Discussion on the Problems and Countermeasures of Villager Autonomy in China
[Abstract] The healthy development of villager autonomy urgently needs to solve the following six problems: vigorously develop rural collective economy, solve the problem of weakening the service function of village committees, rationalize rural relations, and solve the problems of "over-autonomy" and "sub-administration" Rationalize the relationship between the village party organization and the villagers' self-governing organization, solve the problem that the grassroots party organizations improperly intervene in the village self-government and the village self-governing organization, and shake the party's leadership authority; carry out the village self-government demonstration activities in depth, solve the villagers' autonomy, lack experience and work everywhere. Balancing the problem; vigorously developing rural cultural education, solving the problem of low peasant cultural standards and poor democratic literacy; strengthening the rule of law in rural areas and solving the problem of poor social rule of law in village self-government.
[Keywords] Chinese rural / village self-government / democratic politics / problems / countermeasures
Comrade *** pointed out in the inspection work in Anhui in July 1998: "The production of households, township enterprises and villagers' self-government are the great creations of hundreds of millions of peasants under the leadership of the party." Especially the villager autonomy is the rural political system. Great innovation. Villager autonomy, as an institutional arrangement for rural grassroots democratic political construction confirmed by national laws, has become the most basic form of rural grassroots democracy with Chinese characteristics at this stage. This paper discusses its problems and countermeasures from the following six aspects.
1. Adhere to and improve the two-tier management system based on the household contract responsibility system, and integrate the two-tier management system, vigorously develop the rural collective economy, solve the weakening of the village committee's service function, and enhance the attraction and cohesion of villagers' autonomy.
A major feature of villager autonomy in rural China is that the villagers and the collective are closely connected. Therefore, the collective economy is closely related to the operation of village self-government. The collective economic power provides important material support for the normal operation of villagers' self-government; at the same time, the more developed the collective economy, the more it needs to pass village self-government, expand the political participation of the villagers, ensure the standardized operation of the collective economy, rationally distribute benefits, and provide good publicity. social service.
From a practical point of view, in places where there is a lack of collective economic strength, because the village self-governing organizations are unable to provide good social services to the villagers and lack the material basis for rallying the people, the village committees can only rely on the contribution of the villagers to handle public affairs and public welfare undertakings. . Therefore, the effect of villager autonomy is not satisfactory, and the enthusiasm of villagers to participate in autonomy is not high. The rural grassroots organizations are in a state of paralysis and semi-squatting, and they are mostly “empty villages” of the collective economy. On the contrary, in some villages with strong collective economic strength, the remuneration of village cadres, the village collectives and the township government require the bonuses and labor services provided by the farmers, mainly by the collective organizations, and the peasants benefit from the collective economy and self-governing organizations. Reduce the burden on. Therefore, the village self-governing organizations enjoy high prestige and have strong cohesiveness and attractiveness. It can be seen that the village collective economy has become the material basis that restricts the operation and development of villagers' autonomy. Therefore, to do a good job in village self-government, we must vigorously develop the rural collective economy and enhance the attractiveness and cohesiveness of the village committee's service function and village self-government.
2. Guide farmers to correctly exercise their democratic rights, change the management style of grassroots governments to the countryside, solve the problems of “over-autonomy” and “affiliated administrativeization” in village self-government, and promote the long-term stability and standardized operation of the pattern of “village governance and village governance”.
