Medical paper writing

The text is the core part of the medical paper, including the introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, and acknowledgments.
One, introduction

The introduction is the introduction of the text, which is equivalent to the opening statement in the speech. The introduction to the domestic publication does not require a separate title. The introduction should play an important role in the outline of the text and guide reading interest. Before writing an introduction, you should first identify a few basic questions: What questions do you want to explain through this article? Is it worth explaining? Who will be published in this magazine or who is the reader of this article? These questions should be noted when writing an introduction or even a whole paper.

The introduction should include: Why do you want to conduct this research? What is the theoretical or practical basis for the topic? What is the proposed innovation? What is the theoretical and practical significance? Tell the reader why you are conducting this research is the main content and purpose of the introduction, which also includes the theoretical and practical significance of the study.

The sentence should be concise and straightforward, such as "heavy secondary ventricular hemorrhage has serious clinical manifestations, poor prognosis and high mortality. This article focuses on the use of bilateral lateral ventricle perforation alternately draining urokinase to dissolve blood clot flushing combined with lumbar puncture fluid replacement. Methods for the treatment of severe secondary ventricular hemorrhage. Sometimes the projects we have studied are never carried out by others. At this time, the innovation is obvious. For example, “the clinical and ct manifestations of levamisole to encephalopathy patients have been reported in China, but no magnetic resonance imaging studies have been conducted”. In most cases, the projects we have studied are carried out by predecessors. It is important to note that the essential differences and innovations between your research and others' research are critical. For example, “Several studies have explored aspirin. In the application of ischemic stroke, but these studies are small-scale, non-double-blind control. This study uses a double-blind control method, the sample is large, and the observation time is long. A brief review of the research related to this article is necessary in the introduction. A systematic review of the content relevant to this study should be made before the study begins. The results of the review can be briefly summarized in the introduction.

The writing of the introduction should pay attention to the following matters while including the above contents: 1 The content should not be empty, and the length should not be too long. Reviewing the history to select its main points, the background dynamics can be summarized as a few sentences, and the reference should not be too much. According to past experience, an introduction to a paper of 3000 to 5000 words is more appropriate in the 150 to 250 words. 2 There is no need to emphasize past work achievements. Reviewing the author's previous work is only to explain the basis and motivation of this writing, rather than to write a summary. The value of the evaluation paper should be appropriate, and seek truth from facts. Use cautions such as “first creation”, “first discovery”, “reaching the international first-class level”, and “filling the domestic gap”. Because the first must have the exact information. In this regard, it can be expressed in relatively euphemistic terms, such as "the literature has not been reported," and so on. 3 Do not repeat textbooks or well-known content. As discussed in the article on whether vitamin D can prevent osteoporosis, there is no need to explain what vitamin D is and what is osteoporosis. 4 The introduction only serves as a guiding function, which can explain the design of the study, but does not involve the data, results and conclusions of this study, and is rarely repeated with the abstract and the text. The results are obtained through experimental or clinical observations, and the conclusion is the insight of logical reasoning based on the results. It is illogical to affirm or deny the conclusion in the introduction. 5 Introduction Generally, the serial number and title are not listed separately.

two, Materials and Methods

The materials and methods are mainly to explain the basic process of materials, methods and research used in the research. It answers the question of “how to do it” and plays a role in linking up and down. Materials are the physical basis for the research topic, and methods are the means to complete the research topic. The materials and methods are the basis of scientific papers and the main basis for judging the scientific and advanced nature of the papers. It allows the reader to understand the reliability of the research and to provide information for others to repeat the study.
The titles of materials and methods vary slightly depending on the type of study. Surveys are often changed to “objects and methods”, and clinical trials use “cases and methods”. The writing of materials and methods for different types of research is not exactly the same. Experimental research should be clarified by experimental conditions and experimental methods. 1 Experimental conditions include the source, germline, sex, age, weight, health status, selection criteria, grouping method, anesthesia and surgical methods, specimen preparation process, experimental environment and feeding conditions of experimental animals. 2 Experimental methods include the equipment used and specifications, reagents, and methods of operation. 3 If the reagent is a routine reagent, the name, manufacturer, specification, batch number can be used; if it is a new reagent, the molecular formula and structural formula should be written; if it needs to be prepared, the formula and preparation method should be given. 4 If the method of operation is used by a predecessor, as long as it is known, as long as the name is given; if it is a newer method, the source should be explained and reference should be provided; if a method is improved, the basis for the modification should be Content; for innovative methods, care should be taken not to incorporate the introduction of new methods and new problems using the methods in a paper. If the paper reports new methods, the detailed steps of reagent configuration and operation should be described in detail. So that others can learn and promote.
The subject of clinical research is the patient, which should be from the hospital or outpatient clinic. At the same time, the number of cases, gender, age, occupation, etiology, course of disease, pathological diagnosis basis, grouping criteria, diagnostic criteria for disease, criteria for judging the disease and efficacy, Brief description of observation methods and indicators. The above content can be selected according to the specific circumstances of the research, and highlight the key points. 1 For the research of new diagnostic methods, it is necessary to pay attention to whether the test subjects include different types of patients, the source of the test subjects and the control, how the normal values ​​are specified, how the diagnosis method is carried out, and so on. 2 To study the clinical course and prognosis of the disease, it is necessary to pay attention to the stage of the patient's treatment, the patient's referral, and whether the objective criteria for observing the disease outcome are established. 3 The etiology study papers should explain the research design method used and whether dose-effect observation is made. 4 For the clinical efficacy observation study, it mainly describes the case selection criteria, general information of the case, grouping principle and sample allocation method, efficacy observation index and efficacy standard. 5 If the treatment method is surgery, the name of the operation, the type of surgery, and the method of anesthesia should be indicated. If the drug is treated, the name, source, dose, route and means of application, and course of treatment should be indicated. The Chinese herbal medicine should also indicate the place of origin and preparation method.
In the materials and methods, it should also briefly explain under what conditions what statistical processing methods and significance criteria should be used, and if necessary, the calculation means and software names should be explained.

