Chinese study survey report

Author: Guo Zhenwei since 1958. Our announcement "Pinyin" since the Pinyin has been widely used for various sets of Chinese language teaching, lexicography, radio, television and Chinese information processing, and promote the promotion of the national language, to people's lives has brought great Convenience. In 1988, the National Board of Education and the National Language and Literature Working Committee also promulgated and published the "Basic Rules for the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet", which was officially announced as a national standard in 1996. Since then, the use of Chinese pinyin has gradually embarked on the normative track. The spelling of Chinese has been changed from the original syllable spelling to the word segmentation, which is more in line with the principle of natural segmentation of discourse, which makes the Chinese phonetic writing consistent with the actual Chinese spoken language. However, to this day, although the "Basic Rules for the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet" has been promulgated and implemented for more than ten years, there are still a lot of irregular Chinese phonetic writing in the use. To this end, we conducted a social survey of Chinese pinyin writing, which involved the introduction of Chinese pinyin in trademarks, newspapers, book covers, names of enterprises and institutions, road signs, personal business cards, and TV station logos and program names. A lot of questions. We hope that this survey will attract the attention of all walks of life. People can use Chinese Pinyin in strict accordance with national regulations to ensure the smooth progress of language standardization.

Survey status

Among the thousands of Hanyu Pinyin we surveyed, there are 392 kinds of commodity trademarks, of which 128 are written in pinyin, 63 are written irregularly, accounting for 49.2% of the total number of trademarks using Pinyin; 2018 kinds of books, cover writing 245 kinds of pinyin, 145 kinds of non-standard, accounting for 59.2%; 716 kinds of journals, 190 kinds of pinyin cover, 61 kinds of non-standard, accounting for 32.1%; newspaper header, column name 67, using pinyin 60 43 non-standardized, the non-standardization rate is as high as 71.7%; the number of TV station columns is 65, 35 are used in pinyin, 30 are not standardized, and the non-standardization rate is as high as 85.7%; 100 personal business cards are surveyed, 20 using pinyin Zhang, 14 unregulated, non-standardization rate is as high as 70%; 286 signs in a certain district of Jinan City, 50 using Pinyin, 23 not standardized, accounting for 46%; 36 places in a certain district of Jinan City, street names, All use pinyin, but none of them are spelled correctly.

From the above statistics, we can see that the use of Hanyu Pinyin in the society is less; the situation of Chinese Pinyin writing is not standardized. This paper focuses on the analysis of the irregularity of Chinese pinyin writing.

Irregular writing in publications, television, and trademarks

Mainly write and write. The sub-writing means that Chinese pinyin is spelled by syllables, and even if it is a pinyin letter, it forms a long-letter spelling. These are two typical irregular spellings. The "Basic Rules for the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet" published in 1988 and a series of related regulations promulgated before and after this require the separation of words, such as: "Several Provisions on the Correct Use of Languages ​​in Radio, Film, and Television", "About Enterprise, The regulations on the correct use of Chinese characters and Chinese Pinyin for plaques, merchandise packaging, advertisements, etc., the Regulations on the Correct Use of Chinese Characters and Pinyin in Various Sports Activities, and the Chinese Pinyin Spelling Method for Chinese Papers. However, we found in the survey that the write-and-write style is quite common, accounting for more than 60% of the irregular writing. For example: the article is organized;

1. Write:

1 Book cover: "Basic Theory of Linguistics" spelled into YU YAN XUE JI CHU LI LUN

2 Journal Cover: "Chinese Learning" is spelled into

HAN YU XUE XI

3 Header: "China Reform News" spelled into ZHONG GUO GAI GE BAO

4 TV column name: CCTV “Performance Arena” is spelled “YAN YI JING JI CHANG”, “Friends of Variety” is spelled “ZONG YI ZHI YOU”.

2. Write even:

1 Book cover: "Modern Chinese" is spelled XIANDAIHANYU

2 Journal cover: "Language Journal" spelled into YUWENXUEKAN

"Learning Chinese" spelled into XUEYUWEN

3 Header: The "China Education News" column "Educational Observation", "Growth Bookshelf", "History Monograph", etc. are all pinyin-connected.

