Practice reading notes

Practice reading notes

The article "Practice Theory" is the work of the great leader Mao Zedong in July 1937. It is now collected in the Selected Works of Mao Zedong and is the article of the second domestic revolutionary war.

At the time of the second domestic revolutionary war, the anti-Japanese revolutionary war was coming. In the Communist Party of China, there have been some dogmatists who have long refused the experience of the Chinese revolution and denied the truth that "Marxism is not a dogma but a guide to action", but only swallows and strips the words in Marxist books to scare people; Another part of the empiricist has long been stuck in his own piece of experience, not understanding the importance of theory to revolutionary practice, not seeing the overall situation of the revolution, although it is also hard--but blindly at work. The misconceptions of these two types of people, especially dogmatism, caused great losses to the Chinese revolution from 1931 to 1734, while dogmatists were confused by Marxist cloaks. The vast majority of comrades. In order to expose the dogmatism and empiricism of the party, especially the subjectivism of dogmatism, with the Marxist epistemological point of view, in July 1937, Mao Zedong wrote the article "Practice Theory". Mao Zedong made a speech at the Yan'an Anti-Japanese Military and Political University from the point of view of this article. The purpose is to expose the dogmatic view of ignoring practice, educating comrades who confuse the broad masses of people with Marxism, and linking their theories to specific revolutionary practices. .

"Practice Theory" comprehensively and systematically expounds and exerts the basic principles of Marxist epistemology centering on the dialectical relationship between cognition and practice, that is, "knowledge" and "going". The practice and its status and role in the process of cognition are discussed in detail, emphasizing that human production activities are the most basic practical activities.

First, the article clarifies the basic form of practice, the relationship between practice and cognition, and the position of practice in the status of cognition. It is pointed out that "Marxism believes that human production activities are the most basic practical activities." "Human social practice is not limited to a form of production activities, but also many other forms, class struggle, political life, scientific and artistic activities, and in general social real life. All fields are social people involved. Therefore, the epistemology of dialectical materialism puts practice first, and believes that human practice is inseparable from all, rejects the importance of denying practice, and makes the theory of error leave practice. "And, "From the source of understanding, the driving force of understanding, or the standard of testing whether the understanding is correct or not, it is inseparable from human practice." In short, the practical point of view is the first of dialectical materialism. And basic views.

Secondly, the article expounds the development process of cognition, pointing out that the process of cognition should rise from perceptual cognition to rational cognition and from theory to practice. After two leapfrogs, the cognition movement “has been completed and not completed” because the development process of cognition is infinite and the unity of stage and infinity.

Again, the absolute and relativity of truth is elaborated. Emphasize that absolute truth is there, but it exists in relative truth, and the absolute truth of leaving relative truth does not exist. The sum of countless relative truths is absolute truth. He also emphasized that "Marxism-Leninism does not end the truth, but in practice, it does not break the road of understanding and understanding the truth." It puts forward the task of transforming the objective world and the subjective world, pointing out that "the struggle of the proletariat and the revolutionary people to transform the world, It includes the task of realizing the transformation of the objective world and transforming its own subjective world."

In addition, the article also highly summarizes the main content of dialectical materialism epistemology. It points out that through the practice to discover the truth, and through the practice to confirm and develop the truth, from perceptual knowledge and active development to rational understanding, and from rational understanding to actively guide the revolutionary practice, transform the subjective world and the objective world. Practice, understanding, practice, and then recognizing, this form, reciprocating and infinite. The content of each cycle of practice and understanding has been carried out at a higher level.

"Practice Theory" provides us with the basic principles and methods of understanding things. When we know things, we must not be anxious, from the table and the inside, comprehensive observation, sensibility to rationality, understanding the evolution of things, distinguishing the different relations between things, bold assumptions, careful verification, recurring, continuous Deepen your understanding of things. Specifically, don't rush to make any conclusions without any in-depth understanding and analysis of anything.

