News writing basics

The first section of the news overview I. News definition What is news? Different cultural backgrounds and different ideologies have different answers.
In the United States, Melvin Manchel's "News Reporting and Writing" quotes some of the past and present journalists' explanations of news. E.g:
Dana was in charge of the New York Sun from 1869 to 1897. He said that news is "something that is of interest to most people in society, and has never been noticed before."
An editor of Dana presented a classic news concept: "Dog bites, not news; people bite dogs, it is news.", money."
In fact, the above expressions are not a definition of scientific significance, but their views are concentrated on the basic position of Western journalism, that is, all abnormal, irritating, and curious things are news. Of course, this view has its profound humanistic background and economic foundation. Although their understanding of the definition of news has focused on "reader interest", its essence cannot be separated from the manipulation of "profit".
In China, the word "news" first appeared in the "New Tang Book." "New Tang Book" records: In the early Tang Dynasty, there was a literati named Sun Zhixuan who once said: "Hate the world without books and broad news." Sun Chuanxuan once voted for the then ruling minister, Heng Yanfan, commenting on the political gains and losses, was not adopted, he went to the crown, it can be seen that he is a person who cares about current affairs politics. It is a matter of course that such people are dissatisfied with the lack of publications and news. Sun Zhixuan’s argument was actually included in the New Tang Book, indicating that although the Tang Dynasty did not fully meet the conditions for disseminating news, people have realized that it is necessary to report such communication tools. The term "news" is used herein to mean "recent messages."
The "News Dictionary" explains "News" as follows: 1 Domestic and foreign news reported by newspapers or radio stations: news broadcast / interview news. 2 refers to new things happening in the community recently.
The explanation of the news in "Ci Hai" is: 1 reports by news agencies, news agencies, radio stations, television stations and other news organizations on current political events or social events. The requirements are prompt, timely, truthful, concise, and speak with facts. Forms include messages, newsletters, features, newsletters, survey reports, news photos, and TV news. 2 refers to the novelty of being treated as a helper. For example, the first time in "Dream of Red Mansions": "All people are regarded as a news legend."
In September 1943, Lu Dingyi proposed: "News is a report of recent facts."
In August 1981, the Central Propaganda Department held a symposium on newspaper work in a certain place in the 18 major cities of the country in Beijing. The minutes of the meeting made a new interpretation of the definition of the news:
“News reflect new, important, meaningful, and widely-informed facts that are quick, clear, and short-cut, and are the most effective form of propaganda.”
The restriction of attributive modification obviously considers "reader interest" and also takes into account the "social effect". These are effective supplements to Lu Dingyi's definition, but the bias is obvious. Combining these various views, we may wish to summarize the definition of news as:
“News is the spread of facts that have aroused widespread interest in socially significant events that have recently occurred or discovered.”
Clearly defining the news, we will distinguish between broad news and narrow news. The broad news includes messages, newsletters, close-ups, survey reports, news reviews, etc. It is a common report conductor in newspapers, radio, television and other media. Narrow news refers to information.
Second, the different opinions of news value on the definition of news, especially the fundamental differences between socialist journalism and western journalism on the definition of news, in the final analysis, are determined by different understanding of the value of news.
The Western press thinks that there are six factors in determining the news value of an event and a certain idea: timeliness: reporting the facts that have occurred recently or are happening, the closer the time is, the higher the value; the significance: the report object To be prestigious or famous, people, places, things, etc. become more famous, the higher the value; proximity: the closer the facts and readers are in terms of space and relationship, the more interesting they are; the novelty: conflict, abnormality, risk, change, etc. Can satisfy the reader's hunting psychology; importance: can cause vibration, affect many people's events; human taste: sorrow and joy, humor, suspense and other human life events. Among these many factors, “reader interest” is the only criterion for measuring the value of news. When we draw on its rational side, we cannot ignore the negative impact of this "news value."
Socialist journalism believes that the value of news is the standard for selecting and measuring whether or not the facts are reported and how they are reported. It has two meanings: one is the value of the fact itself, that is, the importance, influence and freshness of the fact itself; the second is the degree of benefit of the reader after accepting the news, that is, the social effect caused by the news. The former is a prerequisite, but the former does not lose its meaning. To sum up, socialist journalism believes that the factors that determine the news value of facts mainly include the following aspects: guiding and ideological: adhering to the direction of socialism, propagating the party's principles and policies, guiding people with correct public opinion; importance and significance Sex: content is important, social influence is great; universality and urgency: reflecting people's voice, paying attention to social hotspots; knowledge and fun: spreading noble, healthy and popular knowledge and interest; timeliness and authenticity: insisting on news The "true" highlights the "new" of the news.
