Social investigation report about education
I. Introduction In the past ten years of reform and opening up, the rural landscape in China has undergone earth-shaking changes. Rural education has also achieved great achievements that have attracted worldwide attention. At the same time, it should also be clearly seen that rural education in the process of rural and agricultural development. There are still many unsuitable places, facing many problems and difficulties, and rural education is still the weakest link in China's education. Here, this paper intends to investigate the problems faced by rural education in XXXX Town of our city and its way out.
II. Survey objects and survey methods In the ××* district of XX City, a certain representative place was selected. Eight villages and many schools in XX Town were visited to access a large amount of information and conducted a large number of questionnaire surveys. Individual interviews were also conducted with 25 teachers, district education bureau leaders, and town leaders in charge of culture and education. Through the exchanges with the peasants, teachers, village cadres, and relevant personnel of the Education Bureau, I have a preliminary understanding of the current situation of Nankang education and the problems in various aspects. I tried to find out an education path that is in line with the development of rural areas, especially Beikang Nankang Town, by understanding and analyzing this information.
III. Survey Results and Analysis It is well known that China's social development is still at the stage of transition to industrialization. Some regions even focus on primitive artisanal agricultural production. Farmers account for the vast majority of the population. Rural issues are related to China's basics. China's national conditions, and most of the rural population continues to grow rapidly, the economy is very backward, poverty and resulting inequality are becoming more and more serious, and the gap between urban and rural areas is growing. In short, population pressure, high illiteracy rate, poor sanitation, and lack of basic facilities such as transportation are common in most rural areas of China.
Rural education is particularly faced with severe difficulties, which are manifested in the following aspects.
I. Problems facing rural education I. About teaching hardware:
Due to the comprehensive factors of economic conditions, geographical location, and people's awareness, the basic hardware facilities of Nankang Education are still at a relatively backward stage. Its backwardness is mainly reflected in three aspects:
First, the school houses are outdated. Because Nankang Town is remote, the area is large, and the population distribution is uneven. The small country is generally a small country with a small size. The number of students in the school is no more than 300, and even less than one or twenty. Therefore, it is difficult for the village to invest a lot of money in these schools to build school buildings. For a long time, most of the school houses have not been refurbished and refurbished, and the scene of our ruin when we visited.
Second, school sports and entertainment facilities are simple. In general, China's small sports facilities are limited to a poor quality basketball court and some collapsed parallel bars, cement billiards, as far as entertainment facilities are concerned.
Third, the teaching facilities are lacking. According to the observations, except for some schools, the basic teaching facilities of most schools in Nankang are lacking, and the teaching facilities such as phantom lights and computers are seriously inadequate.
Second, about education fees:
The direct charge is directly related to the immediate interests of farmers and is the focus of current attention. Farmers’ opinions on education fees are strong and diverse, making education fees complicated.
The statistical analysis of the questionnaire shows that: 25 people said that the education burden is heavy, need to borrow for children to go to school, 50 people said that the family can afford, but the proportion of household expenses is large, only 25 people said that the family can Affordable and accounted for a small proportion of household income. I personally think that there are two main reasons for this result. First, the income situation of people in Nankang Town is the decisive factor in producing this result. Second, the cost of education is indeed too high. According to a villager in Huangpiwo Village, the tuition fee for his children in the five-year period was as high as 500 yuan. Of course, due to the tax and fee reform last year, the government exempted the education surcharge, which caused a significant drop in tuition fees. For example, a villager in Yuanchong Village, Huangdong Township has two children, one in the third grade of Shangguo and one in the second grade of Shangguo. The tuition for the two children in the previous year totaled more than 670 yuan. Last year, the tuition fee for the two was only 360 yuan. However, some people still report that although the primary school fees in China have declined, it is still difficult for the poor villages to pay. From this, we can see the urgency and importance of developing the Nankang economy and increasing farmers' income.
