Ideal country study notes

Ideal country study notes

The philosopher has a saying: "The truth is more and more clarified." I have doubts about this, and I am wary of the paranoia inherent in the debate itself, but Plato's "Imperial State" is a must-read book.

I held the "Ideology" with fear and the words of the "Imperial Kingdom", and I finally read the "Ideology". But at this time, I was unable to stop the paranoia that was inherent in the debate. Or the wonderful debate in the "Ideology" is not the same as the general debate. Socratic theory has almost no paranoid question. Is this the effect of midwifery?

Reading the classic book is like making and praising our "Kung Fu Tea" in Yunnan. It is impossible to get out of the "original taste" without going through the "bubble" over and over again. "Ideology" is such a book.

After three or five times of "bubble", I wrote this reading note. The skin frog's view formed by superficial reading is still very immature, but I sent it up, that is, I hope more people Come to the "Utopia".

First, the author and works

First attached to a Plato biography: Plato, male, born in Greece, 427 ~ 347 BC, one of the three major Greek philosophers. Plato studied from Socrates, studied philosophy in his life, and traveled to Egypt, Sicily, etc., and founded Plato College. He has been busy with research, teaching, and writing work throughout his life, and together with Socrates and Aristotle laid the philosophical foundations of Western culture.

Plato's life is very rich, and "The Republic of China" is his masterpiece. This book is written in his incomprehensible year. It is called the philosopher's declaration and the outline of the ruling plan written by the philosophers. It is a debate dialogue. The genre is written, the characters in the book are distinct, the scenes are vivid and interesting, the language is smooth and clear, the arguments are strict and meticulous, and the content is profound and rich, achieving a high degree of unity of philosophy, literature, political science and logical rhetoric. When I was studying, I chose the version published by Guangming Daily Publishing House. This version is full of thoughts. Secondly, the language is simple and clear. Although it is not gorgeous, the conception is expressed in place.

At the same time, the book is a debate between Socrates and friends. Socrates has a long-standing reputation. It is not necessary to introduce it. However, it must be said that Socrates has not left his work in his life. The essence of his thoughts is passed down through the pen of Plato. There are only 19 articles. The book of Ideal Kingdom is Su The idea of ​​Gradi or Plato is still to be verified, and there is no research, but it is certain that this book should be a fusion of the two ideas. It is the language of Socrates and the pen of Plato, but more people tend to be Plato. Infiltrate the ideal of governing the country. Here is the taste of this book "The Ancients of the Earth".

Second, "On property and old blessings" analysis and practical significance

The opening of the book is about "property and old blessings." This section outlines Plato's attitude towards property and specifically addresses the relationship between the elderly and property. As the last sentence: "Monetary money can bring many benefits, but for a rational person, understanding things is the most important thing." Plato concentrated on the demonstration that the elderly must have aside in addition to property. A peaceful spiritual world, at the same time, the means by which everyone acquires property is just.

Just as the old saying in China, "Gentlemen love money, get it right," Plato thinks that a person's poverty is not terrible, terrible is rich, but his body is full of evil, and the evil rich are old and not peaceful. Because when people are old, they will reflect on their own life and think about going to heaven and going to hell. Therefore, the old man who did bad things during his lifetime will not be peaceful. "If people are old, they should have more peace and freedom." All desires have faded. Speaking of the problem of the elderly, contrary to China, the old man in China gets the respect of the elders, while the old man in the west has the loneliness of the pedantic year. Understand this, the old age is not a problem, it will really The problem is the person's personality factor. An optimistic, indifferent person will not increase the pressure because of the age. On the contrary, those who have the opposite character, even if they are young, he is alive." This passage is easier to understand. It is not a big problem after you are old. The most important thing is your attitude.

For today's China, Plato gives us the greatest revelation: For all people, we should not only use our life to make money in a hurry, but also build a spiritual world of self; for the elderly You should handle the relationship between you and money; and warn everyone that you should be responsible for all your actions. When you are old, don’t be afraid and blame because of your mistakes, but this is not true for the Chinese. How is it obvious, because the Chinese are thoroughly atheists, and it is time for the Chinese spirit to return to the religious spirit. The Chinese who are not afraid of fear will not have much reflection and fear. Relatively speaking, The relationship between the property and the elderly, the Chinese have done a good job, and have long been passed down to the next generation. However, in reality, the Chinese are too popular and too secular. When we see the girls filling out the questionnaire of “the most important thing in life”, they will not hesitate to write “money”. Our heart will not help but cold up. What the Chinese need most now is a In the spiritual world, the Chinese need "true temperament" rather than "slavery."

Third, the ideal country and ideal politics

Plato constructed his own ideal national model and declared that the ideal country should be led by scholarly. In this chapter, he specifically discusses the model of the ideal country, starting from the pursuit of justice and expounding the state of the happy country. model.

First of all, it is said that producers should consciously and wholeheartedly produce food services for the country; secondly, they talk about the trade of merchants; finally, they should bravely defend their country; and they also talk about the skills that each person should master in their own industry. In the final analysis, people in all industries should contribute to their own country, so that people living in this country feel happy, using the relationship between various industries and countries and the perspective of national development to explain that the country is larger than every individual and family. For the construction of the country and politics, we should obey the needs of the country.

This chapter is more politically significant. Marx's view of the state is similar to Plato, but the times are different. This view of the state arises from the scattered times between city and state. Today our country is too inflated and strong. There is too much personal suppression. What our country needs is how to find the liberating humanity under the powerful country in the present, which makes this chapter profoundly meaningful to China's reality.