Third, the writing principle adheres to the four basic principles and consciously implements the party's propaganda discipline;
Seek truth from facts and speak with facts;
Quick and timely, stressing timeliness;
Follow the following 10 writing rules on writing skills:
1. Don't write until you understand the event itself.
2. Don't write until you don't know what you want to say.
3. To behave, don't make a statement.
4. Put a wonderful quote in front of the message.
5. Put a wonderful example or anecdote in front of the message.
6. Use specific nouns and verbs that are rich in action color.
7. Try to use adjectives as little as possible, and don't add adverbs to verbs.
8. Try to avoid making judgments and reasoning yourself and let the facts speak.
9. Don't mention the questions you can't answer in the message.
10. Writing should be simple, concise, honest, and quick.
In short, news writing needs to do four words: true, new, fast, and live.
The following paragraphs should be the motto of our writing news:
△We should tell the truth, because this is our strength! The vivid concrete examples of Yimeng’s life to educate the people “is the main task of the press in the transition period from capitalism to socialism.”
△ All the propaganda work carried out by our party, the newspapers run by our party, should be vivid, vivid, sharp, and unobtrusive. This is the fighting style that our revolutionary proletariat should have.
△ Struggle to report real news!
△ In the new historical period, journalism insists on serving socialism and serving the people. It is necessary to firmly and comprehensively and accurately publicize the party’s basic line, publicize the theory and decision-making of building socialism with Chinese characteristics, and publicize the people of all nationalities. Performance and experience in modernization and reform and opening up.
△ Adhere to the principle of positive publicity does not deny the characteristics of the news. The characteristics of the news, people can make a variety of generalization, but as I see, in addition to the party nature mentioned above, we must pay attention to authenticity, timeliness and readability.

Writing of the second section of the message

Choking is a narrowly-recognized news, a brief report of the recent facts that have social significance and generate public interest. Therefore, the authenticity, timeliness and less text, and the small size become the basic characteristics of the message.
I. Types of information Dynamic information: Also known as dynamic news, this kind of message quickly and timely reports major domestic and international events, and reports on new things, new things, new achievements, and new experiences in socialist construction. Many of the dynamic messages are newsletters, the content is more singular, the text is more streamlined, often one story, a few lines of text.
Comprehensive message: Also known as comprehensive news, it refers to a comprehensive report of news reports with overall situations, trends, achievements and problems.
Typical message: Also known as typical news, this is a concentrated report of typical experiences or successful practices of a department or a unit to drive the overall situation and guide the general. Commentary: Also known as news commentary, in addition to the general characteristics of dynamic messages, it often narrates the facts of the news, and the author directly issues some necessary arguments to concisely express the author's point of view. Reporters' comments and current affairs reviews are two of them.
The above four types of messages are easier to write with dynamic messages, and you can often practice writing and improve the ability to write news from practice.
Second, the message writing and writing information should be conceived and answer the questions asked by the readers. These questions constitute the five elements of the news, namely: when, where, who, what, why. Some journalism adds an element: how. Among the five w and one h, the most important ones are what, who. Carefully write these aspects in writing.
When we figured out "what do I want to say", the next step is "how to say this", obviously this involves how to structure the message. As long as we carefully analyze the information published in the newspapers, we will find that the structure of the message is relatively simple and simple. The structure of most messages is "inverted pyramid", that is, the most important materials are placed at the beginning, and the secondary materials are placed. behind. The structure of the message is as follows: title, lead, subject, and ending, and interspersed with background material in the text.
The title of the title is the eye of the message. It is intended to be well written and can attract readers; if it is written poorly, a good message will be buried. It can be seen that the title has a role to recommend to the reader. Such as: "The two landlords directly care about Dagang "Jianglang" tie the knot", "The Earth's three-minute net increase of 500 people", "Hangcheng new things see the new wind, the book of the New Year".
