful experience
1. The history of the Japanese Agricultural Association. After the Second World War, Japan enacted the Agricultural Land Reform Act and implemented agricultural land reform. In 1947, Japan promulgated the "Agricultural Synergy Combination Law", which determined the special status of the Agricultural Cooperatives through the form of law. From 1947 to 1950, in less than three years, grassroots agricultural associations across Japan have been established. There are more than 4,000 grassroots agricultural associations established nationwide, and more than 99% of farmers have joined the Agricultural Association.
2. The scope of work of the Japanese Agricultural Association. The agricultural association has a wide range of work, including agricultural production materials, procurement of daily necessities and construction of agricultural public facilities, as well as collection, processing, storage, preservation and sales of agricultural products; continuing education of farmers on new agricultural technologies, new varieties and management skills. Training; design and construction of chain agricultural warehouses, livestock, poultry, aquatic products market; transportation, architectural design planning and engineering supervision, construction and expansion of overseas agricultural associations. In the words of Mr. Cheng Yifu, the editor-in-chief of the Japan Environmental Agriculture News, and the person in charge of the distribution, the Japanese Agricultural Association has all gone from cradle to grave.
3. The main functions of the Japan Agricultural Association. The Japan Agricultural Association is a non-governmental organization established by Japanese farmers to pay their dues under the Agricultural Cooperative Law. There are four main aspects to its work function:
The first is to guide agricultural production. The Agricultural Cooperative's production guidance for farmers is very comprehensive, including education and training of production technology, formulation of production plans, improvement and renewal of new varieties, adjustment of planting structure, and application of technical standards.
The second is to concentrate on selling agricultural products and purchasing agricultural production materials. It is the most important daily work of the Agricultural Cooperatives to help farmers concentrate on selling agricultural products and promote the circulation of agricultural products and their means of production. The agricultural products sold by the Agricultural Cooperatives include rice, vegetables, flowers, fruits, etc.; the sales methods include supermarket sales, wholesale market sales and direct sales. In order to reduce the links in the circulation of production materials and reduce the production cost, the Agricultural Cooperatives organizes the centralized procurement of agricultural production materials according to the needs of the members. The Agricultural Cooperatives unify the orders with the manufacturers and then distribute them to the members. For the daily necessities of the farmers who join the association, the agricultural association also organizes a unified purchase, and can enjoy the factory price or the wholesale price. Through centralized procurement, the farmers who joined the association received benefits.
The third is credit cooperation. Japanese law stipulates that the Agricultural Cooperatives can set up their own credit business. The main characteristics of the Japan Agricultural Association's financial activities are: not for profit, aiming to serve all members of the Agricultural Association; funds are mainly used to develop agricultural production and farmers' life, to improve the living standards of farmers; the same agricultural and financial policies of the country Work closely together.
The fourth is social welfare and insurance. The Japan Agricultural Association has established a risk fund system, calling on members to develop a spirit of mutual assistance and cooperation, jointly solve the problems faced, and ensure that farmers can get some compensation when they suffer losses due to accidents or accidents, and improve the ability of agriculture to resist natural disasters. The welfare of the Japan Agricultural Association includes medical insurance, marriage, funeral, marriage, and jealousy. The Agricultural Association organizes farmers to participate in insurance, and some also establish their own hospitals to provide guarantees for farmers' health. It also invests in the construction of many basic welfare facilities needed for peasants' weddings and funerals, providing services to farmers and reducing the economic burden on farmers.
4. Conditions for the development of the Japanese Agricultural Association. The first is legal protection. Japan enacted the Agricultural Cooperative Combination Act as early as 1947 and revised it again in the 1960s. This is a special law enacted by Japan to promote and protect the development of the Agricultural Cooperative. It is clearly stipulated that the Agricultural Cooperative is different from economic groups and political groups, and it is a special legal person; it recognizes the independent management rights and democratic management rights of the Agricultural Cooperatives to ensure that they are not subject to administrative interference, ensure the economic status of farmers, and stipulate that the Agricultural Cooperatives are not operating groups for profit. It is a service organization, and the income of various businesses of the Agricultural Association is owned by the members of the Agricultural Association. The second is policy support. It is reflected in the agricultural policies, taxation and financial policies formulated by various levels of government in Japan. Adhere to the economic adjustment of agriculture, and rarely use administrative orders. For example, the government has completed the development of new varieties, agricultural bases and agricultural products wholesale markets, product processing equipment construction, and stable vegetable production through the formulation of corresponding subsidy policies, which not only enables the government's plans to be realized, but also ensures that farmers receive benefits. . In supporting the Agricultural Cooperatives to carry out credit business, governments at all levels have formulated corresponding policies to ensure the sources of funding for the Agricultural Cooperatives, including state subsidized loans, interest-free loans from county governments, and loans for agriculture, forestry and fishery. In terms of taxation policies, it is stipulated that the various taxes of the Agricultural Cooperatives are about 10 percentage points lower than the tax rates of other legal persons. The third is the active participation of farmers. The Japanese Agricultural Association organized the scattered farmers to jointly organize production and enter the market as its purpose. It did not aim at profitability, insisted on service first, and won the support of the majority of farmers. Farmers enthusiastically participated in the Agricultural Association and obeyed the guidance of the Agricultural Cooperative, which ensured a solid foundation for the development of the Agricultural Cooperative. This was most evident at the beginning of the establishment of the Agricultural Cooperative. Only after entering the 1990s, due to the influence of international and domestic economic development, and the reasons of the Japanese Agricultural Association itself, the dependence of farmers on the Agricultural Cooperatives has declined.
