Overview of writing

Learning requirements:
Learn this chapter to understand: the concept and classification of applied writing; the role of writing and writing requirements.
Master: the concept and characteristics of the application of the text; the basic elements of the application of the text.
Focus on: the concept of the subject, material, structure, writing requirements; the beginning, the main body, the end of the writing style;
Narrative, explanation, and expression of arguments; language requirements for the use of texts.
I. Difficult and difficult content The concept and characteristics of the set of articles The use of writing is a discipline that studies the rules and methods of writing style. It has systematic theory and strong practicality.
1. The application of text refers to the styles that have a fixed format and direct application value that are commonly used by state organs, enterprises, institutions, social organizations and individuals in their daily work and life to deal with public and private affairs.
2. The practicality and practicability of the characteristics of the applied text means that the applied text has the value of actual application regardless of whether it is dealing with public affairs or private affairs. "Practical" is the most important feature of the application. The text should not only show the problem, but also clearly put forward specific opinions and methods to solve this problem, and write directly to solve the real problem. Practicality is a measure of the value of a good or bad application.
The practicality of the application is also reflected in the timeliness of writing. Delaying time, when time passes, loses its practical value.
The standardization of stylistic application of stylistic style is mainly manifested in two aspects: First, the norm of the language, that is, what kind of language is used, and there are general provisions, which cannot be used indiscriminately. The second is the specification of the format, that is, each language has a general format specification in the writing method, and cannot be changed at will.
The authenticity of the content refers to the truthfulness of the content and seeking truth from facts. Applying the text is a tool for management work. It is necessary to guide the actual work service to solve practical problems. Therefore, it completely rejects fiction and fabrication. The data and materials written in the text must be true and accurate. The spirit of the superior instructions issued and communicated is Exactly, without any artistic processing, the author will assume certain administrative and legal responsibilities.
The conciseness and conciseness of the language means that the applied language is as concise and clear as possible in the language. Applying the text is to do things, concise, in order to improve the efficiency of work; clear, in order to ensure the quality of work. Use the text to avoid using some unrealistic adjectives and unsuitable rhetorical methods such as comparison and exaggeration.
Classification of application
1. Official documents of official documents, referred to as official documents. The official documents that people usually say have both broad and narrow meanings. The broad sense of official documents refers to the documentary materials formed by statutory organs, social organizations, enterprises and institutions in official activities and in a standardized format. These include administrative documents, business documents, and various specialized documents. A narrow official document refers to an official document. The official document of an administrative organ is an instrument with statutory effect and normative form formed by the administrative organ in the process of administrative management. It is an important tool for administration according to law and for carrying out official activities, that is, the State Administration’s official document issued by the State Council on August 24, XX. Thirteen official documents listed in the “Measures”: “Commands, Decisions, Announcements, Notices, Notices, Notices, Proposals, Reports, Requests, Approvals, Comments, Letters, Meeting Minutes”.
2. Transactional clerical documents are instruments commonly used by organs, organizations, enterprises and institutions to reflect facts, solve problems, and handle daily affairs. They are highly practical, transactional, and some customary. Broadly speaking, the transactional instrument is also a public service document, the purpose of which is to handle official duties and to transmit information. The use of the term "transactional instrument" is relative to official official documents. Such as: plans, summaries, investigation reports, debriefing reports, briefings, rules and regulations.
3. Special instrument-specific documents refer to instruments that are used exclusively in accordance with special needs within a certain scope of business. Such as:
Dissemination of documents, employment documents, economic instruments, legal documents, scientific research instruments
4. Daily documents Daily documents refer to the instruments used by organs, organizations, enterprises, institutions and individuals in daily life, work and study. They have a certain standard style and can be used as a set of documents for exchanging ideas, communicating feelings and transmitting information. Such as: letters, diaries, articles, notices, couplets, thank-you letters, praise letters, applications, letters of condolences, invitations, etc.
The main purpose of the application is to refer to the central meaning of the article, which is the embodiment of the author's intentions, opinions or opinions. The subject matter also refers to the purpose of the text, the content of the text or the attitude towards the objective things. The main purpose is to apply the soul of the text, which determines the quality of the applied text, the size of the value, and the strength of the social role. The subject matter of the application is in the position of commander-in-chief compared with other elements. The choice of materials, the arrangement of structures, the use of language, and the choice of expressions must be carried out around it. The requirements for the subject matter of the application are: correct, direct, and single.