At present, there are two kinds of relatively independent powers in China's rural social management system: the administrative power of the township government and the autonomy of the villagers. They constitute the general pattern of rural township “governance and village governance” under the leadership of the Communist Party of China. It should be said that the administrative power of townships and villages and the autonomy of villagers are consistent in the ultimate vesting and operation purposes, and the provisions of the law are also clear and clear. The villagers' committee cannot be separated from the support and help of the township government; the villager autonomy is also beneficial to the administrative management of the township. However, in actual work, there are often contradictions between the two, mainly manifested in the two tendencies of “over-autonomy” and “affiliated administration”. The so-called "over-autonomy" tends to mean that the villagers' autonomy is beyond the scope of the law. The village self-governing organization makes decisions that do not belong to the scope of village autonomy, or arbitrarily increases the illegal definition of the villagers, and illegally restricts the freedom rights of the villagers; or Without proper reasons, refused to accept the tasks of the state set by the township government. The tendency of the so-called "subsidiary administration" means that village self-government exists in a certain degree, and the township government still regards the village committee as its direct subordinate administrative organization, using traditional leadership methods for command management, or continuing to control the village committee. The right to personnel shall be arbitrarily mobilized, appointed or waived by the cadres democratically elected by the villagers; or interfere with the village affairs activities such as production and management within the autonomous scope of the village committee, and arbitrarily give orders. Judging from the current situation, the tendency of “over-autonomy” is not widespread in the country, but there have been some signs and some typical cases; the tendency of “sub-administration” has certain universality in some places. In order to overcome these two wrong tendencies on the issue of village self-government, and to properly and effectively integrate rural relations, we must work from the following three aspects.
First, the township government and its staff should raise their awareness, change their concepts, improve their working methods and methods, and perform their duties of "township politics" in accordance with the law.
The initiative of the government is an important driving force for the self-development of villagers' self-government in China, and it is also an important feature of rural grassroots democracy development. Therefore, in rural relations, township governments are the dominant aspect. To solve the contradiction between "village administration" and "village governance", from the perspective of the township government, it is mainly to raise awareness and improve methods. To raise awareness is to fully understand the relationship between the township government and the village committee. This is determined by the nature of the village committee. The village committee is a village self-governing organization and enjoys the right to self-government according to law. Therefore, the relationship between the township government and the village committee should not be determined as a leadership relationship. The improvement method is that in addition to adopting the necessary administrative management methods, the township government should use more legal, economic and educational management methods to achieve effective management on the basis of respecting the autonomy of villagers and the relative independence of village committees.
At present, the township government should pay special attention to the following points when guiding the work of the village committee: guiding the village committee to change the election, respecting the democratic will of the people, not appointing village cadres, and not pre-framed, toned, and truly implement the villagers. Direct democratic elections ensure that those who have good political abilities, strong organizational skills, high prestige, and people's trustworthiness are elected to the leadership positions of the village committee. Of course, we must also guide the people against patriarchalism and family values and resolutely crack down on the manipulation of the "underworld" forces. Instruct the village committee to carry out the work of civil autonomy independently and responsibly, respect the right of village committee autonomy, improve the leadership method and work style, strictly prohibit the village committee as a lower-level government of the township government, and not interfere with the autonomy of the village committee by administrative orders. The exercise of the villagers must adhere to the principle of democratic discussion among all villagers, adopt democratic methods of discussion, methods of counseling, and methods of persuasion, rather than methods of administrative orders and methods of forced pressure. The various departments of the township government should not regard the village committee as a subordinate institution. For some tasks that need to be assisted by the village committee, they should be within the scope of the law, and they should be unified to the village committee through the township government. Arrangement, and then the village committee organizes the assistance of the people to complete, and the departments should not directly assign tasks to the village committee. The township government and its subordinate departments should help and guide the village committee's own construction, including improving and perfecting the self-governing organization of the village committee, establishing and perfecting the working system of the village committee, training the village committee cadres, conducting competition evaluation activities, and helping the village committee to coordinate with the village. The relationship between the party branch, the various practical difficulties encountered in solving the work, and so on.
Second, strengthen the self-employment of villagers' self-governing organizations, educate farmers to raise their awareness of democracy, enhance their autonomy, guide farmers to learn to use democratic rights, and consciously assist the township government in doing all kinds of work.
Due to the long-term backwardness of the rural economy and culture, the villagers' democratic concept and subject consciousness are not strong, and the villagers' self-management ability and the village committee's work ability are very limited. Coupled with the influence of rural feudal family consciousness and patriarchal forces, it is difficult for a considerable number of village committees. To carry out the work autonomously, we have to have a sense of dependence on the township government; many villagers, including village cadres, cannot correctly understand the villagers' autonomy, think that autonomy is what they want to do, and even oppose the villagers' autonomy with national laws and township administration. Therefore, to resolve the contradiction between "village administration" and "village governance", it is necessary to strengthen the self-construction of villagers' self-governing organizations, educate and guide farmers and village cadres to learn to exercise their democratic rights.