4 TV column name: CCTV "Chinese Music TV" is spelled "ZHONGGUOYINYUEDIANSHI"

Irregular spelling in person names:

As early as 1974, the Chinese Character Reform Committee published the "Chinese name pinyin spelling method", which stipulated the pinyin writing of names; in 1988, the "Basic Rules of Chinese Pinyin Orthography" reaffirmed the name writing method. "Chinese names are written by first name and last name, and surnames and first names are capitalized." Non-Chinese names are written in the original text of the Roman alphabet, and the names of non-Roman letters are converted according to the Roman letter of the text. Write spelling. With these two files as the standard, the pinyin writing of names also has a clear norm. However, in our survey of personal business cards, known journal covers and their names in English, we still find many cases of irregular spelling, mainly the following:

1. Non-Chinese names are not spelled correctly. Such as: "The revolution of the Copernican" spelled into Ge bai ni shi de ge ming.

2. The last name is all capitalized, the first letter of the name is capitalized, and the rest is lowercase; some names have a line between the two words. For example, in the English Catalogue of "World Chinese Teaching", "Zhao Jinming" is spelled into ZHAO Jinming, and "Zhang Kai" is spelled into ZHANG Kai.

In the catalogue of Geography and Territory Research, "Lu Yi Burn" is spelled "Lu yiran".

4. Some even have the wrong writing of letters, such as: "Wen Zhengbang" in the "Modern Law" catalogue into "WEN Zhen-bang".

Irregular spelling in place names and unit signs

Since 1984, China has begun to standardize the writing of Chinese phonetic transcriptions of place names, and promulgated the "Rules of Chinese Pinyin Letters in Chinese Place Names", which is written in the spelling of place names, "writing, writing, soundproofing, and sounding." And the "transition" and "names of construction sites, memorial sites and enterprises and institutions that play the role of geographical names" have been detailed in detail: in 1987, the "names of geographical names" may not be used in the "Western style" Notice of spelling and foreign language; In 1988, the Basic Rules of Chinese Pinyin Orthography, in addition to reaffirming the above provisions, also stipulated the spelling of non-Chinese place names, so that the spelling rules of place names are more perfect. These rules have been promulgated for more than a decade now. However, in our investigation, many problems have been found. In addition to the common phenomenon of writing and writing, there are mainly the following:

1. The signboard is written in both English and Chinese. For example, “Provincial Chinese Medicine Savings Center” is spelled “SHENGZHONGYISAVINGOFFICE”.

2. Old spelling methods such as postal and Weitoma are still common. For example: “Peking University” is spelled “Peking University”, “Tsingtao Beer” is spelled “TSINGTAO BEER”, “Guizhou Maotai” is spelled “KWEICHOW MOUTAI”, and “Chinese” cigarette is spelled “CHUNGHWA”.

In the Chinese phonetic writings we surveyed, there are mixed cases, missing soundproof symbols, moving errors, etc. These all indicate that the problems in Chinese pinyin writing are very serious, even many core journals and authoritative departments. A similar situation has occurred. What is more serious is that the "Modern Chinese Dictionary" and "Xinhua Dictionary", which should have become the model of Chinese phonetic writing, the Chinese pinyin on the cover is also written in a long-standing style, which is very inconsistent with the standard spelling in the book. This kind of situation shows that it is imperative to impose strict standards on Chinese pinyin writing.