Fourth, national power and law, education issues

The last chapter is only the beginning of the ideal country, and this chapter inherits the previous chapter on the ideal country. Further expounding the ideal view of happiness in an ideal country, the model of this country is universal, rather than piecemeal to create happiness for a very small number of people, as the book says: “Don’t pick it up according to your own meaning. The concept of happiness for those who call for help, otherwise they are not guardians?" We should persuade people from other professions to be proud of the country, so that the entire country will be developed in an orderly and harmonious manner, and the entire country and the industry. Everyone will get every happiness that nature gives them. It is precisely: the whole concept of happiness is integrated with the happiness of the country.

For the development of the country, everyone should strengthen the skills of the industry. Interestingly, Plato found that poverty and wealth degrade people's skills. "People are extravagant because of wealth, but lazy because of poverty." At the same time, taking the guards as an example, it talked about the problems of military science and quality, and explained the essence of the country from the perspective of political science, namely: the collection of national construction people.

Furthermore, it is a wonderful exposition on education: "The state employs people from person to person, and national citizens are no exception. If everyone's talent is suitable, they should be sent to complete tasks so that everyone can develop their strengths." This passage is not the same as today's "teaching students according to their aptitude". It is more similar to Marx's "human liberation" and "free people's union". These are enough to show that Plato's educational thought is also very "modern". "If our people are well educated and everyone is a well-informed person, then they have not dealt with all these things yet and we can handle everything else." "The direction in which a person is educated from a young age can often affect his direction of development. This is called the 'Xinlin Bird Effect'." From this we can see that Plato believes that the transformation of the society should start with education, and make every civic education a talented person and a pillar of the country. Then our country will be strong.

The following are legal issues. Plato believes that the law should be more based on the blueprints of the past, and in many respects, it limits people's behavior. Anyone who violates the law should be punished. The law is just, and the law is inevitable. In principle, "any citizen who violates the state system must be sentenced to death." It can be seen that Plato is in favor of the role of the law, and that law is necessary in a politically orderly or chaotic country. Plato is The rule of law in political science is self-evident.

Plato's views on education and law are still classics. Although they cannot be copied in full, these ideas are also very useful and useful for today's China.

V. On "Ampang's Dating" and China's Stability

The debate in this section is more classic. The opening one is: "For a country that wants stability, can there be more good than solidarity and more evil than division? Plato believes that the country must exist and develop, and it is inevitable to seek stability. And stability must unite and end the nuclear strike against division.

He first demonstrated the relationship between the state and the individual's lips. Any citizen of this country encountered any kind of encounter, good or bad. His monarch would say: "The suffering is a bit of a bitter, blessed nature. It is also the glory of the country.” Plato said that Plato believes that the country should not be selfish, but should do its utmost to contribute to the country. Leaders should be good at unity so that the city can be stable.

China has always been: "Stability is overwhelming." This is the political tone of our country. We first sought stability, so we can develop very well. We are pursuing harmonious development. In short, an individual, a family, and a country are all: existence and development with stability.

6. On Greek guilt and war

Here Plato shows that there can be no guilt within the country, and that there must be the strength and preparation of war on the outside, so that we can guard our country and eliminate all external and internal problems, so that the ideal country can survive and develop.

The defenders made every citizen of the country happy, Plato wrote: "The guardians are asking them to become a veritable guardian to ensure the happiness of the citizens of the entire country, not to seek the happiness of a particular class or special class." One can see Plato's belief that for our ideal country, everyone should abide by their duties and serve the country. And in order to defend the country, we should use the spirit of courage to inspire or influence the next generation. At the same time, those brave heroes should also be respected by the next generation. If someone sacrifices on the battlefield, they should set up a tomb for the martyrs for future generations to pay respects. This will ensure that citizens will do their part for the country and promote it. Every industry is like this, then Greece will Strong, and not afraid of the advent of war, all life in Greece will be guaranteed, and Greece will be strong.

The problem of guilt is to show that the Greeks must unite and work together to resist the invasion of barbarians. Their compatriots should not fight each other. "The Greeks should not be Brazilian slaves and make this positive desire a Greek. The city-states abide by the law. "This is the rational rule of the Greek nation built by Plato. He believes that the matter between the Greeks and the Greeks belongs to the internal affairs of the nation. It is internal and should be united and common. Dealing with the invasion of foreigners, so that foreigners are not easy to invade Greece, then no matter what the Greeks will always coordinate.

On this issue, we review China's modern history. In modern China, we were invaded by powers. There are struggles between various forces. According to Plato, there is no guilt, and the invasion of foreigners is not easy. Eliminating guilt, even if it is temporary, but we have indeed overthrown the invasion of small Japan; when it comes to contemporary times, guilt has risen again, Taiwan independence, Xinjiang independence, and Tibetan independence have flourished for a while, and the country has faced guilt, only China. Eliminate guilt within the nation, and a strong China will rise.

7. From the oligarch to the anarchy of the political situation

Shocking, absolutely, this chapter made me understand a lot, because I also found myself with some anarchist tendencies. Through this chapter, my views have also changed in a subtle way.

Plato first explained the ills of the oligarchy, and vividly described the people under the oligarchy as "called Hanako." Furthermore, through the pursuit of examples of money, the debate is finally concluded: those who are incomparable and only want to save money and not spend money, similar to the oligarchy of the country, the oligarchy should be the dictatorship we are talking about today. Under this system, only this oligarch will have more and more, and there is no limit to any aspect of him, which will cause harm to the country. Therefore, we must eliminate the oligarchic regime and find an appropriate system to replace it. Then we should What kind of political system is used?