The material used to apply the text refers to a series of facts, data or arguments collected, ingested or written by the author when expressing the subject matter of the application. Materials are the basis for writing. If the main idea is to apply the soul of writing, then the material is the flesh and blood of the text. Without the material, the subject matter cannot be determined. The materials used in the text are mainly divided into two parts: theoretical materials and factual materials. Theoretical materials mainly include guidelines, policies, various laws and regulations, scientific principles, laws, and doctrines; factual materials mainly include events and situations, physical objects and phenomena. The material is related to writing, and the application of the article from the collection of materials to the finalization of the article is essentially a process of collecting, analyzing, synthesizing, selecting, arranging and combining materials. We must do the following three tasks for material work:
1. Collecting materials According to the specific writing purposes, the use of collecting materials to do a rich and typical. The so-called rich, refers to the ability to fully possess the material. The so-called typical, refers to the material can reveal the essence of things, representing the characteristics of things. Abundance refers to the amount of material, typically refers to the quality of the material, there is no certain amount, and there is no quality. The two are dialectical and unified.
The way to collect materials in general is mainly through direct access and indirect access. 1. Direct access means that the author personally obtains it from real life. For example, use observations, field surveys, interviews, questionnaires, and open surveys to collect materials directly. 2. Indirect access refers to the material obtained by the author through some kind of media. A large number of indirect materials are obtained, such as records, reports, statistics, newspapers, books, departments or units of files.
2. Analytical materials collect a large amount of materials, clarifying the main purpose of writing, and then analyzing the authenticity of materials. The truth of the material is the life of the writing. The authenticity of the analysis of materials mainly comes from two aspects: First, the objective reality of the analysis of materials. The objective truth of the material means that the author can't make it up as needed, and can't transfer flowers and fiction and exaggeration. The second is to analyze the essential authenticity of the material. The essence of material refers to some accidental individual phenomena in the real society. From a partial perspective, it does exist in objective reality and is real, but on the whole, these accidental and individual real phenomena cannot reflect things. The overall face and inner essence. Therefore, on the basis of analyzing the objective authenticity of materials, the author must also analyze the essential authenticity of materials in order to promptly eliminate false materials that do not reflect the true nature of things. The general principle of analyzing materials is: to take the rough and fine, to falsify the truth, and thus, from the table and the inside.
3. The selection of material selection materials refers to the selection and selection of materials with candidates based on the collection and analysis of materials. The materials that have been analyzed cannot be written into the application, and they must be screened according to certain principles. The choice of material is the deepening of the analytical material. The selection of materials is mainly based on the choice of typical, real and novel materials. The so-called typical material refers to the material that can concentrate and profoundly show the essence and commonality of things, and at the same time have a distinct personality color, "one by ten". The so-called authentic material refers to the fact that material is an objective reality in life, but also reflects the essence and mainstream of objective things. The novel material means that the material has a fresh meaning, the thought has a certain depth, and at the same time has a strong appeal and attraction. There are two kinds of new materials. One is that this material has never been used before. The other is that although it was used before, I used it to discover new meanings.
The structure of the application of the text is the structure of the organization within the text, and it is also the way to arrange the materials and layout. The structure is the skeleton of the text, the material is the flesh and blood of the text, the main purpose is to apply the soul of the text. There is no bone flesh and blood attached, the soul is not dependent, and whether the skeleton of the text is organic and harmonious is unified into a whole, which directly affects the expression effect of the applied text. The structure of the application is the same as the general article, including the beginning and the end, the level and paragraph, the transition and the escrow, etc., which are introduced in the following three parts: the beginning, the main body and the ending:
1. At the beginning, it refers to the question from which the article was written, and where to write it. Due to differences in writing content, language, and purpose, the common ways to start a document are:
The overview style is a narrative method at the beginning, which outlines the basic situation of the writing object, the problem, or the basic process of writing the work. This kind of beginning is mostly used for “investigation report”, “newsletter”, “summary”, “meeting minutes” and so on.
The purpose of the purpose is to open the original meaning of the purpose of writing the article. This kind of beginning is often used for briefings, notices, notices, opinions, etc.
