Survey Report on the Status of Migrant Workers in 1999
In order to find out the status quo and characteristics of migrant workers in cities. Grasp their mentality and needs, and put forward corresponding countermeasures for the existing problems. The China Youth Research Center and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China were in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Yantai in April 1999. A special survey was conducted in Hunan, a large province for migrant workers.
The mobility and living conditions of migrant workers in cities show new characteristics
1. The number of rural youth working in cities is on the rise
According to incomplete statistics from Guangzhou and Shenzhen, the total number of migrant workers passing through the railway since the Spring Festival this year has exceeded 1.46 million, an increase of 10% over the same period last year. More than 80% of the rural laborers entering the city are rural youth under the age of 35.
As the number of young migrant workers in the city continues to increase, their time to work in the city is relatively longer. The results of this survey show that 29.8% of migrant workers who have worked in the city for more than four years, 17.0% of those who have worked for more than three years, and 19.0% of those who have worked for more than two years. When asked "When are you going to return to your hometown," you choose 45.6% of "I don't want to return home now", 2.1% of "never return home", and 23.2% of "unclear". The sum of the three items is 70.9%.
The main reasons for this situation are: First, the number of rural surplus labor is increasing. At present, there are at least 250 million surplus labor among China's 420 million rural laborers, which is the most direct cause of rural youth cross-regional mobility. Second, rural township and village enterprises are undergoing upgrading and structural adjustment, and the ability to absorb rural surplus labor is significantly weakened. Third, the actual income of rural areas has declined relatively. On the one hand, the proportion of agricultural income to the national total has decreased year by year, and in 1985 it was 42.6%. By 1995 it had fallen to less than 30%. On the other hand, the gap between the income of farmers and the income of urban residents is gradually widening, from 1:1.72 in 1985 to 1:2.33 in 1995. Fourth, rural youth generally hope to broaden their horizons, grow their talents, and seek development. In this survey, 31.1% of migrant workers working in cities are “want to change the environment in order to better develop themselves. Show their talents”, ranking first in the nine options. And I want to "go to the city to learn the skills. Go home to do a good job in the cause" and "to see the world in the city, open the eyes" are 14.7% and 11.6%, respectively, the three added to 57.4%; because of life difficulties Young people who want to go to the city to earn money to support their families only account for 16.9%. It can be seen that more than half of the rural youths are working in cities. The main reason is not that they have no food and clothing and that they have difficulties in living. It is because of the general feeling that “the outside world is more exciting”, and think of the world in this new environment, learning the world, and developing.
2. The difficulty of employment in foreign and urban towns increases
From the situation of this survey, it is more difficult for migrant workers to find jobs in the city than in the past. First, the number of people who have been unable to find jobs after entering the city has increased. Take Guangzhou as an example. In 1998, there were more than 1 million migrant workers, more than 700,000 employed, and more than 200,000 people were temporarily unable to find employment. It was 16.6% higher than in 1997. Second, the work of migrant workers is extremely unstable, and the frequency of career changes is relatively high. According to the survey results, from March 1998 to March 1999, 26.1% of migrant workers changed their jobs. Among them, the conversion was 12.8% or more. The work youth has changed jobs. Among them, the number of young people who have changed their jobs to work in Guangzhou is the highest, reaching 39.5%. Among them, the number of migrant workers who have changed their jobs is the highest in Guangzhou, reaching 39.5%, followed by Shenzhen, Beijing, Shanghai and Yantai. According to the age group data, the number of migrant workers who have changed jobs is the highest at 14-18 years old, reaching 39.4%; followed by 25-28 years old, 19-24 years old, and 29.35 years old. This shows that migrant workers are often in a state of professional mobility after entering the city.
According to the survey data, a large number of migrant workers are employed in foreign-funded enterprises or private enterprises. Employment in township enterprises accounted for 6.1%. 5.9% of those engaged in self-employment, and the total of four items was 42.6%. Most of them are contract workers and temporary workers. Their work lacks stability. At any time, they may be "fired and squid" by their bosses. After losing their jobs, they will re-enter the stranded group.