So, people turned to anarchism and iced their free life. Is it really free? Can speech or behavior be free? Can such a day be not so beautiful? So everyone can do whatever they want. To live a good life that I think I have locked, freedom has become the general name of this country. He includes all systems, so everything will be chaotic. The original criminals will become synonymous with cuteness... Plato has deeply criticized these: from the surface It is very fascinating, very happy, very free, and I don't know why it is full of change and confusion. Therefore, it can be said that this is a fancy management form of anarchy, which cannot distinguish between human equality and inequality. From this we can see that although this system has a spirit of tolerance, it lacks the principle of building an ideal state. This state is a retrogression of human society. Therefore, oligarchy and anarchism are not our pursuit.

As far as China is concerned, we have not been politically civilized. China has been authoritarian since ancient times, and occasionally has democracy, but it is finally "only smelling its voice." In today's Chinese politics, China faces a major bottleneck of change. Our political system is the people's democratic dictatorship. Today's Western democracy is no longer the same. China only actively explores under the original framework. The most important thing is to learn Western politics. Civilization, China will pursue a regime that suits our own. At the same time, we hope that our political civilization will take root, sprout, bloom and bear fruit.

Plato's "Utopia" is full of classics, especially in the middle of it, but because the first part is often turned over, it is out of context, only after reading the last post, after reading the feeling, I intend to read this book for a lifetime.

This is not the end. On the contrary, it is only a beginning, or has not yet begun.

Ideal country study notes

Almost everyone who knows Plato knows the book "The Republic of China". This book not only details the economic, political, and cultural aspects of ancient Greece, but also expresses Plato's philosophical insights and political ideals in a complete dialogue. In the history of world philosophy, Political history is a treasure. This semester, I carefully read the "Ideology" of the e-magazine version, feeling both inspiring and dissenting.

Reading this book will be convinced by Socrates's wise and profound thinking. His sophistry not only teaches the opponent to be difficult to parry, but also makes it difficult for the reader to keep up with his fast and witty thinking. Plato used the debate of Socrates to fully express his philosophical thoughts of objective and idealism. At the same time, he set a series of systems and regulations through the debates on the philosophy, morality, politics, economy, culture and art of the city. And constantly improving in the debate, step by step to establish a blueprint for his "ideal country" in his mind, showing his political ideals to the world.

The "Utopia" conveys the author's political ideals. The essence of the ideal country in Plato's mind should be the slavery state of the feudal aristocracy. This country must be wise, courageous, temperate and just. In this ideal city-state, people are divided into three categories: the aristocratic ruler who masters philosophical thinking, the warrior class that possesses force, and the vast majority of civilians with slave status. Plato believes that state power should be in the hands of philosophers. Philosophers must be those who have the wisdom and ability to protect the country, and also those who truly care about the interests of the state. Only in this way can the justice of the city be beneficial. And the brave warrior should strive to maintain the security of the city and to maintain any decision of the ruler. At the same time, he believes that the ruler and the ruled should maintain a harmonious and united relationship, and the ruled must obey all the policies of the ruler, thus achieving temperance and justice. Plato's ideal blueprint, full of embarrassment, was longed for by later imaginists.

While reading this part, I feel that many of the arguments are familiar. As early as in the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties in China, they used the system of courtesy to restrain the subjects. The system of separation required slaves to obey the rule. The princes enjoyed all the hard work on the land. All, but obligated to pay tribute to the monarchs regularly, pay taxes, and when the king calls for the army to protect the monarch. The Confucian culture that has been passed down for thousands of years in China is similar to many of Plato's claims. The monarch's ideological autocracy across the country, the use of morality and etiquette to constrain the people's behavior, and the use of force are all owned by the central authorities. Through a series of comparisons and reflections, I understand that all this is to maintain the feudal autocratic rule. This series of educational indoctrination, moral restraint, and sham gods have only one ultimate goal, that is, to maintain feudal rule and fool the people. So, through the political debate in the book, I found a lot of Plato's views that I didn't agree with. For example, in order to maintain the rule, those in power can deceive the people with falsehoods, and even fabricate the so-called "Phoenix legends". If you use God's will to prove that life is a valuable part, "When God casts them, there are some The human body has joined gold, and these people are thus the most valuable and rulers. They have added silver to the helpers. Iron and copper have been added to the peasants and other mechanics. These are all manifested by Plato. The essence of the "ideal country" - the feudal state of the feudal aristocracy, the privilege is rampant, the hierarchy is strict, the oppression is heavy, and there is serious inequality between people. I believe that Plato was born in such an era, he is already a wise man with innovative consciousness, far-sightedness and reform thinking. However, because of the limitations of the times and the limitations of the class, Plato represents the interests of the feudal aristocracy, which determines that his policy claims are for the feudal aristocracy. His thoughts have lost objectivity and justice to a certain extent. Sex, there are many claims that are not necessarily correct, and his claims are not necessarily true.

"Utopia" shows the author's extraordinary educational philosophy. Plato attaches great importance to the issue of education. Many rules, etiquette and morality he set for the ideal country have not been enacted into law, but he hopes to guide people's behavior and direction through education from childhood. As the book says: “The education that a person receives from childhood has led him to where he can go.” Plato believes that the education of the ideal country should begin when people are young, including simple music education and physical education. The music and literature education can produce spiritual restraint, and the simple physical exercise produces physical health.” He hopes to supervise the poets, force them to cultivate a good image in the poems, and supervise other artists, and prohibit the depiction of evil and despicable spirit. . He hopes that by this way, the guardians of the city-state will be kept away from the image of sin, subtly, stunned, and scented. From childhood, they will be merged with beauty and reason. These concepts of education from an early age are undoubtedly far-sighted and have caught the key points of the problem. Applying influence from one's childhood and rooting in the ruling of domination is inevitably the most thorough, effective, and stable method of rule. These educational concepts have a great influence on the development of education in later generations.