The reason why the charging problem is complicated is that the public is skeptical about the current education charging system and believes that there are arbitrary charges. The statistical results show that: about 37.5 people think that the current school charges are very serious, 46.4 people think that the phenomenon of arbitrary charges exists, but not much. Only 17.9 people think that the phenomenon of random charges is very rare. From these statistics, it is not difficult to see that the people do not trust and understand the education fees. First, the public's lack of understanding of the names and related numbers of education expenses has led farmers to doubt the reasonableness of education costs, even to partiality. As long as the school fees are considered as arbitrary charges. First, some schools do have the phenomenon of arbitrary charges. Look at the tuition and fees from the school. The ×5 national minimum final exam fee is 21.4 yuan, and the XX central school second-year final exam fee is 32 yuan. Among the many villages visited, only the villagers in Datang Village reported that the phenomenon of miscellaneous tuition and miscellaneous fees had converged. Usually, there was very little charge, and the final examination fee was a few yuan. It is because of the high cost of the exam that some students do not take the school exam. Fan Wenshu's copyright collection of all tuition and miscellaneous fees and the lack of unified management or management of the relevant departments, coupled with the lack of some schools to implement the provisions are not the main factors causing unreasonable charges.
Third, the analysis of the status quo of teachers:
According to the survey, the current status of Nankang teachers mainly presents the following characteristics:
First, in the remote areas of XX Town, such as Li Santang Village, Litoutang Village, Longmen Village, etc., the teachers' resources are not serious. It was learned from a teacher that the staff of Santang Middle School was lacking, the total number of students was more than 600, and the total number of faculty and staff was only 29. As a result, some small and medium-sized teachers were employed in secondary schools. It is also for this reason that in general, Chinese small teachers are required to teach multiple courses at the same time. For example, a teacher in Litoutang Village has to teach Chinese, mathematics, music, sports and many other courses, and he has to take 6 classes almost every day. However, a person's energy is limited. A teacher who engages in so many courses and works for too long will inevitably suffer from lack of patience and a sense of responsibility, which will inevitably affect the quality of teaching.
Second, the loss of teachers is serious. There are two main reasons for the loss of teachers:
First, the issue of teacher salaries. In the town of XX, even if the old teacher who worked in the teaching of small and medium-sized schools for 20 to 30 years, the salary is only 500-600 yuan, and the 12-month salary will be deducted for one month. The wage level is extremely low, especially compared with the teachers in the urban area. According to the survey, the salary and bonus of teachers in Santang Middle School totaled about 8,000 yuan. The salary of urban middle school teachers is about 1,500 yuan. Therefore, many excellent teachers from the countryside flow to higher-paying schools. The current shortage of Chinese teachers in the town caused by the flow of these teachers has declined, and the overall teaching quality has been declining year by year.
From this, a kind of viewpoint is formed among the teachers. It is only a "golden period" to teach in the middle school in the countryside. Many teachers just regard it as a ladder to climb up, and thus the phenomenon of "being in the heart of Cao Ying in Han" The teacher is not fully engaged in teaching, but is full of thoughts and seeks opportunities for relocation. How can teachers improve the quality of teaching?
Second, the proportion of male and female teachers in townships and towns in China is seriously out of tune. There are 27 male teachers and 2 female teachers in Huangdong Township. This has become one of the reasons why township schools cannot retain young teachers.
Third, there are some problems with the quality of teachers. According to some teachers and villagers. At present, the education of middle school teachers is generally a college or a teacher's correspondence. However, there are also some special circumstances. For example, if a person graduates from a small country, he will pick up his father’s class to teach the elementary school.
Of course, education is not an essential factor, but the quality of teachers can reflect the level of teaching in a school and a region. Due to the lack of local teacher training, most of the teachers come from far away places, have no fixed place, and have a weak sense of responsibility. Some teachers are more gambling, which affects the social atmosphere and affects the growth of students, which has brought serious negative impacts on the education system.
Fourth, on the phenomenon of student loss:
At present, the phenomenon of student loss in Nankang Town is serious. The survey results show that there were 62 people in the first class of Nankang Town, only 29 in the third year of school, and more than 100 in the first day of Santang Middle School. People, the dropout rate is as high as 50-60. The phenomenon of rural student loss is the result of multiple social factors. On the one hand, under the influence of the current market economic tide, a large number of parents go out to work, children do not get a good parenting education, and some parents are short-sighted or limited to economic reasons, even if their children have not completed nine years of basic compulsory education, Forcing their children to go out to work, depriving them of the basic education. On the other hand, students have a lack of learning awareness, especially for students with poor academic performance. I personally think that these students drop out of school because they face pressure from family, teachers and classmates and lose interest or opportunity to learn.