The employment of migrant workers is more difficult. The main reason is that the number of laid-off workers in cities is rising, and urban employment faces sharp contradictions and heavy pressure. In addition, the employment channels of migrant workers are not good, which is also an important reason for the difficulty of choosing a job.
3. The quality of life of most migrant workers is at a low level.
Among the 1,000 migrant workers who accepted this survey, 5.5% did not have any economic income. Last year, the average monthly personal income was 20.8% under 399, and 400.9% to 799 yuan accounted for 43.9%, 800 yuan to 999 yuan. 14.5%, 1,000 yuan to 1999 yuan accounted for 12.4%, and 2000 yuan or more accounted for 2.3%.
Although most migrant workers have varying amounts of economic income, they are very unstable. In response to “Do you have economic income since this year”, 25.1% of foreign migrant workers who chose “sometimes, sometimes no, very unstable” answered 7.9% without income, and the sum of the two was 33%. It accounts for one third of the total number of migrant workers.
In addition to maintaining basic living needs, most migrant workers’ incomes must be sent home. This puts their quality of life at a lower level.
According to the survey results, about 41.9% of the young migrant workers have more spare time. The monotony and boring life of amateur life is an important reason for the psychological and emotional changes in the youth who work in the package. When asked if “when you are working in the city, you will feel lonely, lonely and bored”, 11.8% of the migrant workers responded “often felt”, “occasionally felt” and “who felt uncomfortable” were 29.2 respectively. % and 44.4%, the sum of the three items was 84.4%; and only 8.6% answered “never felt”.
4. The protection of the rights and interests of migrant workers needs to be strengthened
When asked if you have been subjected to discrimination or unfair treatment after entering the city. The answer to “often received” accounted for 3.8%. "Occasional" accounted for 51.7%, while the answer "never felt" was only 28.5%.
Survey data shows. The infringements listed in the top four are: different pay for co-workers with urban workers; little or no remuneration after overtime; discriminated by people in the city, often blinded; employers cannot provide basic conditions for labor protection. The rest are: the living and housing conditions provided by the employer are too poor; the employer arrears wages or deducted wages in disguise, and even refuses to pay wages; the spare time is not allowed to go out; the employer does not pay for the treatment because of the public injury; the employer does not Prospective migrant workers participate in training and learning.
From the situation of interviews and case interviews, the phenomenon of different pay for migrant workers and urban workers is quite common, especially among foreign-funded enterprises and private enterprises. In the labor dispute case, a large part of the migrant workers involved in the case of arrears, deductions or refusal to pay wages. Another outstanding problem found in the investigation is that the labor protection conditions for migrant workers are extremely poor, and the phenomenon of overtime fatigue is very serious, resulting in a large number of industrial accidents. After migrant workers are disabled due to work-related injuries, most of them cannot receive timely treatment and financial compensation. When asked "Whether your legal rights have been violated. Have you ever been helped by the unit or the society?" Twenty-two percent of the respondents said “never received” and 23.7% said “to be worked hard to get”, and the two add up to 45.7%.
Countermeasures and Suggestions on Further Strengthening the Work of Migrant Workers
1. Governments at all levels should further strengthen the leadership of young migrant workers. Make overall planning and strengthen management. Focus on the education, organization and management of migrant workers in the inflow and employment. Establish and improve various related systems and service systems. Improve various measures and means to make migrant workers flow in an orderly manner. There are chapters for employment, and organizations have institutions and systems.
2. It is necessary to establish a youth training system for foreign workers who is led by the government, sponsored by the labor department, and involved in relevant social sectors, and incorporates migrant youth training into the social education sequence. Training for migrant workers should be incorporated into government actions. Except for the principle of “who uses people and who trains” for enterprises with a certain scale. For migrant workers who enter small-scale dispersed employment units, the government should take the lead. The labor department sponsors and encourages social forces such as employees to establish foreign training institutions and social networks, and conducts systematic training on a level and multi-channel basis. It is necessary to formulate relevant policy provisions, link training and employment, and establish a four-in-one management mechanism of learning, assessment, certification, and employment to ensure the authority and effectiveness of training.