As before, after reading this, I have some insights that are different from Plato. Plato feels that in order to strengthen the ideological rule, we should not hesitate to control all the artists and prevent them from depicting the evil spirits of evil, debauchery, despicableness and jealousy in paintings or sculptures, or in architecture or in any art works. "Which artist refuses to obey, I will not let him exist in the city-state." However, I believe that good and evil, beauty and ugliness, justice and evil all exist in the world. Because of evil, people can feel good; because of ugliness, people can appreciate beauty; because of the existence of evil, people pursue justice. It is impossible to abandon all the opposite foods and only keep the front. The pursuit of extremes will only be counterproductive. Whether it is art or thought, only rich, comprehensive, and profound, is the most beneficial to the cultivation of talents and to the development of society. Therefore, perhaps it should not be excessively pursued to unify and monotonize social thoughts, and human thoughts cannot be suppressed for a long time and forever.

The "Imperial State" interprets Plato's philosophical thinking of objective idealism. Plato believes that the concept society and the real society constitute the world we live in. The social reality of ideas is in an eternal state, but the world that human beings feel is only the shadow of the concept society, weak and unreal. The world that people feel is composed of phenomena, constantly changing under the influence of time and space. Based on this theory, Plato proposes a distinctive epistemology that includes philosophy and epistemology to guide his philosophy. As the founder of Western objective idealism, Plato wrote and circulated a wealth of philosophical works, and created a profound and objective system of objective idealism, especially for later generations. "Ideology" is almost a "philosophical encyclopedia", most of which is written by the dialogue body, the style is beautiful, and the thinking is meticulous. Plato believes that the world we live in is divided into a sensible world and a world of ideas. Only those with knowledge can accurately distinguish specific things from ideologies because they can truly recognize beauty. Plato feels that goodness is the cause of all ideas in the world of ideas, and it is the highest concept. As a materialist, I always feel that the world is materialistic. Everything is connected with each other in development and change. People can subjectively and dynamicly understand things in the world, but people's understanding will be influenced by different factors such as position, knowledge and world outlook. Impact. Although I am very different from Plato's worldview, we are grateful and sensitive to goodness and beauty. We have the same heart for their songs.

Looking at this book, you can not only understand the political system, economic conditions, customs and humanities of ancient Greece, but also cultivate some philosophical thinking along with Socrates' debates. To a certain extent, you can understand the way philosophers think about problems and attitudes toward life. At the same time, I can learn a lot of things for people. These are not small enlightenments for me. I have gained a lot from reading this book.

Ideal country study notes

In the process of reading "The Ideal Country", all the notes are made by hand. The content of it is too rich. I have not chosen a specific point to discuss. Let me do a systematic review and write the sentiment at the same time.

The dialogue in the first volume mainly focuses on the discussion of justice between the coloring of Marathi and Socrates. The color describes the reality of history. He believes that "justice is nothing else, that is, the interests of the strong." History is the writing of successful people. How should the royal power in the official history and the wild history be judged? He believes that all people who are beneficial to the government are just right, then this involves a relationship between public and private rights, national freedom and personal freedom. problem. He believes that the law is formulated by the ruling class and is not considered by the ruling class, that is, the public power completely replaces the private right, and the state freedom completely replaces the individual freedom. And Socrates reveals the problem of history. He believes that "in any government, a ruler, when he is the ruler, he can not ignore the interests of the people and only care about his own interests, his words and deeds. For the benefit of the common people, in Su, justice should be examined by moral principles. The law is to integrate the interests of all classes of society and maximize justice. This view of the Soviet Union actually provided the theoretical basis for the constitutional revolution: the recognition of the interests of all sectors of society, and then the greatest compromise.

As a philosopher of sophistry, he believes that "unjust life is better than just life." This is actually a dispute of righteousness and interests. It pursues the material interests of the real level, but tries to use moral justice. Explain that in the process of debate, the combination of transcendental, universal justice and experience will inevitably lead to contradictions.

The second volume begins with a discussion of three kinds of goodness, from useful to good to good. This is a process from material level to de-entity to ultimate a priori exploration. Then it continues to explore personal justice and city-state justice, and proposes to God. Some views. On the level of secular interests, people will be unjust. Plato wants to explore the spiritual level of human beings. In his view, the real, material world is a false world, and the real world should be a world that should be. Comparing this with the Confucianism of the Eastern culture, which pursues the secular interests and becomes the "master of the emperor", you can see the foundation of Western theology. From personal justice to city-state justice, in the various components of the city-state, Plato focuses on the guardians. He compares the guards with the dogs and thinks that "both should have a keen sense... the spirit of high spirits... The enemy is fierce and gentle to friends. "The emphasis is on their talent quality, and Plato also pays attention to the education of the day after tomorrow. "Gymnastics exercise and use music to cultivate the soul." This kind of education is not to make people's education a target. It is not a skill level tool, but a true autonomous personality improvement. The story included in the music, and this is the first step in the education of children. In the West, science, institutions, law, and language all have a transcendental dimension. This is also due to the fact that Plato's world is constructed by language and seeks the essence of the world. Plato believes that the children's story should be examined. In Homer's Epic, the confession of God to human beings is actually a question of the reality and the need of history. The value of history lies in providing reference for today's and future actions. To what extent history is not what it is, but what it should be. This is why Greek mythology has become history.