At the same time, a large number of outstanding national junior graduates were recruited to the secondary schools of the First and Second Middle Schools, resulting in a decline in the quality of the students of Nankang Middle School and the number of middle school students who have transferred to the school year by year. As a result, the high-school attendance rate of Nankang Middle School has declined year by year. Phenomenon, this result in turn affects teachers' enthusiasm for teaching and forms a vicious circle.
V. About the education management system:
The current teacher recruitment system is indeed beneficial to the continuous improvement of the education industry from the overall situation. However, in the face of the current economic situation of Nankang, in the face of the lack of attractiveness of schools to teachers, it is really worrying whether Nankang Education can stand in the tide of applying for a job. According to the survey, the term of the Chinese principal of Nankang Town is generally no more than three years. During the term of the principal, the reform measures are not fully implemented, which greatly affects the construction of the school. To change this situation, a teacher in the town clearly stated that the principal's tenure system should be implemented. Indeed, the implementation of the principal's tenure system will set the term of the principal to 4-5 years, which is a better plan to avoid the influence of the principal's regular mobility on the school. The term system gives the principal enough time to carry out teaching reforms and systematically guarantees the continuity of its reform measures. However, to break through the bottleneck of teacher turnover, while the government increases investment in education, the school should also establish a teacher reward and punishment system, set up a teacher evaluation committee, comprehensive teachers work in the past year, and pass a rigorous review, the supervision system to teachers. Make a comprehensive assessment and determine the number of teacher awards. This can motivate teachers to make them more focused on teaching and improve their teaching.
Generally speaking, in order to develop education, we must uphold and improve the "four-system reform." The "four-system reform" refers to the "teacher appointment system", "principal responsibility system", "post responsibility system" and "examination system". The four-system reform is conducive to optimizing school management, improving the quality of teachers, and improving the quality of teaching. It has taken education reform from the teacher responsibility link and has shown the direction of reform. Only by upholding and perfecting the "four-system reform" can we fundamentally Ensure the effective implementation of education and the steady improvement of the teaching level. Fan Wensuo copyrights all six, the analysis of the status quo of teaching content:
According to some teachers, quality education has been called for more than ten years, but it is still empty talk, and education itself has gone astray. The utilitarian teaching model takes students to the only wooden bridge leading to the university and buryes a large number of A talent that could have made a difference in other areas.
There are three main problems in the teaching content. First, the ideological and moral education did not attract enough attention, so that a local middle school was actually called “cultivating a rogue school” by the local people. Students' ideological and moral quality is low, and some students become unstable factors that affect social stability after graduation.
Second, hard-working education should be an important part of education. Hard work and hard work are the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation and are extremely important non-intellectual wealth for rural people to move toward society. However, the survey shows that young people in the current period have clearly shown a serious lack of hard work and hard work. Multiple social factors have led to the over-reliance and inertia of many young people. For the rural areas where their education has lagged far behind the city, and then lose the precious spiritual resources of hard work and endurance, where will the rural areas go in a few years? Therefore, it is imperative to endure hardship and hard work, and comprehensively advocate the spirit of hard work and hard work, in order to achieve this traditional virtue.
Third, the implementation of psychological education is an urgent task. As far as the status quo is concerned, Nankang China is extremely weak in the psychological education of students. There is no psychological education system at all, and the average student has no psychological endurance. The case is chilling: a girl in the village has been killed by the parents because of a few words. This really requires us to deeply reflect on our "teaching achievements." At present, many young people take life as a play, and they never experience the beauty and shortness of life, or they have to live their lives forever, or go to extremes. Once you encounter setbacks in your life, you will only see the dark side of life, rather than optimistically and actively pursuing life. So many young people are willing to self-depise. Under the premise of unreasonable parent education, school education should assume its mission and guide students to form healthy personality through good psychological education. Especially in rural areas, psychological education is a long way to go.
Seven, thinking about social education:
In an interview with the party secretary of the XX Town, the secretary clearly pointed out that the quality of the people has become the main factor restricting the economic development of Nankang. The backwardness of peasants' ideological concepts has hindered the development of many township and village enterprises. To change the ideology of peasants, we need the implementation of socialized education. I think it is necessary for each village to establish a book station to provide farmers with relevant agricultural technology, parenting education, time policy, and law. The establishment of a book station aims to comprehensively improve the quality of farmers through the dissemination of relevant information and concepts through books, and to change the old concept of peasants in a subtle way, and to avoid peasant thinking becoming the biggest obstacle to rural development.
