Abstract writing

With the development of science and technology, more and more scholars are involved in the field of writing academic papers. How to write academic papers and how academic papers are written and formatted? Let me introduce the writing of academic papers. I hope that I can Your essay writing is helpful.
1 The concept and role of abstract

The abstract is also called summary and content summary. The abstract is a essay that succinctly and accurately describes the important content of the document for the purpose of providing a summary of the content of the document without comment or supplementary explanation. The basic elements include research purposes, methods, results, and conclusions. Specifically, it is the main object and scope of the research work, the methods and methods used, the results and important conclusions, and sometimes other important information with intelligence value. The abstract should be independent and self-evident, and have the same amount of information as the literature, that is, without reading the full text, the necessary information can be obtained. A complete paper is required to write a summary of the abstract. The main functions of the abstract are:
1) Let the readers understand the main content of the paper as soon as possible to supplement the lack of title. The information of modern scientific literature is so vast that readers will read the full text after searching for the title of the paper, mainly by reading the abstract; therefore, the abstract is responsible for attracting readers and introducing the main content of the article to the reader.
2) Facilitate the construction and maintenance of the scientific and technical information retrieval database. After the publication of the thesis, abstracts or various databases can be used directly without modification or minor modification, so as to avoid misunderstandings, inadequacies and even errors that may be generated by others. With the rapid development of electronic computer technology and internet, online query, retrieval and download of professional data has become an important means of current scientific and technological information retrieval. Online full-text database and abstract database have become more and more modern. The level and development trend of social information exchange. At the same time, the index of the abstract of the paper is an important tool for readers to search the literature. Therefore, the quality of the abstract of the paper directly affects the retrieval rate and citation frequency of the paper.
2 Classification of abstracts

According to the different functions of the abstract, there are roughly three types as follows.
2.1 Reporting Summary The Reporting Summary is a concise summary of the subject area and content of a document, which is equivalent to an introduction. The report abstract is generally used to reflect the purpose, method and main results and conclusions of the scientific paper, and to provide the reader with as much qualitative or quantitative information as possible within a limited number of words, fully reflecting the innovation of the research. If there is no innovative content in scientific papers, if there is no distinctive method or conclusion that can stand the test, it will not attract readers' interest in reading; therefore, it is recommended that academic journals use more reportable summaries than words in other categories. A little more space, to introduce the reader to the main content of the paper. The author's main research results and relatively complete quantitative and qualitative information are reported in the form of “excerpt points”. The length is about 300 words.
2.2 Indicative Summary The indicative summary is a summary of the nature and level of the topic and the results achieved, and is intended to give the reader a general understanding of the main content of the study. The abstracts with less innovation content can be written as indicative summaries, which are generally applicable to academic journals' briefings, problem discussions and other columns, as well as technical journals, which only introduce the thesis topics in a general way, so that the readers can roughly summarize the main contents of the papers. Understanding. The length is about 100 words.
2.3 Reporting - Indicative Summary Reporting - The indicative abstract is the most valuable part of the paper in the form of a report abstract, and the rest is expressed in an indicative summary. The length is 100 to 200 words.
The above three abstract classification forms are available for authors to choose. Generally speaking, submissions to academic journals should be in the form of a report abstract; only those papers with less innovation can be written as a report-indicative or indicative summary. The ultimate goal of the publication of the paper is to be used. If the abstract is not well written, in today's era of information proliferation, the papers will enter the abstracts and search databases, and the chances of being read and quoted will be much less and even lost. A paper is of high value and has many innovative contents. If it is written as an indicative summary, it may lose more readers. In this case, if the author's abstract is written too briefly, the editor should remind him of the modification when he or she retreats.

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3 Writing notes for abstracts

1) The summary should exclude the content that has become common sense in the subject area; it is forbidden to write the content that should appear in the introduction into the abstract; generally do not interpret and comment on the content of the paper.
2) Do not simply repeat the information already in the title. For example, the title of an article is "Study on the occurrence of rhizome in several Chinese orchid seed test tubes". At the beginning of the abstract, please don't write: "For the sake of..., the occurrence of rhizome in several Chinese blue seed test tubes Research."
3) The structure is rigorous, the expression is concise, and the semantics are exact. Abstract what to write first, what to write later, to arrange in a logical order. Sentences must be coherent and coherent. Abstract Use long sentences with caution, and sentence patterns should be simple. Every sentence has to be understood, no empty, general, and ambiguous words, but the abstract is a complete essay after all, and the telegraph style is not enough. The summary is not segmented.
4) Use a third person. It is recommended to use the descriptions of “research on...”, “reported...the status quo”, “conducted...investigation” to indicate the nature of the document and the subject of the document. It is not necessary to use “this article” or “author” as the subject. .
5) To use standardized terminology, there are no common symbols and terms. If the new term has no suitable Chinese terminology, the original text may be indicated by the original text or after the parenthesis.
6) Except for the fact that it is impossible to change, no mathematical formulas or chemical structural formulas are used, and no illustrations or tables appear.
7) No citations are required unless the document confirms or denies the work published by others.
8) Abbreviations, abbreviations, and code names must be explained in addition to the readers of adjacent majors. Other matters that should be noted when writing scientific papers, such as the use of legal units of measurement, the correct use of language and punctuation, etc., also apply to the preparation of abstracts. At present, the main problems in the compilation of abstracts are: incomplete elements, or lack of purpose, or lack of methods; citations appear, no independence and self-clarity;