When talking about God, Plato talks about "God is only the cause of good, not the cause of everything." This is different from Christian theology, Christianity believes that God is omnipotent, everything in the world is created by God, and in Plato In the theory of the world, the world exists. God only gives the world rationality and order. His explanation for the emergence of evil is that passionate desires in the process of spiritual and physical concealing the rational level, or the lack of goodness leads to evil. Plato needs to construct a god of perfection for the guards to obey.

The third volume begins with a discussion of the philosophy of death and hell. The death of Socrates also confirms a spiritual culture. Death is the decay of the flesh. They were guilty at first. The Jews killed Moses in the turmoil, from Thors. The strong sin culture in the West can also be seen in Thai "Resurrection". Later, I talked about the rhythm of poetry. The reason why music is in such an important position is that music is the art of time. When time passes, music is gone, music is everywhere, ears can't be closed, and art is space. Art, you can't see your eyes closed. The study of music is a rational reflection, and Plato is irrelevant for things at the level of life. Then talk about wine. In Plato, “drinking and sluggish laziness are not suitable for the guardians.” Here, it actually shows an important point of Plato. The so-called emotional trigger is the dynamic system in the human body. This is irrational. What theists value; and self-knowledge, reflection, and evaluation are the braking systems that are valued by rationalists. Through Plato's elaboration of the role of art in music, it can be found that traditional art has the responsibility of moral ethics, but morality is easily ideology, leading to nothingness and emptyness. This is a struggle between idealism and realism. Empathy, what if you are the guardian of morality as a parent and sister? Then Plato debated the issue of beauty. Su said, "The mind has inner beauty, physical form. There is another kind of harmonious beauty corresponding to it--a person who has both external beauty and inner beauty. Isn’t it the most beautiful sight in the eyes of connoisseurs who can contemplate?” This old saying is today. Seeing its role again, harmony rises from the level of man and nature to the harmony of the inner relationship between people and people. Determining the harmony of external relations depends to a large extent on the inherent health and inner experience of the individual's individual mind. In the end, Plato proposed a "noble lie". The quality of gold, silver, copper and iron is born by nature, but it can only be manifested in the practice of the day after tomorrow. Plato proposed a theory that the class can be transferred without rigidity, which is the harmony of society until today. A necessary condition. China's current gap between the rich and the poor, corruption, and the lack of the legal system have turned the class into a big problem. Although noble lie is noble, it is still a lie, he can make people calm, and serving the highest truth may have persuaded Plato to speak this noble lie.

In the fourth volume, Plato emphasizes that the happiness of all citizens is the happiness of the whole country. In ancient Greece, the “citizen” status is an honor. Plato emphasizes “the happiness of the whole country”, which actually reflects a problem of fairness and efficiency. Political ethics considers the issue of fairness. Just as the current Western representatives are representatives of all walks of life, the system of people's congresses in China is essentially a representative of a particular class. Plato pays special attention to the middle class. "Poverty and poverty, poverty is extravagant, lazy is rude, inferior, they all demand change." The middle class represents the majority, which is also a major object of Western canvassing. Of course, this is also Some problems at the technical level. Then Plato raised the issue of the size of the city-state. The first is to facilitate the rule. The rank of the second society is regulated by its own ability. It is not dead, but the specific legal system does not. There is no point here. The reason why the Greek city-state system turned to democracy is generally small and cannot be managed. Later, Plato talked about not letting music be refurbished, because music is used to cultivate the soul, and social institutions, modes of thinking, customs and habits must maintain stability. This is the most important thing for a nation, and it is also the root of many people today. For sexual reasons, there is no terrible sense of traditional consciousness and history. People can't find their roots. Without a stable spiritual sustenance, they may fall into panic or boredom. Later, Plato talked about the problem of city-state law. First of all, the rule consciousness problem, Plato emphasized that "not all details must be enacted into law", which involves the unspoken rules and plain text laws in public morality. In fact, an important part of modern social progress The symbol is the coordination of the two. The sacredness of the law is based on the political fairness and sacredness as the cornerstone to avoid the arbitrariness of falling into the full set of interests. This shows that Plato laid the foundation for "fa" with "German". A jurisprudential basis.

At the end of the fourth volume, Plato mentioned the four virtues of city-state justice: wisdom, courage, moderation, and justice. Wisdom is not technology, but knowledge, which is the doctrine of rational domination; courage is the will to control practical action; and temperance is "a good order or control of certain happiness and desire", it inherits harmony, and inherits the middle, is for The restraint of some outward energy from itself also leads to the soul three points. Rationality needs to control the desire and passion of the irrational part; the last point is justice. "Everyone must implement the nature that best suits his nature. "Duty", "Justice is to have your own things to do your own thing", in the words of a few short words, that is, "all the points, each do their best, each with their own duties." The ruler is the brain, supported by reason; the defender is the chest, seeking passion, love, and hate; the craftsman and the laborer are the abdomen, subject to desire, and are not easily controlled by reason. But Plato did not deny the desire. He believed that the spiritual power of man lies in desire, but desire should not transcend the category of desire. The justice of the city and personal justice lead to virtue and reason. The five souls correspond to five polities, which will be described in detail later.