Second analysis and discussion

The meaning of pinyin positive lexical

The consciousness of "partitioning and writing" was already presented in the movement of the cut-and-speech in the late Qing Dynasty. At that time, it was called "a series of books." In 1923, Li Jinxi published a long paper in the special issue of the Chinese Language Monthly, "Hanzi Reformation", and clearly proposed the "word-like book". He conducted a detailed analysis of the "word-like books", emphasizing the importance of the "word-like books" to the Chinese phonetic characters. This is the first systematic study of the word-separation problem, and the study of "positive lexical" Gradually developed. The "Basic Rules for Chinese Pinyin Orthography" published in 1988 is the crystallization of the "word segmentation" research in the past 100 years. It is a necessary supplement to the "Chinese Pinyin Program" and is of great significance in real life:

1. From the perspective of Chinese teaching, the implementation of word segmentation is more in line with the semantic unit of Chinese, which can improve the speed of reading. Any language is expressed in terms of words, and so is Chinese. We usually speak silently in the heart, and naturally speak out words according to the words; the word segmentation of pinyin is more consistent with the natural segmentation principle of discourse, so that the phonetic writing is consistent with the actual Chinese spoken language, which can reduce The process of converting individual syllables into words greatly improves people's reading speed. Similarly, any type of pinyin text must be written in separate words, otherwise it will cause difficulty in reading. Let's look at the following English example:

1The fish tasted so unpleasant that he threw it away in disgust.

2Thefishtastedsounpleasangtthathethrewitawayindisgust.

Compared with the two cases, it is obvious that 1 is clear, meaning "this fish is very unpalatable, he throws it away in disgust." And although 2 is exactly the same as 1 , but because there is no participle, it is incomprehensible. .

2. From the perspective of machine information processing, first, the use of Chinese Pinyin word segmentation can greatly reduce the homophonic rate. In modern Chinese, the more syllables of words, the smaller the probability of homophones; the monosyllabic words have the same homophonic rate, while the two-syllable and multi-syllable words have the same homophonic rate. The use of multi-syllable rules and the implementation of word-based word input can greatly reduce the probability of homophone selection and improve work efficiency. For example: the word "student", enter "xue" or "sheng" separately and have many homophones, you need to choose, but you can choose the same word by typing "xuesheng". Second, based on the word segmentation, the word segmentation can be done in advance, so that the machine can automatically read the text. In recent years, research in this area has made great progress. In the late 1980s, the "Modern Chinese Word Segmentation Standards for Information Processing" was formulated. The use of computers to segment Chinese written words one by one greatly promoted the processing speed of Chinese words and facilitated Chinese computers. Research and application of modern technology.

Reasons for irregular writing:

Since the Chinese Pinyin Orthography has such an important meaning, it should be widely applied in society, but why are there so many irregular spells that ignore the "positive lexical"? We analyze the following reasons:

1. The influence of traditional "Chinese character" consciousness

Since ancient times, China has emphasized the language and the language. Some people even reversed the relationship between language and words, and thought that language is attached to words. Moreover, when we write Chinese, we write down a series of Chinese characters. There is no distance between words and words. This creates the illusion that only the writing unit of the word has no writing unit. In the long run, this kind of "word" consciousness is People are deeply rooted in their minds. Mr. Zhou Youguang once said that everyone has a “sense of words” when they speak. Even children are no exception. After learning Chinese characters, they gradually develop reading habits based on “words” and slowly press the clear sense of words to I went to the subconscious, got to know the word, and lost the word. This is called "loss of words." Due to the influence of traditional word consciousness, when writing Chinese pinyin, or writing it into a paragraph, or even writing a long string, this is the performance of the word loss. Therefore, from the root of its thoughts, in order to use Chinese Pinyin in a standardized way within the whole society, it is necessary to get rid of the shackles of the "word" consciousness and establish a correct "word" consciousness.

2. Insufficient promotion of Chinese Pinyin Orthography

The implementation of the Basic Rules of Chinese Pinyin Orthography must be implemented under the protection of administrative means. However, in fact, many departments have not paid enough attention to this. After the publication of the regulations, there is no strong measure for implementation and inspection and supervision. As a result, people do not understand the rules of pinyin writing, and the irregular writing in society has not been long-term. To correct.