According to the formula, according to the law, decrees; archives spirit, leadership instructions; or the other party's communication; or existing problems, emergencies and other texts. This is mostly used in decision-making, survey reports, a field prediction report, contract and other question-based questioning styles. At the beginning, the questions are raised at the beginning, creating a suspense, making people think deeply, and then drawing out the text. Situational briefings, survey reports, meeting minutes, academic papers, news, etc., sometimes begin in this way.
The explanatory formula is to first explain the background and the situation of the object to be written, and to draw the text on the basis of this. This kind of beginning is more common in survey reports, news, newsletters, advertisements, etc.
2. The main body of the subject is the backbone of the application. When considering this part of the structural arrangement, it is necessary to firmly hold the main purpose according to the purpose of the text, and clearly and clearly explain the content, situation, process, requirements, measures, methods, results, results, problems, The experience, lessons, etc. are clearly stated.
There is no fixed pattern in the writing of the main part of the text, which can be flexible and tailored. But it is not irregular, and the common structural methods are:
Sequential time series is a structure that is organized by time or by the evolution of things. There is a "sequential" relationship between the various levels. This method is commonly used in summarization, investigation reports, and briefings.
Progressive progressive means that the meaning between the contents goes one step at a time, and the order of advancement is not reversed. Economic activity analysis reports, opinions, reports, motions, etc. are commonly used in this way.
The total fractional total score is the hierarchical relationship between the general statement and the sub-report. When using this method in detail, it can be a summary of the "first bracket" arrangement, and it can also be described firstly from several aspects, and finally the overall method. This method is commonly used in briefings, survey reports, summaries, and debriefing reports.
The side-by-side parallelism is that the various levels of the article have no master-slave relationship, juxtaposed and connected, and jointly express the subject or argument. When using this method in detail, it can be: according to the distribution of space or the level of conversion of scenes, such as comprehensive briefings, survey reports, and briefings, etc., often the dynamic situation of different regions and different departments, according to the same subject, adopt the parallel structure Ways to conduct comprehensive reporting. According to the nature of the material classification level, such as empirical survey reports, summary, economic activity analysis report, etc., often divided into several levels according to the nature of the material. According to several aspects of the central argument, the various points of argument are refined, and the arguments are jointly discussed from different angles. This method is commonly used in academic papers.
3. The end of the article is the total closing of the article. The common ending methods for applying the text are:
The summary summaries are based on the central content of the main text, summarizing and summarizing, making conclusions, and highlighting the main purpose to deepen people's impression of the article. This is mostly used for summarization, investigation reports, notifications, etc.
The call-to-call call is a call at the end, calling on people to act to implement the requirements and tasks presented in the text. This is mostly used for summaries, decisions, meeting minutes, etc.
The explanatory formula is mainly to make some supplementary explanations on the unfinished matters of the main part, or to make some necessary explanations for the problems related to the content. This is mostly used for announcements, notifications, notices, rules and regulations, etc. Such as the "this notice takes effect from the date of publication", "the spirit of this notice, applicable to government agencies and institutions", etc., are supplementary explanations on related matters.
Conventional idioms are mostly used at the end of a document. This includes the petition style in the text, such as "If you do, please review the instructions", "The above comments, if there is nothing wrong, please forward the implementation of the local" and other statements with the meaning of the prayer, as the conclusion of the official document; The expectation in the following text ends with a customary statement with the desired meaning, such as "I am hereby announcing", "Issued to follow", "I wish to execute".
The above various structural forms may be used in one application, or may be used in combination with one or the other. In short, the structure of the arrangement must serve the main purpose. Strive to seek change in the constant structural form, and strive for stability in the changing structural form.
The language of the set of texts should be written in the following aspects to pay attention to the language.
1 Accurate and accurate means that the words should be consistent with the style, the language should be accurate, coherent, logical, and the sentence should be grammatical.
2 Simplified and concise refers to the simplicity and refinement of the language, expressing the richest content with the least amount of text.
3 simple and simple, that is, without exaggerating language, to prevent false and false words, to maintain the seriousness of writing.
The expression of the expression of the text is the expression angle and method used to express the relevant content when writing the text. The expression of the application is usually only: narrative, argument and explanation.
1. Narrative narrative is to introduce and explain the process of the character and the process of the development of things. Here are a few common narrative methods:
Overview, detailing, and narration are summaries of a situation, the basic face of a process, so that the reader can understand a summary, which is the most widely used in the application.