The fifth volume has three main aspects: 1. Same-time teaching, marriage and family issues, and theory. First, Plato advocates giving children the same education, regardless of gender. Su’s answer is very interesting when Grauco mentions the professor’s problem. “It’s often unspeakable to look at ridiculous things in front of the most rational thing.” In ancient Greece, nudity and sensuality were Two things, the requirements of the proportion of ancient Greek body painting, the temple is not allowed to wear shoes, etc., all reflect the respect for the body. Education emphasizes a public nature. The current education in the West is also a combination of family and public education. In ancient China, the education of most people was done by the family, even the emperor. On the issue of marriage, Plato proposed that the wife and children of the country should be public, plan to give birth and eugenics, train the best offspring, and do not cultivate the worst. From now on, this is for individual power. Aggression; the defenders must abandon all personal interests, should not have private property, including the family, such a standard of judgment once again reflects Plato's due diligence, he believes that "the main reason for disputes between people is property, children And the relatives of the relatives, but he is only strict with the requirements of the class of the defenders. As the founder of public ownership, Plato is an idealist. Since then, Kant and Marx have followed this path. Aristotle is based on empiricism and private ownership. Locke’s "Government Theory" The emphasis on private ownership has laid a solid foundation for the Anglo-American constitution.

At the end of the fifth volume, Plato proposed the theory of theory and philosophy. What he emphasizes is not the beauty of beauty but the beauty itself. He distinguishes between two forms of existence: being, logical, static; presence, which is external, always delivering itself and negating itself. Change is negating itself, while static is maintaining itself. Death and aging are negation of life, and black is negation of light. The fundamental feature of Western culture is the knowledge-based theory, which seeks four characteristics of knowledge: certainty, analyzability, can be said and conveyed, and universal inevitability. This is a negation of the experience of evolution at the level of experience, which is also the difference between opinion and knowledge. Judging a painting through its own beauty rather than his reality, talking about his "phase" concept in the sense of value, understanding the difficulty from the ontological sense, but from the epistemological point of view, only when feeling the use of words The information is determined to be eternal, and only the information recorded can be made permanent. The “King of Philosophy” represents the two qualities of philosophers and politicians, meditation and prudence. Combining contemplative theoretical rationality with prudent practical rationality, the history of political philosophy is noble, and the inner and outer kings, although Plato still falls into an idealized trap, but this is a high position for Western philosophers, for mathematics. The development of logic and linguistics has played an important role.

The issues discussed in the sixth volume are as follows: eternal and real, truth and justice, educational environment, daylight metaphor and line metaphor. In the philosopher's nature, Plato talks about "forever love the kind of knowledge that enables them to see the eternal entity that is not affected by the process of creation and destruction." The eternal real entity is different from the existence of change. It transcends the flow. Change, the being of Parmenides, the number of Pythagoras, the definition of Socrates, the existence of Aristotle's metaphysics, and the idea of ​​Plato, are all non-rheological. Where does life and memory come from? When the body dies, and the self lives, is there a presence or absence? People are born with instinctual intentions, and intuitive judgments are related to human ontology and epistemology. In this field of perception, the eternality is in it. The denial of eternity is the sway of ontology and epistemology. This philosophy originated from Parmenides. The eternal being is the foundation of philosophy. From the inner perception of consciousness, the permanence of the equality of numbers and numbers is derived. Only being can be said, have a name, and when the feeling is gone, the definition is still there. Eternity is true, it is not self-denial, it maintains logical consistency, has universal necessity, conforms to internal principles, and can be tested by an external reality. It is both truth-seeking and experience of concept science. Science is seeking truth from the outside. From this point of view, the establishment of relativity has caused the collapse of epistemology, and people no longer believe that there is a single, purified entity, which may also serve as a reason why the Chinese are not willing to accept it. "There is a healthy and just heart in the ranks of truth, accompanied by temperance." Knowing the truth and thus justice.

Later, Plato talked about the non-practicality of philosophy. It is this non-practicality that determines the authority of academics above secular power and is not controlled by it. The status of sacrifices and transcripts is high, but the value of academic values ​​is often ignored by power. In the era when the power of the Western Pope was higher than that of the imperial power, secular power was suppressed by theocracy. Compared with China, it was understood that there was no such thing as a Western priest in the course of Chinese political development. It is necessary for idealism to propose an ideal state that transcends reality. Most Western universities are established on the basis of theological school; secularism is the mainstream of Chinese culture, and Chinese education begins to strengthen the secularism after the sacredness is abolished. , emphasize skill training. Sacredness is an idealism, abandoning idealism, prospering economic power, and the truth of fairness and justice will be lost and fall into the extremes of realism. The moral improvement of man is passive, the call of Socrates is called, and Plato is promoted, so the people need to be educated. This is the core of the daylight metaphor. Education is actually adding the light behind the person, and the ability to illuminate different people is different. The clarity of the premise thinking, thinking mode, and problem-seeking is different, that is, Plato's revelation. Light itself is not the subject of cognition or the subject of cognition, but as a bridge between the two, just as the method itself plays a role. The eyes are open, only the object can be seen by bathing in the light, the mind is opened, and only the object is bathed in the light of reason to be transparent. "The ability of the eye is taken from the jet that the sun emits." The metaphor, that is, the existence of matter is enclosed in itself, and the existence of matter is manifested by the closedness of light beyond its own. "Which light in the heavens makes our eyes see well, so that things can be seen well?" The appearance and existence of the world must have light to enter the speech, and the discussion light must be traced back to the light source. . "The son who is born in the visible world is the sun. The relationship between the sun and the visual and visible things is like knowing the world. The good itself is the same as the reason and the world. The object of knowledge not only gets sensibility from good, but also from Goodness has its own existence and reality. Although goodness is not real in itself, his position and ability are higher than reality." The goodness revealed by this passage is the ultimate light source, and the latter half is from the perspective of knowledge theory and ontology. To analyze good, knowledge theory and language problems, existential theory research beyond the consciousness of a real ultimate pursuit, but easy to fall into arbitrariness and mystery.