three, result

The data or data obtained from the experimental or clinical observations are reviewed, and the results of the research can be obtained by analyzing and summarizing the original data and statistically processing the original data. The result is the core part of the research paper. The success or failure of scientific research is judged based on the results. The conclusions and inferences are also derived from the results. The results are most representative of the academic level and theoretical and practical value of the paper. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the writing of this part. The results of the part of the writing should be clear and reliable, the data is accurate, the text description is concise, and the chart design is correct and reasonable.

The specific content of the results depends on the subject of the article. The results include the recording of objective facts of experimental or clinical observations, measured data, derived formulas, typical cases, acquired images, etc., but the content of different types of article results should have different focuses. 1 If the papers on new diagnostic methods are studied, special attention should be paid to whether the results of the test are independent of the “blind method” of the accepted gold standard. What is the degree of compliance, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value? Wait. 2 To study the clinical clinical study of the disease, it is necessary to specifically explain whether all cases have been followed up, how high the follow-up rate is, whether the additional factors affecting the prognosis are adjusted, and the results are equal. 3 Etiological studies should pay special attention to the degree of difference between the exposed and non-exposed groups, whether the results appear after exposure, and so on.

Experimental observations without statistical processing are called raw data. The purpose of statistical processing is to make the incomprehensible raw data easy to understand and to reveal certain inevitable laws from the contingency of the original data. Therefore, the expression of the experimental results generally uses statistics instead of the original data, and does not have to end all of the original data. Count data can be used as relative percentages, but when the number of samples is less than 100, brackets should be added after the percentage, and the number of reactions/samples should be indicated in parentheses, such as 54.41%. If the measurement data conforms to the normal distribution, the mean + standard deviation is applied. If it is skewed, it is generally expressed by median and full distance. For the comparison before and after or between groups, the value of the statistical test and the p-value should be stated. The specific operation of statistical processing is detailed in the statistical monograph, which is not explained here. The statistical nouns and symbols shall be in accordance with the provisions of the National Standard of the People's Republic of China b3358-82 on "statistical nouns and symbols".

The expression of the result is usually completed by combining words, figures and tables. The following cases can be expressed in words or in words only: 1 There are few data in the results, and there are not many observations that can be compared in the same category. 2 Papers that focus on morphological features generally do not use tables, but textual descriptions are mainly used for morphological pictures. Content that can be expressed in words does not require lists or drawings. The content that has been illustrated by the chart does not need to be detailed in the text, as long as it emphasizes or summarizes the key points. The textual expression is mainly to state the results obtained in this paper. It is not necessary to emphasize the process, nor to repeat the materials referred to in the “Materials and Methods”, and not to promote the results to theoretical conclusions. Therefore, the literature is generally not cited.

The basic requirements of the table and diagram design are correct, reasonable and concise. “Self-confidence” is an important indicator of the meter. The so-called "self-clarity" means that the contents and results of the research can be roughly understood only by means of tables and figures.

