China's agricultural comprehensive inspection and project consultation delegation's visit to Myanmar
China's agricultural comprehensive inspection and project consultation delegation's visit to Myanmar
In order to implement the instructions of President Jiang Zemin during his visit to Myanmar in 2001 and the consensus reached by Minister Du Qinglin and the Minister of Agriculture and Irrigation of New Zealand, and the spirit of the relevant directives, the cooperation between China and Myanmar will be promoted by the Ministry of Agriculture and Hainan Province, Yunnan Province and Jiangsu Province. A delegation of China's agricultural comprehensive inspection and project consultations consisting of 20 provincial agricultural departments and enterprises visited Myanmar on January 27-February 3, 2002. The relevant situation report is as follows:
I. Inspection situation
Investigation and talks
The delegation of the China Agricultural Comprehensive Investigation and Project Consultation was divided into three departments: the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, the Ministry of Animal Husbandry and Fisheries, and the Ministry of Forestry. Therefore, after the overall understanding of the agricultural situation in Myanmar, the delegation was divided into four groups of planting, natural rubber, aquatic animal husbandry and forestry according to the membership structure.
The planting group consists of four departments: the Agricultural Reclamation Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture, the Plantation Division, the Agricultural Mechanization Division and the China Seed Company. During the inspection period, the focus was on cooperative development of rice, cotton, vegetable breeding, planting techniques and agricultural machinery manufacturing and use, and the Agricultural Planning Department, Agricultural Services Department, Farm Enterprise Division, Agricultural Mechanization Division, and Cotton and Maize Enterprise Division of the Myanmar Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation. The officials of the Sugar Industry Division conducted discussions. At the same time, I visited the Myanmar Rice Research Center, the Vegetable and Fruit Research and Development Center, the Yangon Fine Seed Farm, the Agricultural Museum, the Seed Market, the Agricultural Products Market, the Tissue Culture Center, the Quality Rice Processing Plant and the 3 Small Agricultural Machinery in Yangon. Manufacturing plant.
The natural rubber group consists of 9 farmers from the Agriculture Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture, the Hainan Provincial Agricultural Reclamation Bureau, the Yunnan Provincial Agricultural Reclamation Bureau, and the Sanya Tropical Crop Technology Promotion Station in Hainan. Focus on the issue of natural rubber production, processing and cooperation with the Perennial Crops Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, and discuss with the Agriculture Department about the production and processing of tropical fruits. He also visited the rubber plantation and tobacco film processing plant of Indagaw State Rubber Company of BAGO Province, the conveyor belt production plant, the latex glove factory and the natural rubber research technology development center of Yangon.
The Animal Husbandry and Fisheries Group consists of four departments: the Fisheries Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture, the Agriculture Department of Yunnan Province, and the Jiangsu Ocean and Fisheries Bureau. The focus was on the cooperative development of animal husbandry, aquaculture breeding technology and disease prevention and control, and the relevant departments of the Ministry of Animal Husbandry and Fisheries conducted a discussion. Field visits to Myaungta Aquatic Products Processing Co., Ltd., Myanmar Seafood Products Co., Ltd., shrimp farms, hatcheries, The first freshwater fish farm in Myanmar, the National Aquatic Products Control Laboratory and the two largest fishing ports in Yangon, as well as the Biological Research and Testing Division of the Burmese livestock feed and milk production company, the Livestock Disease Diagnosis Division and the Mabin livestock production. Complex, feed mill, family dairy farm. At the same time, exchanges were held with representatives of six fishery companies in Myanmar, namely Zhongshui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong, engaged in fishing operations in Myanmar.
The forestry group consists of three departments: the International Cooperation Department of the Ministry of Agriculture and the Sanya Forestry Bureau. Focus on forestry cooperation and officials from the six departments of the Myanmar Forestry Department, and visit the largest wood processing plant and timber sawmill in Yangon, the Central Forest Training Center, the teak test forest and the nursery.
The Myanmar government attaches great importance to this agricultural inspection. The ministers of the three ministries met with the main members of the delegation. The Minister of Animal Husbandry and Fisheries and the Minister of Forestry made a special trip from the field to the meeting and thanked the Chinese side for sending a government delegation to Myanmar shortly after President Jiang Zemin’s visit to Myanmar. .
Natural conditions and agricultural development
The Union of Myanmar is located in the western part of the Central South Peninsula. The northeast is adjacent to China, the northwest is connected with India and Bangladesh, the southeast is bordered by Laos and Thailand, the southwest is the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. Excellent natural conditions, rich resources, can grow a variety of crops. The coastline is 2,200 kilometers long and has a tropical monsoon climate with an average annual temperature of 27 °C.
Agriculture is the foundation of Myanmar’s national economy. Agricultural output accounts for about one-third of GDP, agricultural exports account for about one-fourth of total exports; 75% of Myanmar's population is in rural areas, agricultural labor accounts for about 62% of total employment in the country; and cultivated area is 23.9 million. acre. The main crops are rice, wheat, corn, peanuts, sesame, cotton, beans, natural rubber, coffee, fruits, vegetables, forests, sugar cane, tobacco and jute.
Cereal crops and legume crops are the largest crops in Myanmar and an important export product for agricultural products. It is planned that by 2005, the area of rice will be expanded to 8.9 million hectares, with a total output of 400 million tons; the area of corn will be expanded to 500,000 hectares, and the output per hectare will reach 3 tons.
Rubber is an important industrial raw material for Myanmar and a foreign exchange earning product for Myanmar. In order to increase rubber production, the rubber planting area in Myanmar has gradually expanded in recent years. According to figures from the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation of Myanmar, Myanmar has a land area suitable for rubber planting of 2.62 million hectares. At present, the rubber planting area is 180,000 hectares, more than doubled from 7 years ago; the area and output of Myanmar's state-owned rubber plantations account for about 10% of the total rubber plantation area and total production in the country; natural rubber exports 20,000 tons per year. . It is planned to reach 240,000 hectares by 2019 and produce 87,000 tons. In 2020, it will reach 400,000 hectares and the output will be 150,000 tons.