3. Further strengthen and improve the work of safeguarding rights. Guarantee the legitimate rights and interests of migrant workers. The work of safeguarding rights should firstly enable migrant workers to learn law and understand the law, so that they can become workers who know the law and abide by the law and can use the law to protect their rights and interests. At the same time, local governments should formulate relevant policies and regulations, and pass judicial supervision and legal assistance. We will ensure that young migrant workers are not discriminated against, excluded from abuse, and treated with equal pay and equal treatment with local people.
4. Rely on policy guidance to encourage migrant workers to return to their hometowns for business. Local governments should encourage foreign migrant workers to return to their hometowns through policy guidance, provide preferential and convenient aspects in terms of capital credit, land lease, industrial and commercial taxation, formalities approval, etc., and provide services in coordinating and developing product markets and providing this year's second-class services. And work together to attract more young people to return to their hometowns in good condition. At the same time, local governments should formulate corresponding policies. Guide and encourage farmers to enter the small towns to participate in the employment competition, and achieve localization of rural surplus labor employment. Make more rural surplus labor in situ.
5. The news media should further strengthen the positive publicity of young migrant workers. Give full play to the correct role of public opinion. To enable urban residents to correctly understand and objectively evaluate them, and to form a social atmosphere between the urban and rural people to treat each other as equals, to be friendly, to build a home.
6. The Communist Youth League should further establish and improve the social service system that combines urban and rural areas. To build a bridge for the migrant workers to grow into talents. The league organizations at all levels should take the initiative to play a coordinating role and unite the relevant departments and social forces of the local government. Through the establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Workers Employment Advisory Department, training outlets, rights supervision posts, group book room, the Ministry of Culture and the opening of migrant workers, the direct entry and exit between the two places directly provide targeted services for their employment. At the same time, we must continue to do well in the selection and selection of outstanding foreign youths, establish advanced models, promote advanced experience, and guide foreign migrant workers to play a role in the construction of two civilizations.
The mobility and living conditions of migrant workers in cities show new characteristics
1. The number of rural youth working in cities is on the rise
According to incomplete statistics from Guangzhou and Shenzhen, the total number of migrant workers passing through the railway since the Spring Festival this year has exceeded 1.46 million, an increase of 10% over the same period last year. More than 80% of the rural laborers entering the city are rural youth under the age of 35.
As the number of young migrant workers in the city continues to increase, their time to work in the city is relatively longer. The results of this survey show that 29.8% of migrant workers who have worked in the city for more than four years, 17.0% of those who have worked for more than three years, and 19.0% of those who have worked for more than two years. When asked "When are you going to return to your hometown," you choose 45.6% of "I don't want to return home now", 2.1% of "never return home", and 23.2% of "unclear". The sum of the three items is 70.9%.
The main reasons for this situation are: First, the number of rural surplus labor is increasing. At present, there are at least 250 million surplus labor among China's 420 million rural laborers, which is the most direct cause of rural youth cross-regional mobility. Second, rural township and village enterprises are undergoing upgrading and structural adjustment, and the ability to absorb rural surplus labor is significantly weakened. Third, the actual income of rural areas has declined relatively. On the one hand, the proportion of agricultural income to the national total has decreased year by year, and in 1985 it was 42.6%. By 1995 it had fallen to less than 30%. On the other hand, the gap between the income of farmers and the income of urban residents is gradually widening, from 1:1.72 in 1985 to 1:2.33 in 1995. Fourth, rural youth generally hope to broaden their horizons, grow their talents, and seek development. In this survey, 31.1% of migrant workers working in cities are “want to change the environment in order to better develop themselves. Show their talents”, ranking first in the nine options. And I want to "go to the city to learn the skills. Go home to do a good job in the cause" and "to see the world in the city, open the eyes" are 14.7% and 11.6%, respectively, the three added to 57.4%; because of life difficulties Young people who want to go to the city to earn money to support their families only account for 16.9%. It can be seen that more than half of the rural youths are working in cities. The main reason is not that they have no food and clothing and that they have difficulties in living. It is because of the general feeling that “the outside world is more exciting”, and think of the world in this new environment, learning the world, and developing.