It is necessary to educate and guide the peasants to correctly understand the relationship between village self-government and party leadership, administrative management with townships, and national laws. Villager autonomy is the great creation of the Communist Party of China in leading peasants in building socialist democratic politics. Therefore, party leadership in village self-government is unquestionable. "The Communist Party's ruling is to lead and support the people's power to manage the state, to implement democratic elections, democratic decision-making, democratic management, and democratic supervision." [1] Party leadership and village self-government are not contradictory. Villager autonomy and township administration are also unified and consistent. Administrative management is not equal to forced order; village self-government does not mean not to be administrative. Village autonomy is not in contradiction with national laws. The laws and regulations of the country are the foundation of the rule of the country and the code of conduct for all citizens. Any organization or individual must comply unconditionally. The villagers' committee is established according to law under the leadership of the party. It must also organize self-management, self-education and self-service of the villagers under the leadership of the party and within the limits prescribed by national laws and regulations.
We must educate and guide peasants to raise their awareness of democracy and the legal system and learn to exercise their democratic rights. First, we must help farmers learn and understand the content of democratic rights. Second, we must educate farmers to learn how to use democratic rights correctly, exercise democratic rights in accordance with the law, and resolutely prevent and eliminate violations of laws and regulations.
Third, the state political power construction work department should pay attention to summing up experience, do a good example, guide local governments to formulate specific rural relations regulations, and promote the improvement of the system of village self-government.
The revised "Village Group Law" only provides general provisions on the relationship between township administration and village self-government and their respective licenses, that is, the township government has the right to guide the work of the village committee, and the village committee is under the guidance of the township government. Self-management of the affairs of the village. However, due to the lack of clear and specific provisions on the responsibility of the township government and the village committee, it is difficult to effectively link township administration and villager autonomy in operation. Therefore, according to the principle of the "Village Group Law", the reasonable division of the respective permission of the township government and the village committee from the system is an important link to promote the integration of township administration and villager autonomy. To this end, in the process of implementing the "Village Group Law", some localities have formulated rules on the work of the township government to guide the work of the village committee, and achieved good results.
3. Correctly handle the relationship between the village party branch and the villagers' self-governing organization, strengthen and improve the party's leadership over rural work, and solve the problem of unreasonable intervention by the grass-roots party organizations in village self-government and village self-government organizations to shake the party's leadership authority, and to organize party organizations and villagers. The activities of autonomous organizations are included in the track of the legal system
Whether the relationship between the village party organization and the village self-governing organization is coordinated and standardized directly affects whether the villager autonomy can operate normally and effectively. From a theoretical and institutional point of view, the status and relationship of village party organizations and village self-governing organizations are clear and coordinated. The newly revised "Village Group Law" stipulates: "The grassroots organizations of the Communist Party of China in the rural areas work in accordance with the Constitution of the Communist Party of China and play a central role in leadership; in accordance with the Constitution and laws, they support and guarantee the villagers to carry out self-government activities and directly exercise their democratic rights." This is actually in the form of basic national laws, clearly defining the leadership position, responsibilities and working methods of party organizations for village self-government. However, in practice, the coordination between the village party organization and the village self-governing organization is still a problem to be solved. Because the "Village Group Law" only clarifies the core position and basic work responsibilities of the party organization, the specific operational methods still need to be continuously explored, summarized and improved in practice. As far as we are concerned, the problem with the relationship between the two is that some village party organizations improperly interfere with village self-government. It is mainly manifested in the manipulation and even illegal intervention of the village committee elections; too much intervention in the work of the village committee, so that the power of the village self-governing organization to manage the affairs of the village according to law is difficult to fully reflect and concretely implement. Some village self-governing organizations understand self-government as absolute freedom, do not accept the normal leadership of the village party organization, and even challenge the leadership authority of the party organization. There is still no specific definition of the scope of the licenses of party organizations and villagers' self-governing organizations. The relevant provisions are too principled, and the relationship between rural grassroots party organizations and villagers' self-governing organizations is different from the relationship between party organizations and governments at all levels in the national political system. The characteristics of its own, it is more necessary to clearly define the scope of the two