The development level of agricultural machinery in Myanmar is not high, mainly based on small-scale agricultural machinery, including walking tractors, power cultivators, windrowers, threshers, etc. By the end of 2000, the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation of Myanmar had imported 7,172 power ploughing machines and established 23 village-level agricultural mechanization demonstration farms. At present, the main mechanical operation in Myanmar is cultivated land. The national level of machine farming is 20%, and by 2019 it is planned to reach 60%.
Myanmar has actively developed domestic agricultural machinery production. Five agricultural machinery production, processing and assembly lines have been built, including foundry production lines, gear processing lines, casting processing lines, spindle processing lines and metal heat treatment workshops. At present, the main products include power cultivators, windrowers, rotary tillers and threshers. The main components including diesel engines, spindles and gears are imported from Zhejiang Sifang Group. Each year, Myanmar produces 6,000 power ploughing machines, which are uniformly sold by the Agricultural Mechanization Division to 99 distribution centers across the country. Farmers can purchase them by installment payment.
Myanmar has a large demand for small-scale agricultural machinery, and there are many private agricultural machinery sales companies. 007, Googbrother, and Yeesin are three large-scale agricultural machinery sales companies that sell small agricultural machinery from China, India, and Japan. Myanmar's agricultural machinery import tariffs are very low, sometimes even zero tariffs. China's agricultural machinery is estimated to have an 80% market share due to its price advantage.
From 1999 to 2000, Myanmar's livestock and fishery output accounted for 7.9% of GDP and 23.1% of agricultural output. The output value of animal husbandry is 4.263 billion yuan, accounting for 61.1% of the output value of animal husbandry and fishery. The per capita annual consumption is 9 kilograms of meat, 15 kilograms of milk and 46 eggs. The development of animal husbandry is in its infancy.
The inland waters of Myanmar can raise an area of 8.2 million hectares, including 3,742 fish ponds. The first freshwater fish farm was built in 1953 and is still operated by the state. The main tasks are introduction, hatching and breeding and technology promotion. After the promulgation of the Aquaculture Law in 1989, freshwater aquaculture developed rapidly. By 2001, the national aquaculture water surface reached 72,000 hectares. New varieties such as squid, squid and grass carp imported from neighboring countries such as Thailand and China have been successfully cultivated, and 14 aquaculture farms have been built. The shrimp hatching technology has been basically mastered. The Myanmar government has formulated a three-year shrimp farming plan and has used the West Coast to establish 11 joint ventures with India, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand and Malaysia, and has already opened 500,000 hectares of land. Marine fish farming is basically in a blank.
The upper level of resources in the Myanmar Sea is 1 million tons and the bottom layer is 750,000 tons. The maximum catchable amount is 1.05 million tons. From 1999 to 2000, Myanmar’s marine catch was 880,000 tons. The main varieties are yellow croaker, octopus, prawn, silver carp, squid, sea bream, etc., 80% of which are exported. From April 1999 to March 2000, the total value of exports reached US$94.85 million, accounting for 11.5% of Myanmar’s total exports during the same period. In 2001, the export of aquatic products was 220 million US dollars, showing a continuing upward trend. The national freshwater catch is only 250,000 tons, mainly for the domestic market.
By 2001, there were 120 aquatic processing enterprises in Myanmar, five of which were private joint ventures, which dominated the processing of aquatic products. There are 254 ice-making factories, 102 frozen plants and 1 cold storage in the country. The ice-making capacity is 5266 tons/day, the freezing capacity is 191 tons/day, and the refrigeration capacity is 17,300 tons/day.
Myanmar has abundant forest resources, with a forest area of 498,621 square kilometers and a forest coverage rate of about 73%. Teak is an important resource for Myanmar's forestry, accounting for 60% of the world. Teak production has been controlled at 40-500,000 cubic meters for 90 years. It is the world's largest teak supplier and an important source of foreign exchange earnings for Myanmar.
Production, investment and trading environment
Myanmar is rich in cultivated land and has 780,000 hectares of idle land. For foreign investors, the land lease period is generally 15 years, and the investment amount can be extended to 30-50 years. The state prohibits private export of cotton, sugar cane, jute, and rice. All agricultural products can only be imported directly by the government. The crop seeds produced by the enterprise must be uniformly sold by the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, and there are strict monitoring measures for the import of pesticides. Since the Myanmar fishing vessels are not suitable for offshore operations, the Myanmar government encourages foreign fishing vessels to work outside their seas, but the fish must be unloaded at designated fishing ports. In addition to 15% of the fish caught, each fishing boat must pay a $10 fishing fee per metric ton per month. The joint venture of forestry is cut according to the amount of harvested by the government. The export of timber is zero-tariff, and the export quota is determined by the Ministry of Forestry and the Ministry of Planning.
Myanmar's investment and trade system has many similarities with China's early 1980s. The overall impression is that it is not sound, unstable and opaque. Although the Foreign Investment Law and the Foreign Investment Law Regulations were promulgated in 1998, there are still many uncertain factors that have many restrictions on foreign investors. In practice, foreign investment companies have different treatment policies for registration fees and daily management fees, and the fees are higher. Daily expenses such as water and electricity of enterprises must be paid in US dollars and varied. For example, the immigration visa has risen from US$50 per person per month to US$200 per month. The official exchange rate is 120 times different from the black market, and there is a risk of depreciation at any time. The foreign exchange market is very risky. The policy is arbitrarily arbitrary, and the government intervenes in the business operations.
Another problem is poor infrastructure and high operating costs. The transportation facilities are old and backward, and they are still dominated by water transportation; the water resources are extremely rich, but due to the lack of water conservancy facilities, the irrigation conditions of the land are very poor; the energy is insufficient, the power interruption often occurs during the delegation inspection, and there are many uncertain factors in the normal operation of the enterprise. .