The detailed description is a detailed description of the basic features of a certain thing or the specific process of an event, so that the reader has a detailed understanding. Such as product manuals, survey reports, etc.
The narration is a matter of carrying out many things happening at different times and in different places, focusing on one subject and separately. The use of the narration in the text is mostly about the paralleling of several things or the affairs of several departments, units, and several people.
Shun, narrative, and recitative are a way of arranging paragraphs in full accordance with the process of time or development. In this way, the process of developing things can be clearly defined and clearly defined. Such as briefings, work summary, etc. This is generally the way to write.
Interpretation means that in the process of describing the main events, it is sometimes necessary to temporarily interrupt the narrative clues and insert the narrative of another matter. After the narrative is completed, the narratives are continued. Interpretation, sometimes to supplement major events, sometimes to highlight personality, and sometimes to supplement certain issues. For example, in an investigation report or some narrative official document, when a certain content is described, a description of another content is often inserted. Interpretation can supplement materials, enrich content, and make the article more fulfilling.
A flashback is an important episode in which the ending or event is written first, and then described in terms of the occurrence and development of the event. For example, summaries, survey reports, etc., often first describe the results, results, and then go back to the work progress, process and experience. In this way, you can emphasize the ending and highlight the key points.
Narrative is an expression of “easy to learn and difficult to work”. The narrative of the application must be done: First, it is clear. The application is not a complete narrative. Most of them only describe a plot, a piece, and a process. Therefore, the clues should not be complicated. The main line must be clear and distinct, and the narrative should also pay attention. The second is to explain. The purpose of the narrative is to describe and explain the basic content of the text. The six elements of the narrative do not have to be written one by one in the article, but the ins and outs of the matter must be clearly stated and explained. The third is detailed and appropriate. The narrative should grasp the key points and distinguish the primary and secondary. Anything that plays an important role in the main purpose of expression must be written in detail; anything that has little to do with the subject matter should be abbreviated. Only when the details are appropriate, the focus of the article will be prominent and the subject matter will be clear.
2. The explanation is to clarify the shape, nature, characteristics, causes, relationships, functions, etc. of the things in a concise manner, or to express the experience and characteristics of the characters. The commonly used description methods for applying the text are:
Defining and interpreting definitional definitions means revealing the essential attributes of things in a concise and clear language, giving people a clear idea. Defining the description will enable people to have a clear and essential understanding of what is being explained. It also enables people to distinguish this thing from other things.
Although the definition can scientifically reveal the essential attributes of things, but because its generality is too strong, more abstract, and the characteristics of things and phenomena are difficult to be detailed, it is often necessary to supplement the definition with explanation.
The explanation is a detailed explanation of the concept, which is a supplementary explanation of the definition. Usually after the definition. Common definitions and explanations for various scientific instruments and special instruments.
Classification and example classification descriptions are objects to be described. According to their nature, shape, cause, relationship, function, etc., they are divided into different categories according to certain criteria, and then described by class.
For example, a prominent example is given to illustrate things. It is a kind of method that is generally recognized by individuals and gives people a sense of reality. For example, you should carefully select examples to make the case typical, representative, and instructive. Use examples such as papers, summaries, reports, survey reports, and notifications in the text.
Comparison and comparison of descriptions is a way of comparing different things or comparing different situations of something. Comparisons include analogies and comparisons. When comparing, highlight the similarities between things, this is the analogy; the place that highlights the difference between things is the contrast.
The quotation is a description of the matter or affair, and it is necessary to quote some authoritative information related to the description. References can be used for proof services or for description services. Citation is used to prove that the author is reasonable and convincing; to cite the content in order to enrich the content or as a basis for explanation. Citations must be relevant and targeted. The cited materials should be carefully verified and the source must be indicated.
Numbers and chart numbers indicate that numbers are used to describe things and things. Numerical descriptions, including divisors, multiples, percentages, etc. Using numerical instructions, the numbers must be carefully verified to make the source reliable and accurate. Even if you estimate the number, you must have a basis and try to be close.
The chart shows that the nature and characteristics of things are illustrated by illustrations, tables, and photographs. The diagram description can make the description object from abstract to concrete, which is easy for the reader to understand and master. However, when using the diagram, pay attention to the appropriate text to explain.
The above eight methods are often used interchangeably in the application, and they have no high or low points. When writing, you should proceed from the actual situation and use it flexibly according to the content of the explanation, the reader's object and the purpose of writing.