II. Survey objects and survey methods In the ××* district of XX City, a certain representative place was selected. Eight villages and many schools in XX Town were visited to access a large amount of information and conducted a large number of questionnaire surveys. Individual interviews were also conducted with 25 teachers, district education bureau leaders, and town leaders in charge of culture and education. Through the exchanges with the peasants, teachers, village cadres, and relevant personnel of the Education Bureau, I have a preliminary understanding of the current situation of Nankang education and the problems in various aspects. I tried to find out an education path that is in line with the development of rural areas, especially Beikang Nankang Town, by understanding and analyzing this information.
III. Survey Results and Analysis It is well known that China's social development is still at the stage of transition to industrialization. Some regions even focus on primitive artisanal agricultural production. Farmers account for the vast majority of the population. Rural issues are related to China's basics. China's national conditions, and most of the rural population continues to grow rapidly, the economy is very backward, poverty and resulting inequality are becoming more and more serious, and the gap between urban and rural areas is growing. In short, population pressure, high illiteracy rate, poor sanitation, and lack of basic facilities such as transportation are common in most rural areas of China.
Rural education is particularly faced with severe difficulties, which are manifested in the following aspects.
I. Problems facing rural education I. About teaching hardware:
Due to the comprehensive factors of economic conditions, geographical location, and people's awareness, the basic hardware facilities of Nankang Education are still at a relatively backward stage. Its backwardness is mainly reflected in three aspects:
First, the school houses are outdated. Because Nankang Town is remote, the area is large, and the population distribution is uneven. The small country is generally a small country with a small size. The number of students in the school is no more than 300, and even less than one or twenty. Therefore, it is difficult for the village to invest a lot of money in these schools to build school buildings. For a long time, most of the school houses have not been refurbished and refurbished, and the scene of our ruin when we visited.
Second, school sports and entertainment facilities are simple. In general, China's small sports facilities are limited to a poor quality basketball court and some collapsed parallel bars, cement billiards, as far as entertainment facilities are concerned.
Third, the teaching facilities are lacking. According to the observations, except for some schools, the basic teaching facilities of most schools in Nankang are lacking, and the teaching facilities such as phantom lights and computers are seriously inadequate.
Second, about education fees:
The direct charge is directly related to the immediate interests of farmers and is the focus of current attention. Farmers’ opinions on education fees are strong and diverse, making education fees complicated.
The statistical analysis of the questionnaire shows that: 25 people said that the education burden is heavy, need to borrow for children to go to school, 50 people said that the family can afford, but the proportion of household expenses is large, only 25 people said that the family can Affordable and accounted for a small proportion of household income. I personally think that there are two main reasons for this result. First, the income situation of people in Nankang Town is the decisive factor in producing this result. Second, the cost of education is indeed too high. According to a villager in Huangpiwo Village, the tuition fee for his children in the five-year period was as high as 500 yuan. Of course, due to the tax and fee reform last year, the government exempted the education surcharge, which caused a significant drop in tuition fees. For example, a villager in Yuanchong Village, Huangdong Township has two children, one in the third grade of Shangguo and one in the second grade of Shangguo. The tuition for the two children in the previous year totaled more than 670 yuan. Last year, the tuition fee for the two was only 360 yuan. However, some people still report that although the primary school fees in China have declined, it is still difficult for the poor villages to pay. From this, we can see the urgency and importance of developing the Nankang economy and increasing farmers' income.
The reason why the charging problem is complicated is that the public is skeptical about the current education charging system and believes that there are arbitrary charges. The statistical results show that: about 37.5 people think that the current school charges are very serious, 46.4 people think that the phenomenon of arbitrary charges exists, but not much. Only 17.9 people think that the phenomenon of random charges is very rare. From these statistics, it is not difficult to see that the people do not trust and understand the education fees. First, the public's lack of understanding of the names and related numbers of education expenses has led farmers to doubt the reasonableness of education costs, even to partiality. As long as the school fees are considered as arbitrary charges. First, some schools do have the phenomenon of arbitrary charges. Look at the tuition and fees from the school. The ×5 national minimum final exam fee is 21.4 yuan, and the XX central school second-year final exam fee is 32 yuan. Among the many villages visited, only the villagers in Datang Village reported that the phenomenon of miscellaneous tuition and miscellaneous fees had converged. Usually, there was very little charge, and the final examination fee was a few yuan. It is because of the high cost of the exam that some students do not take the school exam. Fan Wenshu's copyright collection of all tuition and miscellaneous fees and the lack of unified management or management of the relevant departments, coupled with the lack of some schools to implement the provisions are not the main factors causing unreasonable charges.