2. Analysis of agricultural cooperation between China and Myanmar
Judging from the talks and field visits, the development advantage of Myanmar's agriculture lies in the abundant natural resources and potential certain markets. But overall, Myanmar's agricultural development is at a relatively low level, both in terms of scientific research and technology, as well as in production management and product processing. There is a lot of room for further development.
The status quo of China-Myanmar agricultural cooperation
The governments and enterprises of China and Myanmar have different degrees of cooperation in agricultural machinery, hybrid rice, tropical crops and fisheries.
------ Agricultural machinery. In terms of government assistance, the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade invested 148 million yuan to help Myanmar establish an annual output of 10,000 walking tractors and supporting S1100H diesel engines, rotary tillers, auxiliary files, paddy fields, traction frames, 0.5 million harvesters and supporting equipment. X170F diesel engine. At present, civil construction is underway and is expected to be completed by the end of March. In terms of business cooperation, Zhejiang Sifang Group and Changchai Group exported more than 40,000 walking tractors and parts to Myanmar, with a market share of over 70%. Zhejiang Sifang Group also exported two walking tractors, diesel engine assembly lines and three parts processing production lines to the Ministry of Agriculture of Myanmar. It independently undertook the Myanmar government's large-scale water conservancy project of US$6 million and established 105 large pumping stations for Myanmar. Cooperation in this area has great potential and is likely to expand to $20 million.
------ In terms of rice, two companies in China have carried out hybrid rice trials, demonstrations and promotion work in Myanmar. Among them, based on the screening of more than 10 hybrid rice varieties in China, Sichuan Sima Company has promoted 50,000 varieties of “501” varieties with better performance through technical guidance and training; the area of hybrid seed production in Myanmar reached 1000 Mu, the annual supply of commercial rice varieties 75,000 kg. The Beijing premiere company failed due to the poor performance of three domestic hybrid rice varieties in Myanmar.
In terms of tropical crops, Yunnan farmer has developed thousands of acres of natural rubber on the Sino-Burmese border. It is understood that other parts of the Chinese government have planted natural rubber, tropical fruits, etc. in the northern part of Myanmar near the Chinese border through alternative planting methods. crop.
In the case of fisheries, the China-Myanmar Agricultural Cooperation Project is mainly engaged in some commercial cooperation in marine fishery fishing.
In addition, in terms of vegetables, the China-Myanmar Vegetable Training Center, which was undertaken by the Yunnan Excellent Agriculture Center and established by the Ambassador Fund, is about to run.
Some cooperation intentions proposed by the Myanmar side
Prior to this visit, the Department of International Cooperation had communicated with the Ministry of Agriculture of Myanmar in advance. Therefore, during the inspection period, the Ministry of Agriculture of Myanmar proposed a number of cooperation requirements, mainly including the following aspects:
In terms of seeds, Myanmar hopes that China will provide some high-quality hybrid rice, hybrid cotton and hybrid vegetable varieties for trial production and promotion in Myanmar, including training in breeding technology, especially two-line rice and super rice.
In terms of agricultural machinery, Myanmar proposed a project proposal on “Application for a 35-million-yuan interest-free loan to build a four-wheel tractor production plant”.
In terms of natural rubber, the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation of Myanmar proposed to establish two plantations in the Shan and Kachin provinces, and to open 10 processing plants and rubber wood furniture factories in Yangon and other rubber growing areas in Kachin. Establish a practical research center to provide research equipment and hope that Chinese companies will invest in natural rubber in northern Myanmar.
In terms of tropical fruits, it is proposed to help establish canneries, mainly processing fruits and dehydrated vegetables.
In the case of fisheries, it is hoped to provide high-breeding techniques for breeding new varieties, marine fish and prawn, to help fish farming and squid processing projects in rice fields, and to welcome Chinese companies to invest in aquaculture in Myanmar.
In the animal husbandry industry, it is required to help establish a wooden quarantine station and a frozen station, provide pharmaceutical raw materials such as vitamin C and oxytetracycline, incubators, high-quality eggs, and training cotton seed cake detoxification technology.
In terms of forestry, Myanmar has not proposed cooperation intentions. However, during the two talks with the ministers and other officials, the Burmese side all proposed that due to the smuggling of snakes at the Sino-Myanmar border in recent years, the murder of the squad and the rats will intensify and the Chinese side is expected to control it.
Areas and ways in which they can cooperate
After investigations and talks, the delegation believed that the areas and ways in which China-Myanmar agriculture can further cooperate are:
1. Rice
----Strengthen the exchange of crop germplasm resources between China and Myanmar. There are many high quality rice varieties in Myanmar that are very popular in the international market. Its high temperature resistance and waterlogging characteristics are very beneficial for cultivating high quality hybrid rice varieties and developing rice production and seed industry in China.
---- Strengthen the experimental planting of hybrid seeds and screen crop hybrids suitable for planting in Myanmar. In order to develop and cultivate the seed market, the number of crops and varieties to be tested can be increased and the trial area can be expanded. At present, it can be promoted from the three-line hybrid rice, hybrid cotton and hybrid vegetable varieties that have been promoted for more than three years in China. The hybrid rice trials can rely on the technical strength and work basis of the four horse companies. If necessary, some Chinese seed companies can be organized to go to Myanmar for trial planting, demonstration and cultivation technology research.
----Strengthen the technical cooperation in the cultivation and promotion of hybrid varieties. The breeding speed of its hybrids is slow, both there are reasons for the lack of suitable hybrids, and there are also factors lacking in seed production and cultivation techniques. In order to speed up the screening and promotion of hybrid varieties, ASEAN cooperation projects can be used to support Myanmar breeding and technology extension personnel to come to China for training and inspection, and to support Chinese experts to conduct technical guidance, training and cooperative research in Myanmar.