When dealing with and dealing with one thing, we must first observe the external attributes of things, observe the characteristics of things from different sides as much as possible, describe in detail the external characteristic elements of things, and perceive them as a whole. . Secondly, it is more important to observe the intrinsic properties of things, to explore the intrinsic properties of things, and to give as many elements as possible between the intrinsic properties of things. The development of any thing is the combination of internal and external factors. The external cause is the condition for the development of things, and the internal cause is its fundamental thing. When we understand the development of things, we must not only distinguish the stage and status of the development of things, but also treat them with a universal, connected, comprehensive and developmental perspective. Observing and analyzing the external forms of things, the appearance of things, and then rising to the internal characteristics of things, that is, from perceptual knowledge to rational understanding, the first leap in the realization of epistemological practice.

After realizing the first leap in practice theory, we should put the practice of cognitive theory back into practice, accept the test of practice, and further guide practice. Our process of learning, understanding, and observing things is the process of linking theory with practice. We learn the correct things of others and use them to guide our practice. On the contrary, we also test the correctness of other people's theories while practicing. Repeated round-trips and deepening. The correct theory constantly guides our life practice and affects the understanding and development of the entire human society.

In the process of cognition, rational cognition also relies on perceptual cognition. We must persist in opposing "only theory", that is, only recognize the reality of reason, and not recognize the reality of experience, thinking that only rationality can be relied on, and experience is unreliable. The "empirical theory" mistake lies in the fact that the material that does not know the sensibility is a true reflection of the objective outside world. We are all disadvantageous in the two kinds of misunderstandings. The understanding needs to deepen the understanding of things to fully reflect the whole, reflect the nature of the things and the internal regularity, which requires us to think with the brain, to add rich and sensible materials to the false and true, to get the fine, and thus, from the Transformation, from perceptual knowledge to rational understanding.

As stated in the "Practice Theory", understanding and practice are mutually unified and are the essential provisions of Marxist epistemology. We must use this principle in our life, study and practice. We must insist that everything starts from reality, that there is something to say, and that there is no empty talk. In practice, we must uphold and develop the truth, correctly understand and transform the world, and fully implement the ideological line of dialectical materialism and historical materialism. In the process of understanding and transforming the world, we must first understand ourselves. Only "knowing yourself" can transform yourself and then recognize and transform the world. To understand the world and transform the world is the task God has arranged for us. In this process, we must adhere to the unity of understanding and practice. Because the two are interdependent and restrict each other. We know the world just to transform the world, to transform the world effectively, and to understand the world correctly. This requires us to improve our ability to observe the positions, viewpoints and methods of dealing with problems, especially the ability to practice. We must proceed from reality and not to commit to dogmatism and empiricism. Sticking to your own position, you can't be a cloud.

In order to better understand yourself, transform yourself and then recognize and transform the world, including the subjective world and the objective world. We must uphold and develop truth in practice. Of course, truth is relative. This requires us to strive to be guided by the correct theory, to treat Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thinking of the "Three Represents", the scientific outlook on development, etc., to persist in emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, advancing with the times, seeking truth. Be pragmatic, continue to practice innovation and theoretical innovation, and achieve the unity of persistence and development. Only innovation can continue to develop, and innovation is the premise of persistence and inheritance. By unifying inheritance and innovation, the theory can truly conform to the call of the times and practice, and reflect the requirements of advancing with the times.

"Practice Theory" is an outstanding Marxist work with creative contributions. It enriches and develops the idea of ​​"anti-bookisticism" on the basis of reality, investigation and research, theory and practice. It profoundly clarified the basic viewpoint of seeking truth from facts in the living soul of Mao Zedong Thought, scientifically solved the arguing and knowledge problems in the history of Chinese philosophy for thousands of years, and added an extremely glorious page for the development of Chinese philosophy. It and the "Contradiction Theory" have established the theoretical basis of the scientific ideological line for our party, made theoretical preparations for Yan'an rectification, and laid the ideological foundation for the successful development of the new democratic revolution.