After the daylight metaphor, Plato talked about the line metaphor. The world is divided into two parts: visible and identifiable. It can be seen that part of the study is the phase itself, which is rational and intellectual, but the world study is just an image. In the visible world, “from hypothesis to conclusion” is actually the deduction of modernity, in the world of “from hypothesis to principle”, that is, modernization. These provide a basis for the existence of mathematical logic. The main premise of mathematics is deduction, but the exploration of the root, that is, the hypothesis of exploration, requires an ultimate principle to explain, and then it can only rise to the world of knowledge.

The seventh volume focuses on three issues: hole metaphor, higher education, and dialectics. Dong Yu is an in-depth explanation of the role of education. It is still a major topic in the philosophical world. Here I only put forward some thoughts on some of the issues. First, Socrates said that they were “disarmed”, “forced to stand up”, “forced him to say what it is”, and people in the cave saw the shadows and saw the puppets to see the shadows outside the cave. By seeing the reflection in the water and finally facing the daylight, all the movements are passive, which confirms the saved and called side of the Western culture, and the promotion of knowledge and moral improvement are saved. The nature of man is evil, and the road to heaven is narrow and rugged. Naturally, people can live in an environment of “heardy,” “quiet,” “curious,” and “sinking”. Secondly, why do you have to go out of the hole, everyone in the cave lives very peacefully, and does not know the pain? The answer to this is that the instinct in human nature can only be stimulated in the world outside the hole. It is painful to come out and pursue the truth, but the search for human nature is true. And this pain is only the pain of the body, that is, the pain of the desire level in the soul three points, but his rational level is constantly satisfied and happy. Glaucon said, "He would rather suffer any hardship than live in prisoners." This is the sense of mission in Western culture. Finally, will the people in the cave kill the waking person? The person will eventually win, and the rational education will enable the natural soul to be promoted and turned. The edification of the natural environment, the education of the school, and the edification of the family have enabled the incompleteness of humanity to continue to improve.

After the hole, after talking about higher education issues, Plato divides education into three levels: 1. Arithmetic; 2. Geometry; 3. Astronomy. The number, in Plato, is not intended to be helpful in the real world, but to “make the soul to the truth”, which leads to the idea of ​​goodness and establishes a world of pure thinking; but in Pythagoras There, the number leads to a practical, technical, and enhanced experience world. Pure numbers and practical numbers are two things. Numbers are different from feelings. Numbers have commonality, clarity, and permanence. Feelings are only private, ambiguous, and current, so arithmetic should be used as basic knowledge; then geometry. This is the knowledge of a space. "Geometry is an object of eternal affairs, not something that sometimes happens and sometimes dies." Plato said here that geometry is helpful for war. He wants to emphasize that actually It is because geometry can point the "soul to the truth", so it can help the war. This is different from our trend today. In Plato, learning is really useful; but nowadays academics or schools believe that learning is the most important, and whether it is true or not can be ignored. Finally, the astronomy, "all look up to look at the smallpox, not with the eyes but with the mind to learn", this can explain a huge difference in the history of Chinese and Western architecture, the West is very concerned about the dome, emphasizing the decoration above , stressed to look up.

The seventh volume is about dialectic. "When a person attempts to rely on dialectics to reason, regardless of the perception of the senses, in order to achieve the essence of everything, and always insists on understanding the essence of good by the thought itself... The process is called the dialectical process. Dialectics is the dialogue method. First, it needs to give a concept definition and a language definition. Secondly, it uses logic and thought to argue. At the same time, it uses dialogue to advance, and finally reveals the ultimate place and achieves the good phase. Dialectics is the process of realizing the theory of relativity. In the end, it will also reach reality, that is, phase, and dialectics is also the only research method that can rise to the first principle itself without hypothesis, so as to find a reliable basis there. Dialectics needs to have a final reality, so that constant negation has meaning, otherwise it becomes a sophistry and breaks into nihilism. From this point of view, China has not existed monotheism since ancient times, but has avoided the ideological circle of mysticism.

The eighth volume talks about five kinds of political bodies: aristocratic political system, honorary political system, civilian political system, oligarchy political system, and ruling political system. Plato had already discussed the aristocratic political system in the fourth volume. "If a superior person in the ruler is in power, it is called Wang Zheng. If it is ruled by more than two rulers, it is called aristocratic political system." It is the ruler who has been educated and will not change the laws of the country. They have morality and knowledge, it is impossible to elect everyone to make decisions, and they can only elect representatives to make decisions. This makes people think of representative democracy.

Second is the honorary political system. Plato believes that "the incompatibility of the political system is caused by the disagreement of the leadership." Then he explained that the descendants of the ruling group cannot be optimal forever, that is, the guards will fall. At this time, they did not pay attention to music education and attached importance to physical education, which led to the "copper and iron group tending to self-interest, annexing housing land and gathering gold and silver treasures; and the gold and silver group tends to virtue and traditional order because of their real wealth in their hearts." Laborers occupy the right to rule, and the essence of honor politics is the name of knowledge, morality, and reputation to gather wealth.

When private property destroys the honor system, the oligarchy comes to power, and political power is concentrated in the hands of wealthy people. They use the law to determine the property standards of political candidates. At this time, moral justice was completely retired, and the essence of the love of wealth and wealth was revealed, but the ruler worshipped both wealth and moderation. Some family members are lazy to become poor, and the descendants of the rulers are pampered, and the chaebol politics makes the society unstable. Because of the three characteristics of the oligarchic politics: 1. The property is not necessarily proficient in political work; 2. It is ruled under this system. It is impossible to organize wars; 3, to create nomads; these characteristics can only make the civil war four times, civilians victorious, and turn to a democratic political system.