---- Encourage Chinese seed companies to invest in Myanmar. Chinese companies can bring hybrid parents to Myanmar, produce hybrid seeds on the premise of controlling parental seeds and seed production techniques, sell them locally or ship them back to China, or export to other countries.
2, agricultural machinery
---- Strengthen the training of agricultural machinery. First, a training course on the production and use of agricultural machinery was held in China, and relevant personnel from Myanmar were invited to participate. It is recommended that the Agricultural Machinery Development and Promotion Station of the Ministry of Agriculture organize the implementation; second, according to the training content proposed by the Myanmar side, send Chinese experts to Myanmar for training and guidance. Through technical training, China's agricultural machinery products will be further promoted.
---- Provide four-wheel tractor production line and technology. If the Myanmar side proposes to use the Chinese government loan to build a four-wheel tractor production plant, it can learn from the experience of Zhejiang Sifang Group in Myanmar and follow the principle of mutual benefit; it can also contact relevant enterprises in China to conduct further market research and explore commercial development. .
3, natural rubber
----For the rubber planting development in northern Myanmar proposed by the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation of Myanmar, we believe that due to the long rubber production cycle, the instability of the Myanmar policy and the complexity and high risk of the northern region, It is unlikely that Chinese companies will invest in natural rubber nurseries and natural rubber in a commercial manner.
----In terms of technical assistance, technical training can be conducted through mutual exchange of personnel to help Myanmar improve the level of rubber planting and processing technology. If the country has financial assistance in this area, Hainan and Yunnan farmer enterprises are willing to undertake related work.
---- Cooperation in the field of natural rubber processing can be given priority. At present, Myanmar's rubber processing technology and equipment are backward. In the past two years, nearly 30,000 mu of rubber gardens planted in northern Myanmar are about to be cut. Therefore, we can take advantage of the advantages of China's rubber primary processing machinery manufacturing, through the export of rubber processing equipment, supplemented by technical training and other cooperation. Due to the tight foreign exchange in Myanmar, the barter trade method can be used to transport the processed rubber back to the domestic deduction processing equipment. It has not only assisted Myanmar, but also made up for the shortage of domestic rubber resources. The provision of natural rubber equipment for the rubber technology development center proposed by the Myanmar side can also be carried out in accordance with the above barter trade principle. In this regard, Hainan, Yunnan farmer and the perennial crop companies under the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation of Myanmar expressed interest.
---- For tropical fruits, you can refer to the natural rubber practice. If the country provides free aid, it can be trained and guided by the agricultural enterprises and related science and technology education institutions in Hainan, Yunnan, Guangdong, etc.; Such processing lines can be carried out in accordance with the principle of equivalent exchange and barter trade.
4. Fisheries
---- It is considered to hold a training course on rice-fish culture and marine fish culture training courses in China's inland and coastal areas, and 100 species of carp heads from the Wuxi Freshwater Fisheries Center of the Chinese Academy of Water Sciences.
---- Invite Myanmar companies to visit China for shrimp farming, and pay for their own expenses. Myanmar related companies have this intention.
5. Animal husbandry and forestry
---- You can consider helping to establish a wooden sister animal quarantine station, which can control the introduction of livestock diseases to China to a certain extent.
---- It is possible to adopt a combination of government and enterprises to help renovate the frozen station and provide frozen sperm for the corresponding improved cattle.
---- Through commercial trade, Chinese companies provide basic medicines for pharmaceutical shortages such as vitamin C, oxytetracycline and calcium hydrogen phosphate.
---- Relevant technical training for Myanmar animal husbandry feed and management personnel.
----Using the advantages of seedling breeding technology in China and the advantages of Myanmar natural teak varieties, the asexual reproduction of teak seedlings was carried out. In recent years, the demand for teak in the home improvement market in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other big cities is relatively large. It is considered that the company will cooperate with the timber company of the Ministry of Forestry of Myanmar to import and sell Burmese teak.
Specific cooperation projects must also be carried out by the government and enterprises, and further discussions with relevant parties in Myanmar.
Third, policy recommendations
1. Technical assistance hopes to receive free support from Chinese government funds. Some basic work and preliminary work such as training, technology promotion, germplasm exchange, cooperative research, research instruments and equipment, and testing equipment must be funded.
2. Some commercial cooperation projects hope to receive credit support from the Chinese government. The support of government subsidized loans is a guarantee for some projects, especially the implementation of agricultural machinery projects.
3. Provide facilities for the import and export trade of the China-Myanmar Agricultural Cooperation Agreement. For example, products such as natural rubber imported through barter trade are guaranteed to be included in the quota issuance plan, and export products must be given priority in case of active quota management. and many more.
4. The Chinese government strengthens export management to avoid vicious competition. Although some agricultural machinery products in China have been recognized and welcomed by Myanmar and other countries in Southeast Asia, some illegal enterprises in China have used various means to spoof brand-name and low-price vicious competition and undermine the export strategy of agricultural machinery products. Other products have similar situations. It is hoped that the state will strengthen and standardize border trade management and ensure that relevant commodity inspection and animal and plant quarantine laws and regulations are implemented.
5. It is hoped that through consultations between the two governments, the Myanmar side will be asked to take care of the Chinese investment in Myanmar, such as government guarantees for large-scale investment, national treatment of investment enterprises in Myanmar, including land use, dollarization of investment, trade restrictions, rights and obligations, etc. .
In addition, in a meeting with the Minister of Agriculture of New Zealand, Minister New Ding, Minister Newing proposed that the Ministry of Agriculture should issue an invitation as soon as possible to visit China in March; the Minister of Animal Husbandry and Fisheries, Ms. Mei, also expressed his intention to visit China.