4 English abstract

The main discussion here is the English abstract attached to the Chinese scientific paper, which contains the title, abstract and keywords. Gb 7713-87 stipulates that for international exchanges, scientific and technical reports, dissertations and academic papers should be accompanied by a foreign abstract. In principle, the notes written in the above Chinese abstract are applicable to English abstracts, but English has its own expressions and language habits, and special attention should be paid when writing English abstracts.
4.1 English title
1) The structure of the title. The English title uses the phrase as the main form, especially the noun phrase is the most common, that is, the title is basically composed of one or several nouns plus its preposition and postposition. For example: the frequent bryophytes in the mountain helanshan; thermodynamic characteristics of water absorption of heattreated wood. Phrase-type titles must be well defined and then modified. The order of the words is very important, and the word order is improper, which will lead to inaccurate expression. The title should generally not be a declarative sentence, because the title is mainly used as a labeling function, and the declarative sentence is easy to make the title have a judgmental semantics; otherwise, the declarative sentence is not concise and eye-catching, and the emphasis is not easy to highlight. In a few cases, you can use the interrogative sentence to make the title, because the interrogative sentence can have an exploratory tone and is easy to attract readers' interest. For example: can agricultural mechanization be realized without petroleum?.
2) The number of words in the title. The title should not be too long. Foreign scientific journals generally limit the number of questions. For example, the American Medical Association stipulates that the title does not exceed 2 lines, and each line does not exceed 42 printed symbols and spaces; the National Cancer Institute magazine j nat cancer inst requires no more than 14 words; the British Mathematical Society requires no more than 12 titles. word. These rules are for our reference. The general principle is that the title should be exact, concise, and eye-catching. Under the premise of accurately reflecting the specific content of the paper, the fewer the nouns, the better.

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3) Consistency of Chinese and English titles. In the same paper, the English title and the Chinese title should be consistent, but it does not mean that the words should be one-to-one. In many cases, individual non-substantive words may be omitted or changed. For example: the direct measurement of heat transmitted wet steam. In the literal translation of the English title, the translation is “direct measurement of the amount of heat transferred by wet steam”. Compared with the Chinese title, although the terms are different, the content is consistent.
4) The article in the title. In the early years, the articles in the title of scientific and technical papers were used more frequently. In recent years, there has been a tendency to simplify. Any articles that are not available can be used. For example: the effect of groundwater quality on the wheat yield and quality. The title of the two places can be used.
5) The case in the title. The case of the title letter has the following three formats.
All letters are capitalized. For example: optimal disposition of roller chain drive
The first letter of each word is capitalized, but the articles, conjunctions, and prepositions of 3 or 4 letters are all lowercase. For example: the deformation and strength of concrete dams with defects
The first letter of the first word of the title is capitalized, and the rest of the letters are lowercase. For example: topographic inversion of interval velocities.
Currently b. format is used the most, and the use of c. format has an increasing trend.
6) Abbreviations in the title. Abbreviations that have been recognized by the entire scientific community or the scientific and technical personnel of the industry can be used in the title, otherwise it should not be used easily.
4.2 English translation of author and author unit
1) Author. Chinese names are spelled in Chinese Pinyin; other non-English national names are spelled according to the Roman letters provided by the author himself.
2) Unit. The name of the unit should be written in full, with the address and zip code to ensure easy contact. Some time ago, some English translations of unit organizations adopted abbreviations, and outsiders did not know what to do. The result was confusion. Fao, who, mit is well known, and bfu is beijing forestry university, I am afraid that only "inside the circle" is known. In addition, the unit English translation must use the unit's unified translation method, must not start a new stove.
4.3 English abstract
1) The tense of the English abstract. The use of the English abstract tense is also better to be concise. It is common to use the present tense, the general past tense, and to use the current completion time and the past completion time, and the tense and other composite tenses are basically not used.
present tense. Used to illustrate the purpose of the study, to describe the research content, to describe the results, to draw conclusions, to make recommendations or to discuss. The examples are as follows: the study is to...the anatomy of secondary xylem in stem of davidia involucrata and camptotheca acuminata is compared. the result shows...,it is found that...the conclusions are...the author suggests.... Involving recognized facts, natural laws, eternal truths, etc., of course, the general present tense is also used.
simple past tense. Used to describe the discovery of a certain moment in the past, a research process. For example: the heat pulse technique was applied to study the stemstaflow of two main deciduous broadleaved tree species in july and august, 1996. It should be pointed out that the findings and phenomena described in the general past tense are often not recognized as natural laws. The eternal truth, but only how it was at the time; the described research process also clearly marked the traces of the past.
Now when it's done and when it's done in the past. Less used when done, but not used. Now completes the past events that have occurred in the past or have been completed in the past, and the past completions can be used to indicate things that have been completed before a certain time in the past, or another past behavior that was completed before a past event was completed. . For example: concrete has been studied for many years. man has not yet learned to store the solar energy.?