As young people in the 21st century, we must strive to learn theoretical knowledge and continue to actively participate in practical activities. In practice, we must adhere to the theory and practice, and proceed from reality, emancipate our minds, and seek truth from facts. Fully implement actions, arm yourself with knowledge, and test yourself in practice. Focus on theoretical practice and innovation, and stimulate yourself to continuously learn the theoretical knowledge, the passion of practice, and constantly expand their new horizons. Constantly explore scientific truths, carry forward the scientific spirit, humanistic spirit, and comprehensively improve their own quality, so that we can see the objects clearly, aim at ourselves, and put ourselves into action on ourselves and the ideals of social life. Constantly improve the ability to understand and practice the quality, strive to be a promising young person, and become a useful person in the country and society.

Practice reading notes

This is an era in which everyone pursues political correctness but can't help but fall into cognitive confusion. Rereading "Practice Theory", although I don't intend to show political correctness, I can't help but fall into the same cognitive confusion.

The subtitle of "Practice Theory" is: "On the relationship between cognition and practice - the relationship between knowing and doing," and the article reads: "Our conclusion is subjective and objective, theoretical and practical, and the specific history of knowing and doing. Unity, against all the 'left' or right erroneous thoughts that leave the specific history." The full view of the whole view, the most impressive thing is the transition from subjective and objective history to and why it must develop into a unity of theory and practice. The unity of knowing and doing. If the unity of subjectivity and objectivity can be regarded as an epistemological theory, then the unity of theory and practice, knowledge and action is far beyond the epistemology in this sense, and then explore some social practice and its The relationship between the conclusions reached by epistemology. Therefore, the editorial specifically wrote: "Mao Zedong's "Practice Theory" is written to expose the dogmatism and empiricism of the party, especially the dogmaticism of dogmatism, with the Marxist epistemological point of view. Because the focus is on exposing the subjectivism of dogmatism, it is entitled "Practice Theory." The meaning of this article is, in its core content, the interpretation of Marxist epistemological views, and then Epistemology to expose certain issues. However, the interpretation of Marxist epistemology is only the first half of this article, and the latter part of the text is not as described in the editorial, in order to expose some kind of subjectivism with this epistemology, but to propose epistemology. After and after the practice theory, the emergence of this theory of practice is not a correction and emphasis on some wrong practices that do not value practice, but rather a kind of practical logic with its own characteristics, therefore, the article is titled "Practice Theory" is precisely the purpose.

The article is not long, but it can be divided into three parts. The first part is the general theory. One sentence in this general theory may summarize the logic and direction of the article: "Therefore, people's understanding, in addition to material life, also from politics. In life, in various degrees, we know the various relationships between people and people. Among them, various forms of class struggle give profound influence to people's understanding and development." The class that is very prominent in political life here. The "impact" of the struggle for understanding development can be understood as "production". Of course, it can also be understood as "decision". This dual understanding determines the content of the latter two parts of the article, thus leading and promoting the logical expansion of the full text. .

The second part is widely known. For those of us who are expected to be politically correct from an early age, we are familiar with it, and some of these words can even blurt out subconsciously. However, as the article stated: “In the process of practice, people began to only see the phenomena of various things in the process, see the one-sidedness of each thing, and see the external connection of things.... These are the phenomena of things. The various aspects of things and the external connections of these things. This is called the emotional stage of cognition, the stage of feeling and impression." It is quite puzzling that the feelings and impressions here are determined by "things" and their phenomena. Is it a reaction or is determined by the “practice process”. Of course, the answer is given later in the article: "No matter who you want to know, in addition to being in contact with that thing, that is, living in the environment of that thing, there is no way to solve it." That is: "If you want to know someone directly Kind or certain things, only to participate in the struggle to transform reality, change the practice of something or something, to be exposed to the phenomenon of that or those things, and only to participate in the struggle of the practice of transforming reality In order to expose the nature of those or those things and understand them." Therefore, the logic of knowledge here should be like this: the phenomenon of things and even the nature of things is of course the fundamental premise of cognition. . However, the formation of cognition is impossible if the essence of the object as the object of understanding and even the matter is not "socially touched" or even "reformed" by the practice of society. Therefore, the object of understanding and the social practice of a certain nature have created a common understanding. The process of "contacting" and even "reforming" the object of understanding has naturally become a process of understanding. In addition, Marx's reference is mentioned in the introduction to the text. "The Outline of Feuerbach" is inevitably reminiscent of the last sentence that is widely circulated: "The philosophers of the past used only various viewpoints to explain the world, and the problem was how to transform the world." Another confusion: If you deny that this part of the article is about epistemology, it is not true, because the main content of this part of the article and even the entire article considered by the editorial shows the purpose of the epistemology. More specifically, it is called "the dialectical materialism epistemology"; but if you do not deny that this is an epistemology, it is difficult to say, because the sentence that Marx said is itself the author of this article. Often referred to as "contact", especially "reform", or the words that Marx said and the author of the article mentioned The intentional or unintentional final effects of “contact” and “reform” indicate that the leading role of practice in understanding demonstrates a unique practical logic. The so-called epistemology is not only full of the factors of practical theory, but also more unstoppable to the theory of practice - but I prefer to call it "for practice", of course, the practice here is more realistic and specific, specifically to the author's body Proportion.