The table is a concise, standardized scientific term. It is generally recommended to use a three-line meter, that is, the table consists of three horizontal lines, a top line, a head line, and a bottom line, and the sides should be open. Between the top line and the heading is the head of the column, and between the heading and the bottom line is the body. There is no slash in the upper left corner of the column, but the column head is allowed to set one to several horizontal lines. The head of the general table indicates the group, and the head of the table indicates the response indicator. However, this division is not fixed, and the author can flexibly arrange according to the situation. A footnote can also be added below the table.

A graph is a visual representation that visually expresses the results of a research. Usually we use the height of the bar graph to express the size of the discontinuous data, use the line graph, histogram or scatter plot to express the change of continuity or measurement data, and use the dot plot to represent the relationship of the double variables. The title of the figure should be at the bottom of the figure, and the note can be placed near the column or line.

For both the available map and the table, the expression can be selected according to the specific situation. Generally speaking, it is mainly the data indicating the trend of change, especially the continuous dynamic data, which should be in the form of a graph; the data that needs to represent the exact statistics should be in the form of a table.

The writing of the results must adopt a scientific attitude of seeking truth from facts and abide by the principles of comprehensiveness and authenticity. Whether the results of the experiment are successful or failed, as long as it is true, it is valuable. It is forbidden to add, delete or tamper with experimental data to meet the "normal" results. This is not conducive to our comprehensive understanding of things and the discovery of new problems.

Clinically valid papers often attach typical cases to describe the general results, which can play a role in the opposite. It is currently believed that a typical case is necessary for the study of the efficacy of certain newly discovered diseases or rare diseases. However, for common diseases and frequently-occurring diseases, it is not necessary to cite typical cases. But it is also a common disease and frequently-occurring disease. If you introduce new therapies and techniques, you should attach typical cases. Typical cases should be representative, for example, a drug is effective in treating a disease. In a typical case, it is better to use the drug alone to treat a significant case, rather than using other drugs that may also be effective.

four, discuss

The discussion is the essence of the thesis, the answer to the questions raised by the introduction, and the rational understanding that sublimates the perceptual understanding of the appearance of the research results into the essence. In the discussion, the author clarifies the internal connection and development law of things through thinking, theoretical analysis and scientific inference of the research results, enriching and improving the understanding of the research results from both depth and breadth. The level of discussion depends on the author's theoretical level, academic literacy, and the depth and breadth of professional knowledge. The content of the discussion generally includes the following aspects: 1 Briefly summarize the current research status of the subject at home and abroad, and the status of the conclusions and results of this study compared with the international and domestic advanced levels. 2 Explain the theoretical and practical significance of the results of this study according to the purpose of the research. 3 Focus on the innovation of this paper, and where the results of this research support innovation. 4 Analyze and explain the limits, shortcomings, and doubts of this study, indicating contingency and inevitability. 5 Explain the problems that cannot be solved in this paper, and propose the direction and problems of future research. Not every paper must include the above content. It should be based on the research purpose of the paper, highlight the key points, and closely follow the topic.

Discussion is the part that best reflects the level of the paper, and it is also the part that is difficult to write. For the initial writing, pay special attention to the following points: 1 Discussion is the author's clarification of his academic views, but it does not mean that it is a free forum, and cannot be discussed in general. The content of the discussion should start from the research results of the thesis, and focus on the innovation points and conclusions. To achieve a clear level, clear distinction between primary and secondary, do not waste the ink on the secondary issues. It can be taken in the same way as the literature, focusing on inconsistencies; citation of the necessary documents, should not be used for literature review. 2 Seek truth from facts, justify the evaluation, do not confuse conclusions, and avoid excessive extension of reasoning. There are still many unresolved questions in medicine, so reasoning should be very cautious, usually with "may" and so on. 3 Any research has its limitations, such as domestic research results to be verified abroad; in vitro tests need to be verified in vivo. Therefore, the discussion should adhere to the idea of ​​splitting into two. If you are inconsistent with the results of other people's research, you must carefully analyze the reasons. You must have an attitude of humbly pursuing the truth and destroy other authors. Do not hold the attitude of "only me correct." 4 Not every paper has to be discussed, and some short articles can be written. If the results are closely related to the discussion, they can be written together, together with results and analysis.

Fives, Acknowledgement

The successful completion of scientific research work is inseparable from the help of others. At the end of the text, we should be grateful to those who have helped this research. Acknowledgments include: informative counselors for research work, paper reviewers, data providers, technical collaborators, help statisticians, and charters for this article, providing samples, materials, equipment, and other conveniences.

Acknowledgments must be realistic, and should be prevented from plagiarism, and should not be imposed on others. If you do not allow the names of experts and professors to be written, you can use your review to raise yourself. Acknowledgments generally indicate the content of the work of the thank-you, such as “Technical Guidance,” “Collecting Information,” and “Providing Information.”