2. The difficulty of employment in foreign and urban towns increases
From the situation of this survey, it is more difficult for migrant workers to find jobs in the city than in the past. First, the number of people who have been unable to find jobs after entering the city has increased. Take Guangzhou as an example. In 1998, there were more than 1 million migrant workers, more than 700,000 employed, and more than 200,000 people were temporarily unable to find employment. It was 16.6% higher than in 1997. Second, the work of migrant workers is extremely unstable, and the frequency of career changes is relatively high. According to the survey results, from March 1998 to March 1999, 26.1% of migrant workers changed their jobs. Among them, the conversion was 12.8% or more. The work youth has changed jobs. Among them, the number of young people who have changed their jobs to work in Guangzhou is the highest, reaching 39.5%. Among them, the number of migrant workers who have changed their jobs is the highest in Guangzhou, reaching 39.5%, followed by Shenzhen, Beijing, Shanghai and Yantai. According to the age group data, the number of migrant workers who have changed jobs is the highest at 14-18 years old, reaching 39.4%; followed by 25-28 years old, 19-24 years old, and 29.35 years old. This shows that migrant workers are often in a state of professional mobility after entering the city.
According to the survey data, a large number of migrant workers are employed in foreign-funded enterprises or private enterprises. Employment in township enterprises accounted for 6.1%. 5.9% of those engaged in self-employment, and the total of four items was 42.6%. Most of them are contract workers and temporary workers. Their work lacks stability. At any time, they may be "fired and squid" by their bosses. After losing their jobs, they will re-enter the stranded group.
The employment of migrant workers is more difficult. The main reason is that the number of laid-off workers in cities is rising, and urban employment faces sharp contradictions and heavy pressure. In addition, the employment channels of migrant workers are not good, which is also an important reason for the difficulty of choosing a job.
3. The quality of life of most migrant workers is at a low level.
Among the 1,000 migrant workers who accepted this survey, 5.5% did not have any economic income. Last year, the average monthly personal income was 20.8% under 399, and 400.9% to 799 yuan accounted for 43.9%, 800 yuan to 999 yuan. 14.5%, 1,000 yuan to 1999 yuan accounted for 12.4%, and 2000 yuan or more accounted for 2.3%.
Although most migrant workers have varying amounts of economic income, they are very unstable. In response to “Do you have economic income since this year”, 25.1% of foreign migrant workers who chose “sometimes, sometimes no, very unstable” answered 7.9% without income, and the sum of the two was 33%. It accounts for one third of the total number of migrant workers.
In addition to maintaining basic living needs, most migrant workers’ incomes must be sent home. This puts their quality of life at a lower level.
According to the survey results, about 41.9% of the young migrant workers have more spare time. The monotony and boring life of amateur life is an important reason for the psychological and emotional changes in the youth who work in the package. When asked if “when you are working in the city, you will feel lonely, lonely and bored”, 11.8% of the migrant workers responded “often felt”, “occasionally felt” and “who felt uncomfortable” were 29.2 respectively. % and 44.4%, the sum of the three items was 84.4%; and only 8.6% answered “never felt”.
4. The protection of the rights and interests of migrant workers needs to be strengthened
When asked if you have been subjected to discrimination or unfair treatment after entering the city. The answer to “often received” accounted for 3.8%. "Occasional" accounted for 51.7%, while the answer "never felt" was only 28.5%.
Survey data shows. The infringements listed in the top four are: different pay for co-workers with urban workers; little or no remuneration after overtime; discriminated by people in the city, often blinded; employers cannot provide basic conditions for labor protection. The rest are: the living and housing conditions provided by the employer are too poor; the employer arrears wages or deducted wages in disguise, and even refuses to pay wages; the spare time is not allowed to go out; the employer does not pay for the treatment because of the public injury; the employer does not Prospective migrant workers participate in training and learning.