The article has been involved and emphasized in the general theory and the first part on the so-called "practice". Therefore, the discussion of "practical theory" in the last part is a matter of course. The author begins with a sentence like a summary: "However, the cognitive movement is here. In this part, the author pays close attention to practice: "The problem that Marxist philosophy considers to be very important is not to understand the regularity of the objective world, and thus to explain the world, but to take this kind of objective Regular understanding to actively transform the world." This sentence seems to have met before, although this sentence has been put forward, but it has already come to the fore, but it is precisely because of this, the "practice" as "active transformation" itself It must be the second-order meaning of "for practice." But no matter whether it is in the first few senses, "for practice," it is not necessary to consider "for practice" or "for understanding". The most important thing is to "see if it can achieve the intended purpose." In practice, the expected results are obtained, because only this is the case. “At this time, people’s understanding of an objective process in a certain stage of development is completed.” Perhaps more specifically, this should not be just The completion of the so-called "recognition activities", or the so-called "cognitive activities" itself, has only been re-introduced in a meaningless manner, because, as the author puts it: "The struggle of the proletariat and the revolutionary people to transform the world, including the realization The following tasks: transforming the objective world, and transforming its own subjective world - transforming its own cognitive ability and transforming the relationship between the subjective world and the objective world." This sentence makes the six words behind the subtitle dash of the article - "Knowledge and The relationship between the line and the last five words of the last sentence of the article, "The Unified View of Knowing and Doing," found some interpretation and attribution.

I don't want to use this background and mentality to mention Kant, who can't be bypassed, and his great reconciliation of "only theory" and "empirical theory", but suddenly I think of a sentence because of this article, although this suddenness reveals my political correctness. Not enough, but it is difficult to conceal the phrase "practice is the only criterion for testing truth" is politically correct.

Practice reading notes

"Practice Theory" is one of the most outstanding philosophical works of Comrade Mao Zedong. Comrade Mao Zedong profoundly revealed the close connection between cognition and practice on the basis of Marx's dialectical materialism and China's specific social practice. After reading the full text of "Practice Theory", I have a deeper understanding of the concept of unity of knowledge and action in dialectical materialism.

Although the text of "Practice Theory" is "practical theory", the process of its discussion never leaves the understanding. By continuously expounding the connection between cognition and practice, we can more deeply express practice and explain practice.

"Practice Theory" first explains the dependence of production on production and class struggle. In Marxist theory, the content of human social practice is precisely the activities of production, class struggle, political life science and art. Therefore, understanding has the same dependence on social practice.

"Only people's social practice is the standard of truth for people's understanding of the outside world." Comrade Mao Zedong gave a more profound and accurate interpretation of this sentence: in the process of social practice, people have achieved the results expected in the mind, So the cognition is confirmed. If it is not reached, it will fail in practice, learn lessons in failure, correct the thoughts, and then succeed. This is the so-called "eat one long and one wisdom", "the mother of the loser's success" .

By expounding the development process of understanding, we can more clearly understand how people's understandings come from practice and serve practice.

First, understand the source and practice. In the process of practice, people use their senses to derive the various representations of things, various aspects and external connections of things, that is, the perceptual knowledge of things. Then, with the continuation of social practice, people grasp the essence of things, the whole and the internal relations of things, and the perceptual understanding has made a leap and become a rational understanding. The leap of understanding is absolutely impossible to leave practice. The deepening of understanding is based on the foundation of practice. The proletariat’s understanding of capitalism, the Chinese people’s understanding of imperialism, and the leaders of war’s understanding of war are all the same.