2) The voice of the English abstract. What kind of voice is used, both the characteristics of the abstract and the needs of expression must be considered. An abstract is short, try not to mix it casually, and don't mix it in one sentence.
Active voice. It is now argued that the predicate verbs in the abstract are more and more active in their voices, because they help the text to be clear, concise and powerful. The author systematically introduces the history and development of the tissue culture of poplar is stronger than the history and development of the tissue culture of poplar are introduced systematically. If necessary, the author systematically can be removed, starting directly with introduces.
passive voice. In the past, I emphasized the use of passive voice. The reason is that scientific papers mainly explain the facts. As for who did it, there is no need to prove it. In fact, in the indicative summary, it is better to emphasize the action bearer or the passive voice. Even in the report summary, in some cases the passive person does not matter, and the subject matter must be emphasized. For example: in this case, a greater accuracy in measuring distance might be obtained.? 3) The English abstract is called. The first sentence of the original abstract begins with the third person called this paper... and now tends to start with a more concise passive voice or a prototype verb. For example: to describe..., to study..., to investigate..., to assess...,to determine...,the torrent classification model and the hazard zone mapping model are developed based on the geography information system. In order to facilitate the editing and publication of the abstracts.
4) Precautions. Some common mistakes should be avoided.
Article. Mainly the definite article the easy to be missed. The is used to indicate the uniqueness of the whole group, classification, time, place name, the highest level of adjectives, etc., and is used for special reasons. There is a principle here that when we use the, the listener or the reader already knows what we are referring to. For example: the author designed a new machine. the machine is operated with solar energy.? Because there are more and more abbreviations now, pay attention to distinguish between a and an, such as an x ​​ray.
numeral. Avoid using Arabic numerals as a first word, such as: three hundred dendrolimus tabulaeformis larvae are collected... three hundred? Don't write 300.?
Single and plural. Some nouns singular and plural forms are not easy to identify, which causes the predicate form to be wrong.
Try to use short sentences. Because long sentences tend to cause unclear semantics; but avoid monotony and repetition. Sci-tech periodicals involve a lot of majors, and English is not easy to master. There are differences in all walks of life and even expressions and words. If you have the opportunity, you should contact more with the English-speaking countries, and ask them to change some abstracts or papers written by Chinese people, accumulate experience, and explore the law. If we lack such an opportunity, it will also help us to improve our English writing and level by reading more English literature.
5 Basic requirements for English abstracts in "ei"