February 6, 2002
Attached file 1: Production of major crops in Myanmar from 2000 to 2001
Sub-file 2: Exports of rice and beans in Myanmar
Sub-file 3: Production of tropical crops in Myanmar in 2001
Sub-File 4: Import and Export Trade of Larger Tropical Crops in Myanmar in 1999
Sub-file 5: Forecast of demand for major agricultural machinery in Myanmar
Attached file VI: Production of livestock products in Myanmar
In order to implement the instructions of President Jiang Zemin during his visit to Myanmar in 2001 and the consensus reached by Minister Du Qinglin and the Minister of Agriculture and Irrigation of New Zealand, and the spirit of the relevant directives, the cooperation between China and Myanmar will be promoted by the Ministry of Agriculture and Hainan Province, Yunnan Province and Jiangsu Province. A delegation of China's agricultural comprehensive inspection and project consultations consisting of 20 provincial agricultural departments and enterprises visited Myanmar on January 27-February 3, 2002. The relevant situation report is as follows:
I. Inspection situation
Investigation and talks
The delegation of the China Agricultural Comprehensive Investigation and Project Consultation was divided into three departments: the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, the Ministry of Animal Husbandry and Fisheries, and the Ministry of Forestry. Therefore, after the overall understanding of the agricultural situation in Myanmar, the delegation was divided into four groups of planting, natural rubber, aquatic animal husbandry and forestry according to the membership structure.
The planting group consists of four departments: the Agricultural Reclamation Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture, the Plantation Division, the Agricultural Mechanization Division and the China Seed Company. During the inspection period, the focus was on cooperative development of rice, cotton, vegetable breeding, planting techniques and agricultural machinery manufacturing and use, and the Agricultural Planning Department, Agricultural Services Department, Farm Enterprise Division, Agricultural Mechanization Division, and Cotton and Maize Enterprise Division of the Myanmar Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation. The officials of the Sugar Industry Division conducted discussions. At the same time, I visited the Myanmar Rice Research Center, the Vegetable and Fruit Research and Development Center, the Yangon Fine Seed Farm, the Agricultural Museum, the Seed Market, the Agricultural Products Market, the Tissue Culture Center, the Quality Rice Processing Plant and the 3 Small Agricultural Machinery in Yangon. Manufacturing plant.
The natural rubber group consists of 9 farmers from the Agriculture Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture, the Hainan Provincial Agricultural Reclamation Bureau, the Yunnan Provincial Agricultural Reclamation Bureau, and the Sanya Tropical Crop Technology Promotion Station in Hainan. Focus on the issue of natural rubber production, processing and cooperation with the Perennial Crops Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, and discuss with the Agriculture Department about the production and processing of tropical fruits. He also visited the rubber plantation and tobacco film processing plant of Indagaw State Rubber Company of BAGO Province, the conveyor belt production plant, the latex glove factory and the natural rubber research technology development center of Yangon.
The Animal Husbandry and Fisheries Group consists of four departments: the Fisheries Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture, the Agriculture Department of Yunnan Province, and the Jiangsu Ocean and Fisheries Bureau. The focus was on the cooperative development of animal husbandry, aquaculture breeding technology and disease prevention and control, and the relevant departments of the Ministry of Animal Husbandry and Fisheries conducted a discussion. Field visits to Myaungta Aquatic Products Processing Co., Ltd., Myanmar Seafood Products Co., Ltd., shrimp farms, hatcheries, The first freshwater fish farm in Myanmar, the National Aquatic Products Control Laboratory and the two largest fishing ports in Yangon, as well as the Biological Research and Testing Division of the Burmese livestock feed and milk production company, the Livestock Disease Diagnosis Division and the Mabin livestock production. Complex, feed mill, family dairy farm. At the same time, exchanges were held with representatives of six fishery companies in Myanmar, namely Zhongshui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong, engaged in fishing operations in Myanmar.
The forestry group consists of three departments: the International Cooperation Department of the Ministry of Agriculture and the Sanya Forestry Bureau. Focus on forestry cooperation and officials from the six departments of the Myanmar Forestry Department, and visit the largest wood processing plant and timber sawmill in Yangon, the Central Forest Training Center, the teak test forest and the nursery.
The Myanmar government attaches great importance to this agricultural inspection. The ministers of the three ministries met with the main members of the delegation. The Minister of Animal Husbandry and Fisheries and the Minister of Forestry made a special trip from the field to the meeting and thanked the Chinese side for sending a government delegation to Myanmar shortly after President Jiang Zemin’s visit to Myanmar. .
Natural conditions and agricultural development
The Union of Myanmar is located in the western part of the Central South Peninsula. The northeast is adjacent to China, the northwest is connected with India and Bangladesh, the southeast is bordered by Laos and Thailand, the southwest is the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. Excellent natural conditions, rich resources, can grow a variety of crops. The coastline is 2,200 kilometers long and has a tropical monsoon climate with an average annual temperature of 27 °C.
Agriculture is the foundation of Myanmar’s national economy. Agricultural output accounts for about one-third of GDP, agricultural exports account for about one-fourth of total exports; 75% of Myanmar's population is in rural areas, agricultural labor accounts for about 62% of total employment in the country; and cultivated area is 23.9 million. acre. The main crops are rice, wheat, corn, peanuts, sesame, cotton, beans, natural rubber, coffee, fruits, vegetables, forests, sugar cane, tobacco and jute.
Cereal crops and legume crops are the largest crops in Myanmar and an important export product for agricultural products. It is planned that by 2005, the area of rice will be expanded to 8.9 million hectares, with a total output of 400 million tons; the area of corn will be expanded to 500,000 hectares, and the output per hectare will reach 3 tons.
Rubber is an important industrial raw material for Myanmar and a foreign exchange earning product for Myanmar. In order to increase rubber production, the rubber planting area in Myanmar has gradually expanded in recent years. According to figures from the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation of Myanmar, Myanmar has a land area suitable for rubber planting of 2.62 million hectares. At present, the rubber planting area is 180,000 hectares, more than doubled from 7 years ago; the area and output of Myanmar's state-owned rubber plantations account for about 10% of the total rubber plantation area and total production in the country; natural rubber exports 20,000 tons per year. . It is planned to reach 240,000 hectares by 2019 and produce 87,000 tons. In 2020, it will reach 400,000 hectares and the output will be 150,000 tons.