licenses. The countermeasures for solving the relationship between the two are: under the principle of strengthening and improving the party’s leadership over rural work, the division of the powers of the village party organization and the village self-governing organization should be reasonably divided from the system, especially the village party organization The responsibility of “support and guarantee” and the way of fulfilling the responsibility ensure the standardized operation of the relationship between the two in terms of institutionalization and operability. If the rural relationship is the dominant aspect of the rural relationship, then the relationship between the village party branch and the village committee is dominated by the village party branch. Therefore, at present, it is especially necessary to standardize the scope of duties and working methods of village party organizations. As far as the scope of duties is concerned, village party organizations must make themselves truly the core of village-level organizations, and should try their best to avoid administrative tendencies and get rid of specific affairs. Party organizations should focus their efforts on grasping the development direction of the village, guiding the construction of other village-level organizations, coordinating the relationship between various organizations, and building their own. The villagers themselves can handle the good things. The villagers should be handled as much as possible according to the legal system to support and help the village self-governing organizations to carry out their activities independently and responsibly. In short, village-level organizations, including village party organizations, must operate within the legal system. The secretary of the village party branch can also serve as the director of the village committee, but must be directly elected according to law to be elected; the village party organization can organize the election before the village committee election, but must recognize the legal election results; the party organization has a large amount The decision-making power should be based on the premise that the inner-party democracy fully listens to the opinions of the people and does not infringe on the autonomy of the villagers; the villagers and villagers' self-governing organizations have the right to reflect to the higher-level party organizations and promote their corrections.
4. Taking the opportunity of implementing the new "Village Group Law" as an opportunity to carry out demonstration activities of village self-government in depth, explore experiences, establish typical models, solve imbalances in villagers' self-government, and promote rural grassroots democracy from point to point.
Because of the influence of various complicated factors, especially considering the gradual development policy, the implementation of village self-government has been steadily advanced for 10 years, but the situation is very uneven. From the degree of leadership attention to the degree of village participation, from the number of village committee elections to the standardization of elections, from the extent of the role of villagers' meetings and villagers' representative meetings to the completeness of the system of villagers' autonomy, all aspects exist. The gap is very uneven. This is objective and even inevitable. In November 1998, the revised Village Group Law ended its 10-year trial process and was more complete and mature in many aspects. Therefore, it is necessary to implement the new "Village Group Law" as an opportunity to continue to carry out demonstration activities of village self-government, improve the standardization of villagers' autonomy, establish new models, and accelerate the process of rural grassroots democratization.
To improve the standardization of village self-government, it is necessary to improve the system, standardize the program, and truly embody the "village people's autonomy" in accordance with the relevant provisions of the new "Village Group Law" around democratic elections, democratic decision-making, democratic management and democratic supervision. And the principle spirit of “direct democracy at the grassroots level”. In particular, it is necessary to develop standardized standards and standardized programs. In a word, it is necessary to improve the institutionalization level of villager autonomy.
First of all, we must improve the democratic election system of the village committee. Expand rural grassroots democracy, do a good job in village self-government, and democratic elections are the foundation. The main tasks in this regard are: First, in accordance with the requirements of the new "Village Group Law", the central government-level electoral leadership will be established as soon as possible to coordinate and standardize democratic elections throughout the country, especially in guiding the election of village committees in accordance with the law. Establish a special village election committee. Second, the standing committees of the people's congresses of all provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government should formulate or revise specific electoral methods in accordance with the spirit of the Village Group Law as soon as possible. Third, in order to ensure the participation rate and standardization of the villagers' democratic elections, it is necessary to carry out extensively and in-depth study and propaganda of the "Village Group Law". In particular, we must do a good job in electoral mobilization so that the villagers can fully understand the direct democracy stipulated in the "Village Group Law". The role and significance of the elections, familiar with the rules and procedures of democratic elections. Fourth, gradually standardize the electoral procedures and standards. According to the relevant provisions of the new "Village Group Law", the principle spirit of villagers' self-government is fully reflected. The criteria for democratic election of village committees should be: democracy, equality, openness, competition, and legitimacy. In short, standardized democratic elections can not only give village cadres a sense of honor, responsibility and crisis, but also fully mobilize the enthusiasm and political enthusiasm of the villagers to participate, fully embody the ownership and pride of the peasants as masters.