However, the purpose of understanding is not to know itself, but to practice and transform the world. Therefore, we must understand the source and practice and return to practice. The cognitive movement of dialectical materialism has a more important process after obtaining rational understanding. That is, it is a leap from rational understanding and guiding practice. It is the continuation of the process of understanding through the understanding of the practice and the developmental understanding that is tested in practice. Whether the theory conforms to the objective truth can not be completely solved in the process from perceptual to rational. To solve it completely, only "return the rational understanding back to social practice, apply theory to practice, and see if it can achieve the intended purpose."

After the cognition is applied to practice and confirmed, people's understanding movements of a certain objective process in a certain development stage are completed, and the understanding of the process is not completed. Things are constantly changing and developing, and practical activities will follow changes. Therefore, understanding must also be constantly changing and developing. When an objective process changes from one development stage to another, the understanding will continue and it is necessary to adapt to the new situation. The development of the objective process is full of contradictions and struggles. Therefore, the development of the human cognition movement is also full of contradictions and struggles; the process of social practice is endless, and the process of human cognition should also be infinite.

Thus, we conclude that in a single understanding of an objective process within a certain stage of development, truth is discovered through practice, and truth is proved and truth is developed through practice. From perceptual knowledge to the development of rational understanding, and from rational understanding to actively guide the revolutionary practice, transform the subjective world and the objective world; we can also draw the dialectical materialism of the unity of knowledge and action: practice → recognition → practice → re-recognition, This cycle is infinite, and each new cycle represents higher content.

"Practice Theory" not only profoundly and systematically discusses the close relationship between cognition and practice, but also gives me insights into practical issues and makes me deeply inspired.

Concerns about the confidence of people in facing new practical activities. Usually people are reluctant to carry out certain practices when they are unsure or unclear. In the discussion of "Practice Theory", it is said that a person's courage and confidence are directly related to his understanding of the content and environment of the work. This has important guiding significance for us. Our college students face opportunities and challenges in their studies, research and future work, and our understanding of the practical activities we face directly affects our confidence. Many people always complain that there are too few opportunities, opportunities are never less, but opportunities come. We have no confidence and ability to seize it. Opportunities are only for those who are prepared. We must actively promote ourselves and actively understand all aspects of knowledge and experience so that when opportunities come, we can seize opportunities and create success.

Regarding the correct and profound source of understanding. "Practice Theory" talks, "I feel that only solving the problem of phenomena, the theory solves the essential problem. The solution of these problems can not leave practice at all. No matter who wants to know anything, except to contact with that thing, that is, to live in that thing. There is no way to solve the problem in the environment." This statement seems to be unremarkable. In fact, it is the truth that many people have neglected. For example, swimming, riding a bicycle, because a person does not go to swim, not to ride, always look at others to do, then he will never be. For example, if we learn English, because we can't say it, we always put our words in our hearts, then we can't speak English well. Many things must be practiced in order to get a true and correct perception. The so-called "practice is true." With the mind of the beholder, you can't learn anything.

The absolute and relative questions about truth. This is an extremely profound philosophical issue. "There is no absolute truth." If this sentence is correct, is the sentence itself considered to be absolute truth? There seems to be no contradiction. "Practice Theory" believes: "Marxists admit that in the process of absolute total universe development, the development of each specific process is relative, so in the long river of absolute truth, people are specific to each stage of development. The understanding of the process has only relative truth. The sum of countless relative truths is the absolute truth." Absolute truth exists, but it cannot be recognized by one person alone, and cannot be explained by a certain sentence, because people's understanding of the specific process at each stage of development has only relative truth.

"Practice Theory" is a correct and systematic view of Comrade Mao Zedong on practice. It has far-reaching significance for guiding the Chinese revolution at that time and guiding us all kinds of practical activities now and in the future. We must study it carefully and comprehend the ideas in them, and apply them to our practice so that we can better participate in practice and gain success.