The title of the message must summarize the content of the message in a concise and accurate manner to help the reader understand the facts of the report. The title of the suffocation has three themes: quotation, quotation, and subtitle.
Theme: Outline and explain the main facts and ideas.
Citation: Reveal the ideological significance of the message or confess the background, explain the reasons, and set off the atmosphere.
Subtitle: The factual result of the report, or an executive summary.
A lead lead refers to the first natural paragraph or first sentence of a message. It uses simple and vivid text to write the most important and freshest facts in the message, and clearly reminds the theme of the message.
The first requirement of the lead is to grasp the core of the matter, and the second is to attract readers to watch it. To be able to do the first, you must have a good analytical skills; if you want to do the second, you must have writing skills.
The thinking process in the lead writing is usually started by the author's self-question:
1 What is the most important thing that has happened?
2 Who participated in it? - Who did it or who said it?
3 Is it a direct lead or a deferred lead?
4 Are there any attractive vocabulary or vivid phrases to be written into the lead?
5 What is the theme? What kind of verbs can best attract readers?
Among the above five questions, the third question relates to the type of lead. Then, what types of lead words are there?
One type is the direct lead: the direct lead of the facts. Most of them are declarative and reflect facts like shorthand.
The other type is a deferred lead: mostly used for "soft" messages. That is, what is reported is not a developing, changing or sudden event. It is usually used to set a scene or create an atmosphere. Mostly explanatory and illustrative.
The main forms of the lead are:
1. Narrative style. Use the excerpt or synthesis method to write the most fresh and important facts in the message in a concise and concise manner.
2, description style. Make a simple, simple and characteristic description of the main facts of the message or a meaningful side to create an atmosphere.
3. Questioning style. First expose the contradictions, present the questions clearly and sharply, and then make a brief answer, causing the reader's attention and thinking.
4. The conclusion formula. Write the conclusion at the beginning, prompting to report the meaning or purpose or summary of something.
5. Call-to-call. Make a call to point the reader to the direction and goal.
There are also digest, commentary, comprehensive, explanatory, and so on.
The subject is the backbone of the message. After the introduction, it makes a concrete and comprehensive explanation of the lead, concretely unfolds the facts or further highlights the center, thus writing the content summarized by the lead and expressing the theme of the whole message. Should be written in "chronological order" or "logical order", but still have to write the main, and then write secondary.
Background 1. What is the background? The background of the news refers to the historical background of the event, the surrounding environment and other links. Writing news sometimes has to explain the background, the purpose is to help readers to deeply understand the content and value of the news, to play the role of setting off and deepening the theme, that is, answering the why in the five "w".
Western journalism believes that the background is an explanation of news events. US journalist Lester said very clearly: "I don't see any difference between the background of the news and the explanation." "Explanation, in my opinion, is the deepening of news reports. It is to put a single news event into one. In the series of events, "write", "is to provide background knowledge of the news, so that readers can make objective judgments on news events."
But "interpretation" is not an argument, and interpretation itself is a fact, that is to say, it is explained by facts. Therefore, the background of the news is also called the "factual background."
2. What is the role of the background?
The first role is to explain the cause of the news event.
The second role is to show or help the reader understand the importance of news events.
The third role is to highlight the news value of news articles.
The fourth role is to show the reporter's point of view. Journalists are not allowed to make arguments in the news, but no one can prohibit journalists from expressing their positions and opinions through the news they write. Pure and objective reporting does not exist.
3. How many types of background are there? There are three common types: comparative, descriptive, and annotative. Some journalism studies divide the background into four categories: character background, geographic background, historical background, and background of things.
The ending news ends with a summary, heuristic, call-to-action, analytical, and forward-looking... These ending writings are not much different from the writing at the end of the general narrative.

Section III Communication Writing

Communication is a news genre that uses narratives and descriptions as the main expressions to report newsworthy characters or events in a timely, concrete and vivid manner.
I. Communication Characteristics Communication is one of the most important genres of newspapers, radio stations and other media. News is obviously a basic feature. In journalism, truth, timeliness, ideology and typical meaning constitute different aspects of it. The subject matter of the report, or the character, the event, or the experience, the result, the work situation, the social outlook, etc., must be true, not allowed to be fictional or "ideal image", and the object of the report should have the necessary ideological and typical meaning. . As far as reporting is concerned, although communication is not as fast and agile as the message, sometimes it takes a long time to report the details of the characters and events, but it must be timely and still have a strong concept of timeliness. In addition to the real and time-sensitive news features, the main features of the communication are:
1, vivid.