Second, we must improve the villagers' deliberation system. The villager's deliberation system is an effective way and an important way to achieve democratic decision-making. According to the provisions of the "Village Group Law", the organization form of villagers' deliberation is the village meeting or the villager representative meeting; the basic functions of the villagers' deliberation are democratic discussion, democratic deliberation and joint decision. Various localities have created many new experiences in this area, including the village representative council system, the “Democracy Day” system and the villager regular meeting system. For example, the villagers' representative council system in the villages of Zhangqiu City, Shandong Province has been established [2], and the “Democracy Day” system has been implemented in Laixi City, Shandong Province [3] and Dongling District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province [4]. Good results, it is worth learning and taking pictures.
Third, we must improve the villagers’ democratic supervision system, especially the open system of village affairs. Implementing a democratic supervision system and promoting financial disclosure, "this is the true embodiment of the villagers' masters of the country" [5], which is an important guarantee for democratic elections, democratic decision-making and democratic management. The revised "Village Group Law" stipulates the implementation of the village affairs disclosure system, especially the content of the financial disclosure and the time of publication. However, the "Village Group Law" only stipulates the principle requirements, content scope and implementation of the village affairs. The legal responsibility for public or public content is untrue, and the rules regarding the procedures and methods of village affairs disclosure and how to ensure the authenticity of the disclosure are not known. Of course, these specific problems cannot be demanded by the law and should be embodied in practice. In this regard, the practice in Hebei Province is worthy of the mirror. They have formulated the "five norms and one satisfaction" village open standards [6]. According to this standard, the people's governance of the committee is no longer a "fog in the fog", and truly "let the people understand that the cadres are innocent" To ensure the healthy and effective development of village affairs and the healthy development of village self-government.
V. Vigorously develop rural cultural education, raise farmers' cultural literacy and political participation awareness, solve the problem of low peasant cultural standards and poor democratic literacy, and cultivate qualified subjects for the development of rural grassroots democracy.
Villager autonomy is a democratic political practice in rural China, and its operation is closely related to the ideological and cultural conditions of the villagers. Ideological culture mainly includes cultural knowledge and values. Cultural knowledge is a necessary condition for engaging in political activities. As Lenin pointed out: "The illiterate is outside the politics, they must first be taught to literate. If you are illiterate, you cannot have politics. If you are illiterate, you can only have rumors, rumored prejudice, and no politics." [7] In reality In life, we can see such a phenomenon: in places where culture is relatively scarce, it is difficult to establish a democratic system, a democratic concept, and a democratic style, and the phenomenon of paranoia, arbitrariness, ignorance, and blind obedience is prone to popularity. Due to long-term historical reasons, the overall cultural quality of China's rural population is still not high. At present, most of the illiterate and semi-literate people who make up a quarter of the country's population are concentrated in the countryside. After the rural reform, a large number of rural laborers with relatively high educational level flowed to cities and other developed regions to work and do business. This situation will inevitably affect the participation of ordinary villagers in rural areas in daily village management activities. Compared with the low level of cultural knowledge, the peasants' ideological values have a greater impact on the operation of villagers' autonomy. At present, there are two tendencies in the ideology and values of farmers that are not conducive to the healthy development of village self-government: first, selfishness, narrow political, indifference, lack of enthusiasm and concern for public life and public interest; second, unconstrained individuals The tendency of doctrine lacks the necessary contract and cooperation consciousness in pursuing personal interests, and cannot correctly understand and deal with the relationship between individual and society, individual freedom and public authority.