Third, the analysis of the status quo of teachers:
According to the survey, the current status of Nankang teachers mainly presents the following characteristics:
First, in the remote areas of XX Town, such as Li Santang Village, Litoutang Village, Longmen Village, etc., the teachers' resources are not serious. It was learned from a teacher that the staff of Santang Middle School was lacking, the total number of students was more than 600, and the total number of faculty and staff was only 29. As a result, some small and medium-sized teachers were employed in secondary schools. It is also for this reason that in general, Chinese small teachers are required to teach multiple courses at the same time. For example, a teacher in Litoutang Village has to teach Chinese, mathematics, music, sports and many other courses, and he has to take 6 classes almost every day. However, a person's energy is limited. A teacher who engages in so many courses and works for too long will inevitably suffer from lack of patience and a sense of responsibility, which will inevitably affect the quality of teaching.
Second, the loss of teachers is serious. There are two main reasons for the loss of teachers:
First, the issue of teacher salaries. In the town of XX, even if the old teacher who worked in the teaching of small and medium-sized schools for 20 to 30 years, the salary is only 500-600 yuan, and the 12-month salary will be deducted for one month. The wage level is extremely low, especially compared with the teachers in the urban area. According to the survey, the salary and bonus of teachers in Santang Middle School totaled about 8,000 yuan. The salary of urban middle school teachers is about 1,500 yuan. Therefore, many excellent teachers from the countryside flow to higher-paying schools. The current shortage of Chinese teachers in the town caused by the flow of these teachers has declined, and the overall teaching quality has been declining year by year.
From this, a kind of viewpoint is formed among the teachers. It is only a "golden period" to teach in the middle school in the countryside. Many teachers just regard it as a ladder to climb up, and thus the phenomenon of "being in the heart of Cao Ying in Han" The teacher is not fully engaged in teaching, but is full of thoughts and seeks opportunities for relocation. How can teachers improve the quality of teaching?
Second, the proportion of male and female teachers in townships and towns in China is seriously out of tune. There are 27 male teachers and 2 female teachers in Huangdong Township. This has become one of the reasons why township schools cannot retain young teachers.
·Social survey report format ·How to write social survey report ·School survey report for middle school students ·Social survey report for college students
Third, there are some problems with the quality of teachers. According to some teachers and villagers. At present, the education of middle school teachers is generally a college or a teacher's correspondence. However, there are also some special circumstances. For example, if a person graduates from a small country, he will pick up his father’s class to teach the elementary school.
Of course, education is not an essential factor, but the quality of teachers can reflect the level of teaching in a school and a region. Due to the lack of local teacher training, most of the teachers come from far away places, have no fixed place, and have a weak sense of responsibility. Some teachers are more gambling, which affects the social atmosphere and affects the growth of students, which has brought serious negative impacts on the education system.
Fourth, on the phenomenon of student loss:
At present, the phenomenon of student loss in Nankang Town is serious. The survey results show that there were 62 people in the first class of Nankang Town, only 29 in the third year of school, and more than 100 in the first day of Santang Middle School. People, the dropout rate is as high as 50-60. The phenomenon of rural student loss is the result of multiple social factors. On the one hand, under the influence of the current market economic tide, a large number of parents go out to work, children do not get a good parenting education, and some parents are short-sighted or limited to economic reasons, even if their children have not completed nine years of basic compulsory education, Forcing their children to go out to work, depriving them of the basic education. On the other hand, students have a lack of learning awareness, especially for students with poor academic performance. I personally think that these students drop out of school because they face pressure from family, teachers and classmates and lose interest or opportunity to learn.
At the same time, a large number of outstanding national junior graduates were recruited to the secondary schools of the First and Second Middle Schools, resulting in a decline in the quality of the students of Nankang Middle School and the number of middle school students who have transferred to the school year by year. As a result, the high-school attendance rate of Nankang Middle School has declined year by year. Phenomenon, this result in turn affects teachers' enthusiasm for teaching and forms a vicious circle.