Communication, especially character communication, has a certain literary color. The expression of the message is mainly a flat narrative, and the language pursues simplicity, clarity and accuracy. Communication uses more literary means, can describe, lyric, dialogue, can use metaphor, symbol, personification and other rhetoric. Therefore, communication has a certain literary character in language and expression methods. It is good at recreating scenes in the process of reporting real people and things, adding a lot of vividness and image, giving people a sense of three-dimensionality and presence.
In addition, although the communication is generally based on the third person narrative, the first person is also used in the communication such as "sense" and "interview". However, the "I" mainly plays the role of witnesses or interview clues. The use of the first person in the effect also adds some intimacy.
2. Integrity.
Communication must be a relatively complete and specific process of reporting a person or thing. The message side rewrites the matter, the narrative is concise and concise, and generally does not open the plot. Communication can be written by people who can also write events. The material is richer and more comprehensive than the information, and its capacity is thicker and more abundant than the message. It requires detailed and specific reporting of the events, the fate of the characters, the full plot, and even the details and scenes. These are both vivid performances and requirements for content integrity and materialization.
3. Commentary.
Communication must use direct methods to comment on people or things. The message is based on facts, except that the review message generally does not allow the author to directly comment. Communication requires the reporter's feelings and inclinations to be revealed while reporting people or events. However, the commentary of the communication is different from the argumentation of the literary style. It must always be closely related to the person or event, and rely on the facts for timely and justified evaluation. Therefore, this is a kind of discussion through means of expression, narrative, lyricism, etc. It is characterized by emotional people and rationality.
Second, the type of communication
1. Character communication is the communication of the content of the person's thoughts, words, deeds, deeds and destiny. Character communication is not just a "celebrity communication". The choice of the subject depends on the news value it contains. Generally speaking, the character must be advanced or typical. You can write "full face" on the material, or you can intercept a piece to rewrite a certain side or stage of the character. These two categories are generally based on the "line" of the character, while the "personal interview" is based on the "word" of the character. Through the interview of the reporter, the conversation of the characters is described to reveal their spiritual world.
2. Event communication is a communication with a typical event as the reporting object. Event communication is time-sensitive. It selects materials around the central event. Although it does not focus on characterizing people, it often expresses a group of people or a group through typical events. Therefore, through a more detailed display of the complete process of the event, it explores its meaning, reveals its essence, and then reflects the social customs and promotes the spirit of the times. In addition to the communication of people and events, there is another: “Working Newsletter”, which introduces the advanced deeds of a unit and disseminates its typical experiences and practices to guide general communication; “profile communication”, which describes a certain region, department, Industry, engineering new look, new weather communication. The common "sense", "Ji Xing", "Royal" and "Scatter" in the newspapers are all such. In addition, there are “news stories” and “small communication” for writing a piece of a piece, a scene, a conflict, and they promote new people and new things in a vivid and quick way. a member.
Third, communication writing
1. About the material selection and refining theme possession materials for communication writing is to collect first-hand materials through solid and meticulous interviews. Then, the typical materials and background materials are stripped out in the complicated direct materials. These materials not only require real, but also meaningful, typical and instructive, but also meaningful, concrete, complete, touching and vivid. On the basis of this, based on the deep and new principles, the communication can respond to the hotspots of the society, reflect the characteristics of the times, and promote the party's line policy, so as to guide people with correct public opinion and motivate people with advanced characters. The event shocked people. However, the communication is written by real people. The theme must be refined from real life. It cannot be “pull up” at will, nor can it be exaggerated. It can never violate the truthfulness of the news.
2, about writing people because of life, people and things. Although people and things are inseparable, in the communication of people's communications and events, there are indeed people-oriented and event-oriented differences, which are convenient for narrative. That is to say not only to write the behavior and deeds of the characters, but also to show their spiritual world; second, the unity of words and actions. Character language, behavioral expression, and convey the thoughts of the characters, while different moods, sentence patterns, vocabulary and action expressions, expressions, etc. are very revealing forms of inner colors. Writing the words and deeds of the characters is undoubtedly a living person; third, the dragon must be the finishing touch. If words, actions, and plots outline the overall image of a character as a "dragon," then revealing the meaning of the character's behavior, and pointing out the character's personality is the "eye." "Drawing the dragon" uses the narrative and description of the documentary, and the "point of the eye" is the arrogance or sensation.