At this stage, there are two different opinions on the concept of village self-government. First, it is considered that China's rural areas are backward and it is not suitable for villagers' autonomy. Second, the villagers' self-government development is too slow and should be accelerated. Both of these views are related to the lack of in-depth understanding and analysis of the constraints and variables of villager autonomy. The former emphasizes the backward side of China's rural areas, but does not see changes in the countryside. This change requires and promotes the standardized operation of village self-government. The latter viewed villagers' autonomy in isolation. They did not see that villager autonomy was restricted and influenced by many factors, and it was impossible to do so overnight. Therefore, vigorously developing rural social productive forces, strengthening the collective economy, developing rural cultural undertakings, and improving farmers' cultural standards and democratic literacy are an important condition and necessary prerequisite for ensuring the standardized operation and healthy development of villagers' autonomy.
6. Strengthening the construction of rural legal system, implementing villager autonomy for rural grassroots democracy, and creating a good social legal environment. Environmental democracy must be matched with legalization and institutionalization. Villager autonomy is a widespread practice of 900 million peasants exercising democratic rights. As a national legal system arrangement, it is necessary to create a good social legal environment in rural communities lacking the legal tradition. Due to the long-term autocratic history, Chinese farmers are very lacking in democratic experience and democratic habits, and are not good at exercising the democratic rights of self-government. If we do not strengthen the legal awareness and legal concept of grassroots cadres and the broad masses of peasants, and put the villagers' self-government into the track of legalization and institutionalization, it is possible to have the tendency of "over-autonomy" and "sub-administration" as mentioned above. Social instability has affected the healthy development of rural grassroots democracy and even socialist democracy as a whole. Strengthening the construction of rural socialist legal system and creating a good social legal environment for the gradual advancement of rural grassroots democracy, especially villager autonomy. In addition to accelerating rural democracy construction and laying a solid foundation for legal system construction, it is mainly to implement the "Village Group Law" and implement it. Direct democratic elections at the grassroots level in rural areas and open systems for village affairs. In addition, the following two tasks are indispensable: First, we must strengthen the planning and guidance of rural legal system construction. In the process of advancing the provinces, cities, and steps to realize the strategy of governing the country according to law, there should be plans to promote the construction of rural legal system, formulate clear plans and annual plans for the phased goals of rural legal system construction, and implement them steadily. Develop clear plans and annual plans and implement them steadily. There should be clear evaluation indicators for the status of rural legal system construction, and regular inspections and supervision. Second, we must effectively improve the legal concept of rural cadres and the people. For rural cadres, including people who have "the royal food" or employed township cadres and business owners, because they already have certain powers, they must still establish the concept of handling affairs according to law, abide by their duties, and accept supervision. . It is necessary to highlight the "obligation standard, responsibility first", so that they realize that the administrative power of cadres and the management power of business owners are limited, they must be exercised according to law, and they must accept the supervision of the people. For the majority of peasant people, including rural SMEs, it is necessary to understand a number of basic legal knowledge as a living standard, but the most fundamental thing is to establish a rights-based concept and fully understand the legal rights enjoyed by citizens. To be good at protecting the legal rights of the law, it is necessary to overcome the fact that it does not protect its rights according to law because it does not know the law, and it must prevent it from breaking the law by using illegal means to fight against it when it is nowhere to go.
【references】
[1] ***. Hold high the great banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory and push the cause of building socialism with Chinese characteristics into the 21st century [A]. Lecture, study, politics, righteousness, education, reading [C]. Beijing: Party Building Reading Publishing House, 1998.
[2] Yanshou promotes village-level democratic management [N]. People's Daily, 1998-05-25.
[3] Song Xuechun. Let the villagers be the masters [N]. People's Daily, 1998-09-08.
[4] Feng Kui. The power of "Democracy Day" [N]. People's Daily, 1998-08-18.
[5] Cao Zhi. Strengthen the construction of rural grassroots democracy and legal system [N]. People's Daily, 1998-12-10.