V. About the education management system:
The current teacher recruitment system is indeed beneficial to the continuous improvement of the education industry from the overall situation. However, in the face of the current economic situation of Nankang, in the face of the lack of attractiveness of schools to teachers, it is really worrying whether Nankang Education can stand in the tide of applying for a job. According to the survey, the term of the Chinese principal of Nankang Town is generally no more than three years. During the term of the principal, the reform measures are not fully implemented, which greatly affects the construction of the school. To change this situation, a teacher in the town clearly stated that the principal's tenure system should be implemented. Indeed, the implementation of the principal's tenure system will set the term of the principal to 4-5 years, which is a better plan to avoid the influence of the principal's regular mobility on the school. The term system gives the principal enough time to carry out teaching reforms and systematically guarantees the continuity of its reform measures. However, to break through the bottleneck of teacher turnover, while the government increases investment in education, the school should also establish a teacher reward and punishment system, set up a teacher evaluation committee, comprehensive teachers work in the past year, and pass a rigorous review, the supervision system to teachers. Make a comprehensive assessment and determine the number of teacher awards. This can motivate teachers to make them more focused on teaching and improve their teaching.
Generally speaking, in order to develop education, we must uphold and improve the "four-system reform." The "four-system reform" refers to the "teacher appointment system", "principal responsibility system", "post responsibility system" and "examination system". The four-system reform is conducive to optimizing school management, improving the quality of teachers, and improving the quality of teaching. It has taken education reform from the teacher responsibility link and has shown the direction of reform. Only by upholding and perfecting the "four-system reform" can we fundamentally Ensure the effective implementation of education and the steady improvement of the teaching level. Fan Wensuo copyrights all six, the analysis of the status quo of teaching content:
According to some teachers, quality education has been called for more than ten years, but it is still empty talk, and education itself has gone astray. The utilitarian teaching model takes students to the only wooden bridge leading to the university and buryes a large number of A talent that could have made a difference in other areas.
There are three main problems in the teaching content. First, the ideological and moral education did not attract enough attention, so that a local middle school was actually called “cultivating a rogue school” by the local people. Students' ideological and moral quality is low, and some students become unstable factors that affect social stability after graduation.
Second, hard-working education should be an important part of education. Hard work and hard work are the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation and are extremely important non-intellectual wealth for rural people to move toward society. However, the survey shows that young people in the current period have clearly shown a serious lack of hard work and hard work. Multiple social factors have led to the over-reliance and inertia of many young people. For the rural areas where their education has lagged far behind the city, and then lose the precious spiritual resources of hard work and endurance, where will the rural areas go in a few years? Therefore, it is imperative to endure hardship and hard work, and comprehensively advocate the spirit of hard work and hard work, in order to achieve this traditional virtue.
Third, the implementation of psychological education is an urgent task. As far as the status quo is concerned, Nankang China is extremely weak in the psychological education of students. There is no psychological education system at all, and the average student has no psychological endurance. The case is chilling: a girl in the village has been killed by the parents because of a few words. This really requires us to deeply reflect on our "teaching achievements." At present, many young people take life as a play, and they never experience the beauty and shortness of life, or they have to live their lives forever, or go to extremes. Once you encounter setbacks in your life, you will only see the dark side of life, rather than optimistically and actively pursuing life. So many young people are willing to self-depise. Under the premise of unreasonable parent education, school education should assume its mission and guide students to form healthy personality through good psychological education. Especially in rural areas, psychological education is a long way to go.
Seven, thinking about social education:
In an interview with the party secretary of the XX Town, the secretary clearly pointed out that the quality of the people has become the main factor restricting the economic development of Nankang. The backwardness of peasants' ideological concepts has hindered the development of many township and village enterprises. To change the ideology of peasants, we need the implementation of socialized education. I think it is necessary for each village to establish a book station to provide farmers with relevant agricultural technology, parenting education, time policy, and law. The establishment of a book station aims to comprehensively improve the quality of farmers through the dissemination of relevant information and concepts through books, and to change the old concept of peasants in a subtle way, and to avoid peasant thinking becoming the biggest obstacle to rural development.
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