The development level of agricultural machinery in Myanmar is not high, mainly based on small-scale agricultural machinery, including walking tractors, power cultivators, windrowers, threshers, etc. By the end of 2000, the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation of Myanmar had imported 7,172 power ploughing machines and established 23 village-level agricultural mechanization demonstration farms. At present, the main mechanical operation in Myanmar is cultivated land. The national level of machine farming is 20%, and by 2019 it is planned to reach 60%.
Myanmar has actively developed domestic agricultural machinery production. Five agricultural machinery production, processing and assembly lines have been built, including foundry production lines, gear processing lines, casting processing lines, spindle processing lines and metal heat treatment workshops. At present, the main products include power cultivators, windrowers, rotary tillers and threshers. The main components including diesel engines, spindles and gears are imported from Zhejiang Sifang Group. Each year, Myanmar produces 6,000 power ploughing machines, which are uniformly sold by the Agricultural Mechanization Division to 99 distribution centers across the country. Farmers can purchase them by installment payment.
Myanmar has a large demand for small-scale agricultural machinery, and there are many private agricultural machinery sales companies. 007, Googbrother, and Yeesin are three large-scale agricultural machinery sales companies that sell small agricultural machinery from China, India, and Japan. Myanmar's agricultural machinery import tariffs are very low, sometimes even zero tariffs. China's agricultural machinery is estimated to have an 80% market share due to its price advantage.
From 1999 to 2000, Myanmar's livestock and fishery output accounted for 7.9% of GDP and 23.1% of agricultural output. The output value of animal husbandry is 4.263 billion yuan, accounting for 61.1% of the output value of animal husbandry and fishery. The per capita annual consumption is 9 kilograms of meat, 15 kilograms of milk and 46 eggs. The development of animal husbandry is in its infancy.
The inland waters of Myanmar can raise an area of 8.2 million hectares, including 3,742 fish ponds. The first freshwater fish farm was built in 1953 and is still operated by the state. The main tasks are introduction, hatching and breeding and technology promotion. After the promulgation of the Aquaculture Law in 1989, freshwater aquaculture developed rapidly. By 2001, the national aquaculture water surface reached 72,000 hectares. New varieties such as squid, squid and grass carp imported from neighboring countries such as Thailand and China have been successfully cultivated, and 14 aquaculture farms have been built. The shrimp hatching technology has been basically mastered. The Myanmar government has formulated a three-year shrimp farming plan and has used the West Coast to establish 11 joint ventures with India, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand and Malaysia, and has already opened 500,000 hectares of land. Marine fish farming is basically in a blank.
The upper level of resources in the Myanmar Sea is 1 million tons and the bottom layer is 750,000 tons. The maximum catchable amount is 1.05 million tons. From 1999 to 2000, Myanmar’s marine catch was 880,000 tons. The main varieties are yellow croaker, octopus, prawn, silver carp, squid, sea bream, etc., 80% of which are exported. From April 1999 to March 2000, the total value of exports reached US$94.85 million, accounting for 11.5% of Myanmar’s total exports during the same period. In 2001, the export of aquatic products was 220 million US dollars, showing a continuing upward trend. The national freshwater catch is only 250,000 tons, mainly for the domestic market.
By 2001, there were 120 aquatic processing enterprises in Myanmar, five of which were private joint ventures, which dominated the processing of aquatic products. There are 254 ice-making factories, 102 frozen plants and 1 cold storage in the country. The ice-making capacity is 5266 tons/day, the freezing capacity is 191 tons/day, and the refrigeration capacity is 17,300 tons/day.
Myanmar has abundant forest resources, with a forest area of 498,621 square kilometers and a forest coverage rate of about 73%. Teak is an important resource for Myanmar's forestry, accounting for 60% of the world. Teak production has been controlled at 40-500,000 cubic meters for 90 years. It is the world's largest teak supplier and an important source of foreign exchange earnings for Myanmar.
Production, investment and trading environment
Myanmar is rich in cultivated land and has 780,000 hectares of idle land. For foreign investors, the land lease period is generally 15 years, and the investment amount can be extended to 30-50 years. The state prohibits private export of cotton, sugar cane, jute, and rice. All agricultural products can only be imported directly by the government. The crop seeds produced by the enterprise must be uniformly sold by the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, and there are strict monitoring measures for the import of pesticides. Since the Myanmar fishing vessels are not suitable for offshore operations, the Myanmar government encourages foreign fishing vessels to work outside their seas, but the fish must be unloaded at designated fishing ports. In addition to 15% of the fish caught, each fishing boat must pay a $10 fishing fee per metric ton per month. The joint venture of forestry is cut according to the amount of harvested by the government. The export of timber is zero-tariff, and the export quota is determined by the Ministry of Forestry and the Ministry of Planning.
Myanmar's investment and trade system has many similarities with China's early 1980s. The overall impression is that it is not sound, unstable and opaque. Although the Foreign Investment Law and the Foreign Investment Law Regulations were promulgated in 1998, there are still many uncertain factors that have many restrictions on foreign investors. In practice, foreign investment companies have different treatment policies for registration fees and daily management fees, and the fees are higher. Daily expenses such as water and electricity of enterprises must be paid in US dollars and varied. For example, the immigration visa has risen from US$50 per person per month to US$200 per month. The official exchange rate is 120 times different from the black market, and there is a risk of depreciation at any time. The foreign exchange market is very risky. The policy is arbitrarily arbitrary, and the government intervenes in the business operations.
Another problem is poor infrastructure and high operating costs. The transportation facilities are old and backward, and they are still dominated by water transportation; the water resources are extremely rich, but due to the lack of water conservancy facilities, the irrigation conditions of the land are very poor; the energy is insufficient, the power interruption often occurs during the delegation inspection, and there are many uncertain factors in the normal operation of the enterprise. .