3. Argumentation is to express the expression of ideas by putting facts and reasoning. Argument is generally composed of three elements: argument, argument, and argument. The argument is the author's proposition, opinion and attitude towards the issues discussed. It is often the subject of argument, or central argument; the argument is the reason and basis for proving the argument, it is mainly the factual material in the argument, it is the basis of argument; the argument is the process and method of proving the argument . Applying appropriate arguments in the text can deepen the main purpose and point out the essence of the matter; sometimes using arguments can also transcend the things that are to be discussed and let the readers play the association. Commonly used methods of argument are:
The arguments in the case of arguments are based on typical concrete facts as arguments to prove the argument. It is also a method of "putting the facts." The most important thing is to pay attention to the consistency and close unity of the relationship between the argument and the argument.
Contrasting argumentation and argumentation is to compare the two opposite cases in the arguments, form a clear contrast, set off against each other, and have a strong argumentation power. There are two ways to compare arguments: one is the “horizontal ratio”, which compares two distinct things in the same period. One is the "ratio", which compares the different things of the same thing at different times.
The analogy argument analogy is to compare things with similar characteristics to achieve the purpose of accurately understanding things. In the application of writing, it is more common to compare some units and enterprises with similar scales and conditions.
The above are the three most basic methods of argumentation. In addition, there are also affair extension methods, counter-evidence methods, analytical methods, etc., which are not introduced one by one.
The arguments in the application of the text should be based on facts, based on the law, and be sensible and concise. Except for academic papers, which are mainly argumentative, the general arguments are not long-formed, and there is no need for side-by-side quotations and repeated arguments.
Narrative, explanation, and argumentation are three common expressions of the text, and they are explained separately for convenience. In the application of writing, there are not many ways to use a certain method. It is often based on a certain expression method.
The role of the application of the text in different societies, different historical periods, with different content and form play a different social role. At this stage, its social role is mainly reflected in the following aspects:
1. Publicity and education, guiding the role of work
2. Deliver information and coordinate communication
3. Writing requirements for the application of evidence and vouchers
1. Be familiar with policies and regulations and have a high level of policy
2. Have a wider knowledge
3. Have a strong ability to express words, learn grammar, rhetoric, logical knowledge, strengthen writing practice, and constantly improve writing skills
4. To have a standardized format, the meaning of computer writing, the so-called computer writing, refers to the use of computer new information medium, using keyboard, electronic pen, voice input device and even tactile, visual and psychological sensing as a new writing tool, with computer screen as information The new display interface, with computer floppy disk and hard disk as the carrier of information, carries out information recording, communication and transmission activities with distinct subject colors.
The difference between computer writing and traditional writing
1. Writing tools are different. Traditional writing tools are mainly knives and various pens, while computer writing tools are keyboards, scanners, electronic pens, voice input devices, and so on. Articles written with computer writing tools can be copied, added, deleted, modified, and affixed at will, and can also be accompanied by animations, pictures, movies, and so on. Therefore, compared with traditional writing tools, the tools for computer writing are more convenient, which not only greatly improves the writing speed, but also has a more vivid effect, a more flexible way, and a smoother process.
2. Writing is different. The linear order of traditional writing, because of the limitations of the writing carrier, people must express information according to a certain time and space order and logical order, and the information is quickly solidified and shaped, which is very inconvenient to add, change and modify the content; The carrier of computer writing has almost no space limitation, breaking through the linear orbit of traditional writing and exhibiting nonlinear characteristics. The super-link function of the computer can arrange the articles at will, the fonts can be exchanged at will, and the colors can be changed at will, so that the author's thinking is in a free environment of time and space and cross-media.
3. The difference in writing media. Traditional writing uses singular words; while computer writing is diversified and diverse. In addition to text, computer writing can also be free to add sound, graphics, images and video. In e-mail and online chat, people also use various symbols to exchange ideas and convey emotions, which greatly enhances people's writing interest. It also greatly enriched the expressive power of writing.
4. There are different ways to collect materials. Traditional writing has two channels for collecting materials, namely direct collection and indirect collection. In addition to the above two channels, computer writing can also be carried out through network sharing. The electronic text on the Internet forms a huge library of information, and its information retrieval capabilities far exceed any modern library in the world. With a mouse click, you can find whatever material we need, as fast and efficiently.