5.1 Integrity of English Abstracts At present, most authors translate English abstracts in front of the paper into English when writing English abstracts. This approach ignores the fact that since the papers are written in Chinese, Chinese readers can obtain comprehensive and detailed information from the full text of the paper after reading the Chinese abstract, but the English readers generally do not understand. Chinese and English abstracts became his only source of information. Therefore, the integrity of the English abstract should be specifically raised and emphasized here, that is, the information provided by the English abstract must be complete. In this way, even if the reader does not understand Chinese, it is only necessary to pass the English abstract to have a complete purpose of the main purpose of the paper, the main methods and processes for solving the problem, and the main results, conclusions and innovations and uniqueness of the article. To understanding. Focusing on quantitative analysis is one of the important characteristics of scientific research. This should also be reflected in the writing of English abstracts. Therefore, when writing English abstracts, it is necessary to avoid general statements and conclusions that are too general and empty. Try to use the most specific language in the article to explain your methods, processes, results, and conclusions. This will give the reader a clear idea and make your statement meaningful and well-founded. Have a clear and comprehensive understanding of your research work. Of course, this does not mean that the Chinese abstract does not have to emphasize integrity. In fact, the information provided by the Chinese abstract must also be complete when the Chinese abstract is published online or the article is included in the Chinese abstract journal. In addition, due to the great differences between Eastern and Western cultural traditions, China's long-standing traditional education has overemphasized that intellectuals should be “modest and cautious, guard against arrogance and arrogance”, so Chinese scholars generally do not pay attention to outstanding performance when writing papers. Your own contribution. This is exactly the opposite of Western tradition. Western scholars always clearly highlight their contributions when writing their thesis, highlighting their own innovation and uniqueness. Western readers always pay special attention to the innovations and uniqueness of the papers when reading the papers. Otherwise, they think that the papers are not worth reading. Due to the different readers of Chinese and English abstracts, in view of the above two factors, the author believes that the Chinese and English abstracts in the paper do not have to be consistent.
5.2 "ei" writing requirements for English abstracts At present, the English abstracts written by the authors are mostly rough, far from the requirements of participating in international exchanges, and require major revisions, sometimes even rewriting. This is due to the limited level of author writing in English; on the other hand, most authors do not understand the writing requirements and international practices of English abstracts. In the following, according to the writing requirements of the English abstract in "ei", talk about how to write an English abstract of scientific papers.
"ei" China Ministry of Information requires that informational abstracts should use the simple and clear language to put the "purpose" of the paper, the main research "process" and the "method" used, and the main "results" and the resulting Important "conclusions" are clearly expressed. If possible, try to mention the scope and application of the results and conclusions of the paper. In other words, to write an English abstract, the author must answer the following questions:
1) The purpose of this article or the problem to be solved
2) Methods and processes for solving problems
3) Main results and conclusions
4) Innovation and uniqueness of this article
5.3 The writing of each part of the English abstract is based on the writing requirements of the English abstract in "ei". The writing of the English abstract does not have a fixed format, but in general, the English abstract is an accurate and short summary of the original document without interpretation or comment. And ask it to reflect the main information of the original literature.

5.3.1 Purpose of the purpose. Mainly explain the author's purpose in writing this article, or the main problem solved in this paper. Generally speaking, a good English abstract should be clearly stated at the beginning of the author's purpose or the main problem to be solved. If necessary, you can use the latest literature listed in the paper to briefly introduce the work of the predecessors, but this introduction must be extremely concise. In this regard, "ei" puts forward two specific requirements:
1) eliminate or minimize background information.
2) avoid repeating the title or part of the title in the first sentence of the abstract.
5.3.2 Process and method processes and methods. It mainly explains the author's main working process and the methods used, and should also include numerous boundary conditions, the main equipment and instruments used. In the English abstract, the elaboration of processes and methods plays a role in the past and the future. After the initial question is given to the problem to be solved, the natural answer is to solve the problem. Moreover, the final result and conclusion are often closely related to the research process and method. When most authors elaborate on processes and methods, the most common problems are generalization, emptyness, and qualitative descriptions, making it difficult for readers to clearly understand the process and methods of solving problems in the paper. Therefore, when describing the process and method, it should be combined with the formulas in the paper, the experimental block diagram, etc., so as to give the reader a clear idea and a credible feeling for those English readers who do not understand Chinese. .
5.3.3 Results and Conclusions The results and conclusions represent the main achievements and contributions of the paper. The paper has no value. The value is not worth reading by the reader. It depends mainly on the results you get and the conclusions you get. Therefore, in the writing results and conclusions, it is generally necessary to combine the experimental results or the simulation results of the graphs, tables, curves, etc. to explain, so that the conclusions are said to be meaningful and well-founded; at the same time, for those who do not see For English readers who understand Chinese, the results and conclusions of the paper can be clearly understood through the combination of these charts and the description of the English abstract. Only in this way can the conclusion of the paper be convincing. If possible, the results of the paper can be compared with the latest research results of others at the end to highlight the main contributions, innovations and uniqueness of the paper.

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5.3.4 How to improve the text performance of English abstracts "ei" pays great attention to the text performance of English abstracts. In order to improve the performance of the text, you should try to delete all the extra words and sentences. In this regard, "ei" proposes two principles:
1) limit the abstract to new information.
2) trive for brevity. For the time being, since most authors are lacking in English writing, the English abstract written by the author is far from the requirements of ei. Some authors write long English abstracts, but the text is very low, and there are many extra words and sentences. Some authors write short English summaries, but there are also redundant words. All in all, the information content of the text is small. Therefore, the Chinese Ministry of Information of "ei" also put forward the following specific requirements for the writing of English abstracts.
5.3.5 Syntax on English abstracts With regard to the syntax of English abstracts, "ei" proposes the following three general principles:
1) Try to use short sentences.
2) The author's work is generally described in the past tense, but the current tense should be used when stating the conclusions drawn from these efforts.
3) Generally use the active voice of the verb, such as: writing a exceeds b is better than writing b is exceeded by a.