2. Analysis of agricultural cooperation between China and Myanmar
Judging from the talks and field visits, the development advantage of Myanmar's agriculture lies in the abundant natural resources and potential certain markets. But overall, Myanmar's agricultural development is at a relatively low level, both in terms of scientific research and technology, as well as in production management and product processing. There is a lot of room for further development.
The status quo of China-Myanmar agricultural cooperation
The governments and enterprises of China and Myanmar have different degrees of cooperation in agricultural machinery, hybrid rice, tropical crops and fisheries.
------ Agricultural machinery. In terms of government assistance, the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade invested 148 million yuan to help Myanmar establish an annual output of 10,000 walking tractors and supporting S1100H diesel engines, rotary tillers, auxiliary files, paddy fields, traction frames, 0.5 million harvesters and supporting equipment. X170F diesel engine. At present, civil construction is underway and is expected to be completed by the end of March. In terms of business cooperation, Zhejiang Sifang Group and Changchai Group exported more than 40,000 walking tractors and parts to Myanmar, with a market share of over 70%. Zhejiang Sifang Group also exported two walking tractors, diesel engine assembly lines and three parts processing production lines to the Ministry of Agriculture of Myanmar. It independently undertook the Myanmar government's large-scale water conservancy project of US$6 million and established 105 large pumping stations for Myanmar. Cooperation in this area has great potential and is likely to expand to $20 million.
------ In terms of rice, two companies in China have carried out hybrid rice trials, demonstrations and promotion work in Myanmar. Among them, based on the screening of more than 10 hybrid rice varieties in China, Sichuan Sima Company has promoted 50,000 varieties of “501” varieties with better performance through technical guidance and training; the area of hybrid seed production in Myanmar reached 1000 Mu, the annual supply of commercial rice varieties 75,000 kg. The Beijing premiere company failed due to the poor performance of three domestic hybrid rice varieties in Myanmar.
In terms of tropical crops, Yunnan farmer has developed thousands of acres of natural rubber on the Sino-Burmese border. It is understood that other parts of the Chinese government have planted natural rubber, tropical fruits, etc. in the northern part of Myanmar near the Chinese border through alternative planting methods. crop.
In the case of fisheries, the China-Myanmar Agricultural Cooperation Project is mainly engaged in some commercial cooperation in marine fishery fishing.
In addition, in terms of vegetables, the China-Myanmar Vegetable Training Center, which was undertaken by the Yunnan Excellent Agriculture Center and established by the Ambassador Fund, is about to run.
Some cooperation intentions proposed by the Myanmar side
Prior to this visit, the Department of International Cooperation had communicated with the Ministry of Agriculture of Myanmar in advance. Therefore, during the inspection period, the Ministry of Agriculture of Myanmar proposed a number of cooperation requirements, mainly including the following aspects:
In terms of seeds, Myanmar hopes that China will provide some high-quality hybrid rice, hybrid cotton and hybrid vegetable varieties for trial production and promotion in Myanmar, including training in breeding technology, especially two-line rice and super rice.
In terms of agricultural machinery, Myanmar proposed a project proposal on “Application for a 35-million-yuan interest-free loan to build a four-wheel tractor production plant”.
In terms of natural rubber, the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation of Myanmar proposed to establish two plantations in the Shan and Kachin provinces, and to open 10 processing plants and rubber wood furniture factories in Yangon and other rubber growing areas in Kachin. Establish a practical research center to provide research equipment and hope that Chinese companies will invest in natural rubber in northern Myanmar.
In terms of tropical fruits, it is proposed to help establish canneries, mainly processing fruits and dehydrated vegetables.
In the case of fisheries, it is hoped to provide high-breeding techniques for breeding new varieties, marine fish and prawn, to help fish farming and squid processing projects in rice fields, and to welcome Chinese companies to invest in aquaculture in Myanmar.
In the animal husbandry industry, it is required to help establish a wooden quarantine station and a frozen station, provide pharmaceutical raw materials such as vitamin C and oxytetracycline, incubators, high-quality eggs, and training cotton seed cake detoxification technology.
In terms of forestry, Myanmar has not proposed cooperation intentions. However, during the two talks with the ministers and other officials, the Burmese side all proposed that due to the smuggling of snakes at the Sino-Myanmar border in recent years, the murder of the squad and the rats will intensify and the Chinese side is expected to control it.
Areas and ways in which they can cooperate
After investigations and talks, the delegation believed that the areas and ways in which China-Myanmar agriculture can further cooperate are:
1. Rice
----Strengthen the exchange of crop germplasm resources between China and Myanmar. There are many high quality rice varieties in Myanmar that are very popular in the international market. Its high temperature resistance and waterlogging characteristics are very beneficial for cultivating high quality hybrid rice varieties and developing rice production and seed industry in China.
---- Strengthen the experimental planting of hybrid seeds and screen crop hybrids suitable for planting in Myanmar. In order to develop and cultivate the seed market, the number of crops and varieties to be tested can be increased and the trial area can be expanded. At present, it can be promoted from the three-line hybrid rice, hybrid cotton and hybrid vegetable varieties that have been promoted for more than three years in China. The hybrid rice trials can rely on the technical strength and work basis of the four horse companies. If necessary, some Chinese seed companies can be organized to go to Myanmar for trial planting, demonstration and cultivation technology research.
----Strengthen the technical cooperation in the cultivation and promotion of hybrid varieties. The breeding speed of its hybrids is slow, both there are reasons for the lack of suitable hybrids, and there are also factors lacking in seed production and cultivation techniques. In order to speed up the screening and promotion of hybrid varieties, ASEAN cooperation projects can be used to support Myanmar breeding and technology extension personnel to come to China for training and inspection, and to support Chinese experts to conduct technical guidance, training and cooperative research in Myanmar.
---- Encourage Chinese seed companies to invest in Myanmar. Chinese companies can bring hybrid parents to Myanmar, produce hybrid seeds on the premise of controlling parental seeds and seed production techniques, sell them locally or ship them back to China, or export to other countries.