[6] Wang Jinliang, Yan Ming. Fumin Foundation [N]. People's daily
[Keywords] Chinese rural / village self-government / democratic politics / problems / countermeasures
Comrade *** pointed out in the inspection work in Anhui in July 1998: "The production of households, township enterprises and villagers' self-government are the great creations of hundreds of millions of peasants under the leadership of the party." Especially the villager autonomy is the rural political system. Great innovation. Villager autonomy, as an institutional arrangement for rural grassroots democratic political construction confirmed by national laws, has become the most basic form of rural grassroots democracy with Chinese characteristics at this stage. This paper discusses its problems and countermeasures from the following six aspects.
1. Adhere to and improve the two-tier management system based on the household contract responsibility system, and integrate the two-tier management system, vigorously develop the rural collective economy, solve the weakening of the village committee's service function, and enhance the attraction and cohesion of villagers' autonomy.
A major feature of villager autonomy in rural China is that the villagers and the collective are closely connected. Therefore, the collective economy is closely related to the operation of village self-government. The collective economic power provides important material support for the normal operation of villagers' self-government; at the same time, the more developed the collective economy, the more it needs to pass village self-government, expand the political participation of the villagers, ensure the standardized operation of the collective economy, rationally distribute benefits, and provide good publicity. social service.
From a practical point of view, in places where there is a lack of collective economic strength, because the village self-governing organizations are unable to provide good social services to the villagers and lack the material basis for rallying the people, the village committees can only rely on the contribution of the villagers to handle public affairs and public welfare undertakings. . Therefore, the effect of villager autonomy is not satisfactory, and the enthusiasm of villagers to participate in autonomy is not high. The rural grassroots organizations are in a state of paralysis and semi-squatting, and they are mostly “empty villages” of the collective economy. On the contrary, in some villages with strong collective economic strength, the remuneration of village cadres, the village collectives and the township government require the bonuses and labor services provided by the farmers, mainly by the collective organizations, and the peasants benefit from the collective economy and self-governing organizations. Reduce the burden on. Therefore, the village self-governing organizations enjoy high prestige and have strong cohesiveness and attractiveness. It can be seen that the village collective economy has become the material basis that restricts the operation and development of villagers' autonomy. Therefore, to do a good job in village self-government, we must vigorously develop the rural collective economy and enhance the attractiveness and cohesiveness of the village committee's service function and village self-government.
2. Guide farmers to correctly exercise their democratic rights, change the management style of grassroots governments to the countryside, solve the problems of “over-autonomy” and “affiliated administrativeization” in village self-government, and promote the long-term stability and standardized operation of the pattern of “village governance and village governance”.
At present, there are two kinds of relatively independent powers in China's rural social management system: the administrative power of the township government and the autonomy of the villagers. They constitute the general pattern of rural township “governance and village governance” under the leadership of the Communist Party of China. It should be said that the administrative power of townships and villages and the autonomy of villagers are consistent in the ultimate vesting and operation purposes, and the provisions of the law are also clear and clear. The villagers' committee cannot be separated from the support and help of the township government; the villager autonomy is also beneficial to the administrative management of the township. However, in actual work, there are often contradictions between the two, mainly manifested in the two tendencies of “over-autonomy” and “affiliated administration”. The so-called "over-autonomy" tends to mean that the villagers' autonomy is beyond the scope of the law. The village self-governing organization makes decisions that do not belong to the scope of village autonomy, or arbitrarily increases the illegal definition of the villagers, and illegally restricts the freedom rights of the villagers; or Without proper reasons, refused to accept the tasks of the state set by the township government. The tendency of the so-called "subsidiary administration" means that village self-government exists in a certain degree, and the township government still regards the village committee as its direct subordinate administrative organization, using traditional leadership methods for command management, or continuing to control the village committee. The right to personnel shall be arbitrarily mobilized, appointed or waived by the cadres democratically elected by the villagers; or interfere with the village affairs activities such as production and management within the autonomous scope of the village committee, and arbitrarily give orders. Judging from the current situation, the tendency of “over-autonomy” is not widespread in the country, but there have been some signs and some typical cases; the tendency of “sub-administration” has certain universality in some places. In order to overcome these two wrong tendencies on the issue of village self-government, and to properly and effectively integrate rural relations, we must work from the following three aspects.