5. The organization form of the Japanese Agricultural Association. The Japan Agricultural Association is a special legal person organized and developed by its own unique organizational principles and operating principles. The principles are mainly voluntary participation, democratic management, collaboration, restrictions on funding quotas, promotion of educational development and distribution of surplus funds. The highest authority of the Japan Agricultural Association is a general assembly recommended by various grassroots organizations and elected by all members. The board of directors and the board of supervisors are elected by the general congress, and the highest leadership of the association is elected by the board of directors. The work of the board of directors and leading members is supervised and inspected by the board of supervisors. Since the implementation of the reforms by the Japan Agricultural Association in the 1990s, the original three-level organization system of “the city, the town, the village, the city, the county, the county and the county” has been changed to the second level, and the association of the capital, the county, the prefecture and the county has been Go to the central government and merge the grassroots agricultural associations to expand the scale and strength of the agricultural association. According to the reform plan of the Agricultural Cooperatives, the Japanese grassroots agricultural associations have been reduced to 1,580 by 1999, and by 2002, they have been reduced to 1,040. The National Central Committee has four committees of production, life, general affairs and finance, which are in contact with the Agricultural Association Economic Union, the Communist Youth League, the Welfare Union and the Financial Union of the Central Committee of the Capital, the Provincial Government, and the County Council. The County Agricultural Association only conducts business guidance for the municipal, town, and village agricultural associations. It is a joint and cooperative relationship and does not have administrative command rights, thus ensuring the independence and autonomy of the grassroots agricultural associations.
Members of the Japan Agricultural Association are divided into regular members and associate members. Official members are farmers engaged in agricultural production. Associate members do not engage in agricultural production, but rely solely on funding to do business through the Agricultural Cooperative. Associate members do not enjoy the rights of regular members, nor do they assume the obligations of formal members.
In addition to the membership fees paid by the agricultural associations, the agricultural cooperatives' funds are mainly supplemented by collecting agricultural product transaction fees. The agricultural trade volume of the Japan Agricultural Association accounts for 80% of the national agricultural product trading volume in Japan, and the handling fee is about 8.5% of the transaction amount. The proportion is distributed by the Central All-Agriculture Association to the county and city farmers' associations. Second, the relevant funds of the Japanese state are also allocated to farmers through the Agricultural Cooperative.
Japan's citrus industry At present, Japan's citrus area is about 60,000 hectares, with a total output of about 1.7 million tons. The area and output have been basically stable for 10 years. The greenhouse planting area accounts for about 1/10. Its main varieties are Nichinan No. 1, Qingdao, Dajin No. 4, Qingjian, Wuzhihuo, Ota, and Chunjian. We focus on the Shizuoka County, with an annual output of 150,000 tons of citrus, accounting for about 10% of the total production in Japan, 90% of which is Qingdao Wenzhou mandarin orange, and the navel orange has gradually withdrawn from the Japanese orange orchard. Japanese citrus can not be self-sufficient, importing about 600,000 tons of fresh citrus fruit every year. The main imported areas are the United States, Brazil, South Africa and Australia.
We are deeply impressed by Japan's advanced citrus cultivation technology. The first is reasonable close planting. Despite limited land resources, the cultivation density of Japanese orange orchards is generally controlled between 21 and 40 plants, and the maximum is not more than 60 plants. The orange orchards are wide between rows, which is convenient for mechanical operation. The second is water-saving irrigation. All the orange gardens are equipped with automatic irrigation systems. In the past, most of them were sprinkler irrigation, but now they are mainly drip irrigation and micro-spray. The third is to implement grass cultivation in orange orchards. The fourth is to cover with a reflective gas permeable membrane to reduce soil moisture, increase soil temperature, and improve the coloration of the lower fruit, thereby increasing the sugar content of the fruit. Fifth, the degree of mechanization is high. Mechanized operations have been realized in production processes such as pumping, fertilization, and pest control. Sixth, attach importance to facility cultivation. Japan's facility cultivation citrus is basically warm in winter, the earliest heating began in September, greenhouse citrus was listed in June, but the production cost is higher, the price is very expensive.