3. Orthography is not fully valued in school education

Schools are the main front for promoting the basic rules of universal lexical grammar. However, according to our investigation, since 1988, the basic rules of Chinese Pinyin Orthography have not been mentioned in the Chinese textbooks of the national and middle schools. Most of the modern Chinese and linguistic textbooks of the 16 colleges and universities surveyed are not involved. There are only a few textbooks on Chinese Pinyin Orthography, such as: Xu Qing, editor of Modern Chinese, Modern Chinese, edited by the Modern Chinese Writing Group of Shaanxi Normal University, Modern Chinese by Huang Borong and Liao Xudong, and Editor-in-Chief of Peng Zerun and Li Yujia. The Principles of Language Writing. In addition, the art and other majors did not open a language course, let alone a positive lexical.

4. Lack of understanding of the widespread use of Chinese pinyin

Chinese Pinyin is a tool for phonetic transcription of Chinese characters and a tool for promoting Mandarin. This is its basic function. After the appearance of the Basic Rules of Chinese Pinyin Orthography, Chinese Pinyin has further developed into a tool for writing Chinese, and thus has become even more A wide range of roles. However, most people in the society still limit its functions to phonetic and push, just arbitrarily spelling for the beauty of design, ignoring the important use of Chinese pinyin as a tool for writing Chinese.

5. Interference between classical Chinese and English old spelling

In recent years, the retro tendency of style has risen. The use of more elegant and literary expressions in literary works is more popular. Because there are many monosyllabic words, only spells can be used. The spelling of words causes a tendency to deviate from spoken language. At the same time, there are still many old forms of spelling on advertisements, trademarks and propaganda in society. In such an environment, people will gradually get used to it, and even form the wrong consciousness of standard spelling.

Countermeasures:

In view of the various reasons for the above-mentioned irregular Chinese phonetic writing, we believe that in order to eliminate the misspelling as soon as possible, we should trace the roots and treat both the symptoms and the root causes.

First of all, it is necessary to strengthen government behavior, give full play to the leading role of government departments, and ensure the smooth implementation of the Basic Rules of Chinese Pinyin Orthography and other relevant regulations through legislative and other administrative means. It is necessary for the relevant state departments to reaffirm the various regulations that have been published over the years and to subordinate the subordinate agencies to correct the irregular phonetic writing as soon as possible. Encouragingly, on October 31, 2000, the Eighteenth Session of the Ninth NPC Standing Committee adopted the "General Languages ​​and Characters Law of the People's Republic of China", which is the first special law on language in China. The birth of China's language standardization and standardization work formally entered the legal system and entered a new era. This method reaffirms that the Chinese Pinyin Program is a tool for spelling and phonetic transcription of the national language, and is a unified norm for the Roman spelling of Chinese names and Chinese documents. The Chinese Pinyin Orthography is not mentioned in the main body of the General Language and Character Law. We suggest to include this part in the future implementation rules so that the standardization of Chinese Pinyin writing can be guaranteed by law.

Second, we must give full play to the basic role of school education in the standardization of Chinese pinyin writing. The school is the basic position to implement the relevant provisions of the national language and characters. The success of school education is directly related to the standardization of the use of language and characters in the whole society. In view of some imperfections in current school education, we suggest that the content of orthography should be added to the textbooks of college linguistics, especially modern Chinese textbooks. In addition, the content of the lexical grammar should be added to the basic education. As for the depth of the national or small school, the depth of the vocabulary should be further studied according to factors such as the acceptability of students and the coherence of learning. The stage is to teach the lexical grammar, so that students can establish a "word" awareness. Forming correct writing habits and using Hanyu Pinyin in a standardized way is a key part of popularizing the positive lexical.

The standardization of Chinese language construction is one of the basic projects of China's modernization construction. If the government strengthens management and school education fills the gap and popularizes the Chinese phonetic lexical grammar, it will definitely improve the level of Chinese teaching and the level of Chinese information processing, and effectively promote the country. The process of modernization.

references:

[1] Modern Chinese Dictionary, Commercial Press, 1996

[2] "Xinhua Dictionary", Shanxi Education Press, 1999

[3] Zhou Youguang, "Chinese Language Talk", People's Education Press, 1992