3. Regarding narrative communication, it is inseparable from writing, event communication must fully describe the cause, personnel, scene, and result of the incident to explain the complexity and social influence of the incident. The narrative should pay attention to two points: First, clarify the main line and full details. In the process of the occurrence and development of a news event, there are causes and consequences, some people have things, and there are many complicated and complicated relationships. The author must sort out the main line and present it to the reader in a complete, dynamic and three-dimensional manner according to the original appearance of the event. To achieve this goal, you have to choose typical details. An excellent event newsletter must have several vivid and touching details to fully display the main line, making the work full and lively. Second, the time is the warp and the time is the weft. Communication must have a certain amount of time to go because events and stories always lie in a certain amount of time and space. Textile good time and space pictures are both a structure and an expression method. Event communication that is not long and the plot is not too complicated can use the methods of inserting, supplementing, and reciting to fully develop contradictions and use background materials to make the article change. Event communication with large capacity and complicated plot often uses time-space crossover method to cut events by means of time advancement and spatial transformation, which constitutes several aspects. After careful editing by the author, the event was completed and reported to the world.
Obviously, the selection and refining theme must be faced in all kinds of communication writing, while the writers and narratives are different because of different communication varieties. However, the communication writing mode is bound to bring constraints, so the communication culture of communication has begun to attract attention. The so-called scattered cultural tendency has the following characteristics: the living surface is more broad, the structure is not uniform, the techniques are more diversified, and the report is serialized.
Thinking and practice:
First, read the following message, and then write a quotation and topic to it:
The magazine "Educational Art", the only educational art publication in China, has celebrated its fifth birthday. Bing Xin, He Jingzhi and other famous people congratulated the inscription.
"Art of Education" was co-sponsored by the China Education and Art Research Association and the China Education Artists Association and the Institute of Youth Education and Art of the Capital Normal University. Professor Li Yanjie served as the president. The magazine aims to run the magazine with the theme of “Invigorating the Righteousness and Inspiring the People”. The main columns include “Famous Schools on Education and Art”, “Time Spiritual Magnetic Field”, “Youth Thinking” and “A Thousand Questions on Education Art”. The magazine "Educational Art" has been praised by readers at home and abroad as "a good teacher of the youth, a friend of the parents, a staff member of the cadre, and an assistant of the teacher."

Second, when a news is published in different newspapers, different titles will appear due to different editorial perspectives. Please compare and analyze the headlines of major newspapers when it comes to a major news that happened recently.
3. Write a news report about an activity in a school or a newly organized organization. Time, place, and events should be clearly explained, and attention should be paid to the details.
Xinhua News Agency reported on the 20th that the Ministry of Health recently wrote to the People's Liberation Army Air Force leading organs to commend and thank the officers and men of the Air Force for completing the task of airdropping drugs in order to rescue the employees of food poisoning on the road site in Pinglu.
The letter said that on February 3, more than 60 people were involved in food poisoning accidents on the Fenglingdu road site in a certain land in Shanxi. After the local party called, they immediately got strong support and contacted you. Special plane to airdrop drugs. In order to rescue the lives of the working-class brothers, the pilots did not hesitate to take off at night and quickly carried out this task. Due to the timely supply of medicines, all poisoned employees have been rescued from their lives. This heroic act fully demonstrates that the People’s Air Force fighters have a high spirit of serving the people and a communist style.
The letter also said that the deeds of the Air Force fighters in rescuing the poisoned workers greatly encouraged the patients to peacefully and revolutionize the people of the land. They wrote letters to thank the Party Central Committee and Chairman Mao for their concern for them, and thanked the People’s Air Force for their great efforts. support. The CCP’s Pinglu District Committee also wrote this incident as a material to educate the people of the whole place and learn the noble qualities of the People’s Liberation Army loyal to the motherland and loyal to the people.

5. Read recent newspapers, and recommend one-piece communication, event communication, and profile communication.
6. Interview on the ground and write a newsletter.