South Korea's Jeju citrus industry South Korea's citrus area is 23,000 hectares, with a production of 789,000 tons, of which 99.9% is in Jeju Island. According to the output, 88.7% is premature Wenzhou, 9.6% is ordinary Wenzhou, and the other is 1.6%.
In 2004, the total area of citrus in Jeju was 22048 hectares, including 9189 hectares in the South Jeju County, 5127 hectares in the northern Jeju County, 5085 hectares in the Seogwipo City, and 2647 hectares in Jeju City. The total output of citrus is 595,591 tons, including 260,374 tons in Nanji Prefecture, 122,821 tons in northern Jeju, 149,614 tons in Seogwipo and 62,782 tons in Jeju City. There are 31,233 citrus cultivation farms, including 13,199 in Southern Jeju, 7737 in northern Jeju, 8,386 in Seogwipo, and 3,782 in Jeju.
The area of facility cultivation increased from 30 hectares in 1990 to 520 hectares in 2002, to 1000 hectares in 2004, and 30 times in 14 years. The total citrus production capacity reached 25,903 tons. The maturity period basically reaches the annual supply, the open field cultivation is listed in October-December, the greenhouse is listed in the rain-proof cultivation in February-March, and the greenhouse heating is listed in April-October. The earliest warming before November, the fruit matures from April to June, and the warming is from December 1st to December 12th. The fruit matures from June to August and warms from December 25th to the end of January. It will be listed in mid-August to September, and the maturity of warming after January 21 will be listed in mid-September to October.
Compared with Japan, facilities cultivation in South Korea basically relies on farmers' own investment, which is in stark contrast to Japan's 75% from government investment. A survey of farmers found that the biggest expense of warming greenhouses for growing Wenzhou mandarin oranges is fuel consumption. Generally, it needs to be heated for 200 days. An acre greenhouse requires 8 tons of fuel. If it is 3,500 yuan per ton, the fuel cost is 28,000 yuan/mu. According to their production level, the yield per mu can reach 4 tons, and the fuel cost per kilogram of fruit reaches 7 yuan. The entrance of greenhouse citrus orchard is 3000-4000 won/kg, equivalent to RMB 24-32/kg. The retail price is about 5,000 won / kg, equivalent to 40 yuan / kg. According to farmers, 50% of the income is generally profit.
Third, thinking and suggestions
1. Learn from the successful experience of the development of the Japanese Agricultural Association and actively promote the construction of rural professional cooperative organizations in the city. Through inspections and contact with the actual situation of our city, we feel that in the increasingly internationalized supply of agricultural products, we must organize a family of farmers to form a new one with a certain scale of production, considerable economic strength, and ability to participate in market competition. The Agricultural Cooperative Organization, and the Japan Agricultural Association is a form of agricultural organization that can be used for reference. Such an organization should have the functions of serving members, protecting the interests of members, training demonstrations and mutual cooperation. This kind of cooperative organization established on the basis of peasant's voluntary, cooperative, mutual assistance and democratic management has strong vitality and development potential, and will vigorously promote agricultural development and increase farmers' income. It is necessary to do a good job in the pilot, choose a good working condition, a high level of peasant awareness, and establish a professional cooperative organization demonstration base in a place that the leaders attach importance to, focusing on the pilot work in terms of organizational nature, status, service function, operational mechanism, etc., and also on policy support. Explore and advance to form a complete and standardized operation method.
2. Learn to introduce citrus cultivation techniques. Through this inspection, we saw the aging phenomenon of agricultural labor in Japan and South Korea. Agriculture is their sunset industry, which will provide opportunities for China's future agricultural exports. With the development of China's economy and the emergence of high-income groups, the mature Wenzhou mandarin in April-August should have a market. The current production costs, especially the cost of fuel, are high, and the prices of the fruits produced are relatively high. Therefore, there are still problems in the large-scale cultivation of greenhouse greenhouses. The technology of delaying the late ripening mandarin to the harvest from February to March by using rain-proof cultivation is worthy of introduction and promotion, which will greatly improve the efficiency of citrus cultivation. It is recommended to test and demonstrate in the city first, and then gradually promote it after success.
3. Pay attention to the training of agricultural technicians in our city. The members of the delegation unanimously felt that the experience of advanced agricultural technology and the emphasis on training of agricultural technology talents in Japan and South Korea is worth learning. It is recommended that the municipal government and relevant departments of the municipality pay more attention to the study and training of the agricultural technology backbone of the city, formulate training and training plans, arrange training funds, and regularly organize delegations to study and study in developed countries such as Japan and South Korea. At the same time, Japanese and Korean experts should be invited to conduct academic exchanges and guidance.
September 28, 2005
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