2, agricultural machinery
---- Strengthen the training of agricultural machinery. First, a training course on the production and use of agricultural machinery was held in China, and relevant personnel from Myanmar were invited to participate. It is recommended that the Agricultural Machinery Development and Promotion Station of the Ministry of Agriculture organize the implementation; second, according to the training content proposed by the Myanmar side, send Chinese experts to Myanmar for training and guidance. Through technical training, China's agricultural machinery products will be further promoted.
---- Provide four-wheel tractor production line and technology. If the Myanmar side proposes to use the Chinese government loan to build a four-wheel tractor production plant, it can learn from the experience of Zhejiang Sifang Group in Myanmar and follow the principle of mutual benefit; it can also contact relevant enterprises in China to conduct further market research and explore commercial development. .
3, natural rubber
----For the rubber planting development in northern Myanmar proposed by the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation of Myanmar, we believe that due to the long rubber production cycle, the instability of the Myanmar policy and the complexity and high risk of the northern region, It is unlikely that Chinese companies will invest in natural rubber nurseries and natural rubber in a commercial manner.
----In terms of technical assistance, technical training can be conducted through mutual exchange of personnel to help Myanmar improve the level of rubber planting and processing technology. If the country has financial assistance in this area, Hainan and Yunnan farmer enterprises are willing to undertake related work.
---- Cooperation in the field of natural rubber processing can be given priority. At present, Myanmar's rubber processing technology and equipment are backward. In the past two years, nearly 30,000 mu of rubber gardens planted in northern Myanmar are about to be cut. Therefore, we can take advantage of the advantages of China's rubber primary processing machinery manufacturing, through the export of rubber processing equipment, supplemented by technical training and other cooperation. Due to the tight foreign exchange in Myanmar, the barter trade method can be used to transport the processed rubber back to the domestic deduction processing equipment. It has not only assisted Myanmar, but also made up for the shortage of domestic rubber resources. The provision of natural rubber equipment for the rubber technology development center proposed by the Myanmar side can also be carried out in accordance with the above barter trade principle. In this regard, Hainan, Yunnan farmer and the perennial crop companies under the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation of Myanmar expressed interest.
---- For tropical fruits, you can refer to the natural rubber practice. If the country provides free aid, it can be trained and guided by the agricultural enterprises and related science and technology education institutions in Hainan, Yunnan, Guangdong, etc.; Such processing lines can be carried out in accordance with the principle of equivalent exchange and barter trade.
4. Fisheries
---- It is considered to hold a training course on rice-fish culture and marine fish culture training courses in China's inland and coastal areas, and 100 species of carp heads from the Wuxi Freshwater Fisheries Center of the Chinese Academy of Water Sciences.
---- Invite Myanmar companies to visit China for shrimp farming, and pay for their own expenses. Myanmar related companies have this intention.
5. Animal husbandry and forestry
---- You can consider helping to establish a wooden sister animal quarantine station, which can control the introduction of livestock diseases to China to a certain extent.
---- It is possible to adopt a combination of government and enterprises to help renovate the frozen station and provide frozen sperm for the corresponding improved cattle.
---- Through commercial trade, Chinese companies provide basic medicines for pharmaceutical shortages such as vitamin C, oxytetracycline and calcium hydrogen phosphate.
---- Relevant technical training for Myanmar animal husbandry feed and management personnel.
----Using the advantages of seedling breeding technology in China and the advantages of Myanmar natural teak varieties, the asexual reproduction of teak seedlings was carried out. In recent years, the demand for teak in the home improvement market in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other big cities is relatively large. It is considered that the company will cooperate with the timber company of the Ministry of Forestry of Myanmar to import and sell Burmese teak.
Specific cooperation projects must also be carried out by the government and enterprises, and further discussions with relevant parties in Myanmar.
Third, policy recommendations
1. Technical assistance hopes to receive free support from Chinese government funds. Some basic work and preliminary work such as training, technology promotion, germplasm exchange, cooperative research, research instruments and equipment, and testing equipment must be funded.
2. Some commercial cooperation projects hope to receive credit support from the Chinese government. The support of government subsidized loans is a guarantee for some projects, especially the implementation of agricultural machinery projects.
3. Provide facilities for the import and export trade of the China-Myanmar Agricultural Cooperation Agreement. For example, products such as natural rubber imported through barter trade are guaranteed to be included in the quota issuance plan, and export products must be given priority in case of active quota management. and many more.
4. The Chinese government strengthens export management to avoid vicious competition. Although some agricultural machinery products in China have been recognized and welcomed by Myanmar and other countries in Southeast Asia, some illegal enterprises in China have used various means to spoof brand-name and low-price vicious competition and undermine the export strategy of agricultural machinery products. Other products have similar situations. It is hoped that the state will strengthen and standardize border trade management and ensure that relevant commodity inspection and animal and plant quarantine laws and regulations are implemented.
5. It is hoped that through consultations between the two governments, the Myanmar side will be asked to take care of the Chinese investment in Myanmar, such as government guarantees for large-scale investment, national treatment of investment enterprises in Myanmar, including land use, dollarization of investment, trade restrictions, rights and obligations, etc. .
In addition, in a meeting with the Minister of Agriculture of New Zealand, Minister New Ding, Minister Newing proposed that the Ministry of Agriculture should issue an invitation as soon as possible to visit China in March; the Minister of Animal Husbandry and Fisheries, Ms. Mei, also expressed his intention to visit China.
February 6, 2002
Attached file 1: Production of major crops in Myanmar from 2000 to 2001
Sub-file 2: Exports of rice and beans in Myanmar
Sub-file 3: Production of tropical crops in Myanmar in 2001
Sub-File 4: Import and Export Trade of Larger Tropical Crops in Myanmar in 1999
Sub-file 5: Forecast of demand for major agricultural machinery in Myanmar
Attached file VI: Production of livestock products in Myanmar
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