A democratic political system is Plato's ideal country. There is no unified force and full freedom. This kind of social environment is somewhat similar to the network environment that we can manage today. In this environment, knowledge, solemnity, ideals, and piety are squandered among civilians. The economy is at the center, and there is no sense of justice. There is no compassion and no justice. Although morality cannot replace politics, it should guide politics. Such a state can be interpreted by Heidegger's Dasman indulging state, losing reason and lack of responsibility. The average state of society makes individuals lose their independence and freedom, and sacred and solemn behavior becomes a game. "The word "shame" is gone, and the bottom line has been compromised. Today's food problems, environmental problems, etc. are all attributed to this. Political economy and morality must be symbiotic and co-prosperous. In this social situation, the desire expands, and Plato uses the soul carriage to show that the desire must be placed under the rational adjustment, and the radiance of the heavens is swayed by the human desires. From technology to things to desires to rationality and boring, material culture needs effective productivity, and productivity development turns to material culture. From bicycles to locomotives to cars, from bungalows to high-rises to villas, when will people meet? To realize self-salvation, in Plato, fear is only attached to a god, the finiteness of man is integrated into the infinity of God, and the free will is expressed without relying on the natural nature of man. Unhelpful desires make temperance lost, "extremely terrible slavery, from extremely terrible freedom," and the era of ruling government comes with the loss of temperance. .

The premise of freedom is to realize your responsibility. Otherwise, the result of free and sloppy must be totalitarian. Without the guarantee of the rules and regulations, it will inevitably lead to autocracy. The ruling system is the gradual loss of wisdom and temperance. Three types of people in the democratic political system: social activists, rich people, and civilians will gain reputation as “protectors.” They organize wars and stabilize politics. Both the Lord and the people have gained a brief peace of mind.

The ninth volume goes on to mention the problem of the lord. Because of the loss of reason in the dream, Plato considers this to be the main sign of human evil. The world of dreams is private, and the sober world is public, regular, and orderly. It can be said that the natural desires of dreamers release rational drowsiness, while people in public life have clear rational self-control. A sinister character is the person who can do the kind of thing in his dreams when he is awake. This sin makes him a full tyrant. His process of production is to "clean up the temperance of this person and let it be replaced by madness." The madness here is an extreme freedom, but this freedom is manifested in the freedom of desire rather than the freedom of will. Very terrible thing. The loneliness of the ruler is extremely indulgent, without friends, without public life. In today's society, there is also such a huge contradiction: the extreme socialization of economic and cultural life, and the personal life has become extremely individualistic because of the unconventionality. It is terrible to lose public life. In this respect, the United States does it relative to China. It is much better. For example, the establishment of the American society for the liberalization of organizations, the establishment of gay alliances, etc., has put some people's psychological pressure on it. Such a construction of a public life platform may make people's lives more healthy.

Later, Plato further explained the soul's three points: rational pursuit of truth, passion and courage to seek reputation, desire to pursue the happiness of interest, rationally guided philosophers, love wise people have the most true happiness, this happiness is self-sufficient , but not the best, the best. The happiness caused by reason is eternal, corresponding to relative happiness. You can see that when you are ill and painful, you will be happy for your health. This kind of happiness is relative happiness, it is unstable. Looking at Aristotle's understanding of happiness: self-sufficient, ultimate, and the ultimate goal of pursuing all activities, we can see that the exploration of the conceptual and moral aspects in the development of Western philosophy history is its foundation.

The book has completed all the elaboration of the five regimes. The aristocratic regime corresponds to the rational virtue, the honorary polity corresponds to the passion, the oligarchy corresponds to the necessary desires, the democratic polity corresponds to the necessary and unnecessary desires, and the ruling body corresponds to the disorderly unnecessary. desire. From the perspective of the entire city state, the main government is the most unfortunate, confused, unsatisfied, and most unjust. Judging from the three happy standards, Plato always emphasizes the concept of the philosopher king. This standard of happiness is beneficial to the philosopher.

In the last volume, Plato’s views have basically been expressed. Unexplored life is not worth living. Unexplored propositions are not worth having. Plato examines the basis of human beliefs, not for arguments. Irony for irony. Philosophy is only a solution. The most fundamental belief is unshakable. The character obtained from ethics or other philosophical books is unstable. The experience and education from childhood can be accumulated and can be deeply Life practice. For the vast number of people, what is needed is common sense. Without common sense, it will not fall into extremes. The vortex like the three anti-five, the Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution, etc. may not be so powerful, except for the inner fear. In addition, the mind is always blinded by the loss of common sense.

Plato's exploration of philosophy, humanity, and politics laid the foundation for the development of Western philosophy. The spiritual pursuit of the essence of truth, goodness, beauty, and justice is the topic of the "Ideal Kingdom" from beginning to end, revealing human nature. The analysis of the polity makes the "Imperial State" have important implications for today's liberal democracy. As has been analyzed before, the moral virtues of the rulers in the aristocratic political system have further expanded into a group of people, each with their own strengths and representatives, forming representative democracy. In the era of lack of free thoughts and the state, Plato's reading can encourage each reader to understand freedom more deeply, get rid of the shackles of unthinkable frameworks, try to integrate this concept into life, and combine today's times with theory. Based on the reality, think about what kind of person you want to be and see what you can do for this era.