From the situation of interviews and case interviews, the phenomenon of different pay for migrant workers and urban workers is quite common, especially among foreign-funded enterprises and private enterprises. In the labor dispute case, a large part of the migrant workers involved in the case of arrears, deductions or refusal to pay wages. Another outstanding problem found in the investigation is that the labor protection conditions for migrant workers are extremely poor, and the phenomenon of overtime fatigue is very serious, resulting in a large number of industrial accidents. After migrant workers are disabled due to work-related injuries, most of them cannot receive timely treatment and financial compensation. When asked "Whether your legal rights have been violated. Have you ever been helped by the unit or the society?" Twenty-two percent of the respondents said “never received” and 23.7% said “to be worked hard to get”, and the two add up to 45.7%.
Countermeasures and Suggestions on Further Strengthening the Work of Migrant Workers
1. Governments at all levels should further strengthen the leadership of young migrant workers. Make overall planning and strengthen management. Focus on the education, organization and management of migrant workers in the inflow and employment. Establish and improve various related systems and service systems. Improve various measures and means to make migrant workers flow in an orderly manner. There are chapters for employment, and organizations have institutions and systems.
2. It is necessary to establish a youth training system for foreign workers who is led by the government, sponsored by the labor department, and involved in relevant social sectors, and incorporates migrant youth training into the social education sequence. Training for migrant workers should be incorporated into government actions. Except for the principle of “who uses people and who trains” for enterprises with a certain scale. For migrant workers who enter small-scale dispersed employment units, the government should take the lead. The labor department sponsors and encourages social forces such as employees to establish foreign training institutions and social networks, and conducts systematic training on a level and multi-channel basis. It is necessary to formulate relevant policy provisions, link training and employment, and establish a four-in-one management mechanism of learning, assessment, certification, and employment to ensure the authority and effectiveness of training.
3. Further strengthen and improve the work of safeguarding rights. Guarantee the legitimate rights and interests of migrant workers. The work of safeguarding rights should firstly enable migrant workers to learn law and understand the law, so that they can become workers who know the law and abide by the law and can use the law to protect their rights and interests. At the same time, local governments should formulate relevant policies and regulations, and pass judicial supervision and legal assistance. We will ensure that young migrant workers are not discriminated against, excluded from abuse, and treated with equal pay and equal treatment with local people.
4. Rely on policy guidance to encourage migrant workers to return to their hometowns for business. Local governments should encourage foreign migrant workers to return to their hometowns through policy guidance, provide preferential and convenient aspects in terms of capital credit, land lease, industrial and commercial taxation, formalities approval, etc., and provide services in coordinating and developing product markets and providing this year's second-class services. And work together to attract more young people to return to their hometowns in good condition. At the same time, local governments should formulate corresponding policies. Guide and encourage farmers to enter the small towns to participate in the employment competition, and achieve localization of rural surplus labor employment. Make more rural surplus labor in situ.
5. The news media should further strengthen the positive publicity of young migrant workers. Give full play to the correct role of public opinion. To enable urban residents to correctly understand and objectively evaluate them, and to form a social atmosphere between the urban and rural people to treat each other as equals, to be friendly, to build a home.
6. The Communist Youth League should further establish and improve the social service system that combines urban and rural areas. To build a bridge for the migrant workers to grow into talents. The league organizations at all levels should take the initiative to play a coordinating role and unite the relevant departments and social forces of the local government. Through the establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Workers Employment Advisory Department, training outlets, rights supervision posts, group book room, the Ministry of Culture and the opening of migrant workers, the direct entry and exit between the two places directly provide targeted services for their employment. At the same time, we must continue to do well in the selection and selection of outstanding foreign youths, establish advanced models, promote advanced experience, and guide foreign migrant workers to play a role in the construction of two civilizations.
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