First, the township government and its staff should raise their awareness, change their concepts, improve their working methods and methods, and perform their duties of "township politics" in accordance with the law.
The initiative of the government is an important driving force for the self-development of villagers' self-government in China, and it is also an important feature of rural grassroots democracy development. Therefore, in rural relations, township governments are the dominant aspect. To solve the contradiction between "village administration" and "village governance", from the perspective of the township government, it is mainly to raise awareness and improve methods. To raise awareness is to fully understand the relationship between the township government and the village committee. This is determined by the nature of the village committee. The village committee is a village self-governing organization and enjoys the right to self-government according to law. Therefore, the relationship between the township government and the village committee should not be determined as a leadership relationship. The improvement method is that in addition to adopting the necessary administrative management methods, the township government should use more legal, economic and educational management methods to achieve effective management on the basis of respecting the autonomy of villagers and the relative independence of village committees.
At present, the township government should pay special attention to the following points when guiding the work of the village committee: guiding the village committee to change the election, respecting the democratic will of the people, not appointing village cadres, and not pre-framed, toned, and truly implement the villagers. Direct democratic elections ensure that those who have good political abilities, strong organizational skills, high prestige, and people's trustworthiness are elected to the leadership positions of the village committee. Of course, we must also guide the people against patriarchalism and family values and resolutely crack down on the manipulation of the "underworld" forces. Instruct the village committee to carry out the work of civil autonomy independently and responsibly, respect the right of village committee autonomy, improve the leadership method and work style, strictly prohibit the village committee as a lower-level government of the township government, and not interfere with the autonomy of the village committee by administrative orders. The exercise of the villagers must adhere to the principle of democratic discussion among all villagers, adopt democratic methods of discussion, methods of counseling, and methods of persuasion, rather than methods of administrative orders and methods of forced pressure. The various departments of the township government should not regard the village committee as a subordinate institution. For some tasks that need to be assisted by the village committee, they should be within the scope of the law, and they should be unified to the village committee through the township government. Arrangement, and then the village committee organizes the assistance of the people to complete, and the departments should not directly assign tasks to the village committee. The township government and its subordinate departments should help and guide the village committee's own construction, including improving and perfecting the self-governing organization of the village committee, establishing and perfecting the working system of the village committee, training the village committee cadres, conducting competition evaluation activities, and helping the village committee to coordinate with the village. The relationship between the party branch, the various practical difficulties encountered in solving the work, and so on.
Second, strengthen the self-employment of villagers' self-governing organizations, educate farmers to raise their awareness of democracy, enhance their autonomy, guide farmers to learn to use democratic rights, and consciously assist the township government in doing all kinds of work.
Due to the long-term backwardness of the rural economy and culture, the villagers' democratic concept and subject consciousness are not strong, and the villagers' self-management ability and the village committee's work ability are very limited. Coupled with the influence of rural feudal family consciousness and patriarchal forces, it is difficult for a considerable number of village committees. To carry out the work autonomously, we have to have a sense of dependence on the township government; many villagers, including village cadres, cannot correctly understand the villagers' autonomy, think that autonomy is what they want to do, and even oppose the villagers' autonomy with national laws and township administration. Therefore, to resolve the contradiction between "village administration" and "village governance", it is necessary to strengthen the self-construction of villagers' self-governing organizations, educate and guide farmers and village cadres to learn to exercise their democratic rights.
It is necessary to educate and guide the peasants to correctly understand the relationship between village self-government and party leadership, administrative management with townships, and national laws. Villager autonomy is the great creation of the Communist Party of China in leading peasants in building socialist democratic politics. Therefore, party leadership in village self-government is unquestionable. "The Communist Party's ruling is to lead and support the people's power to manage the state, to implement democratic elections, democratic decision-making, democratic management, and democratic supervision." [1] Party leadership and village self-government are not contradictory. Villager autonomy and township administration are also unified and consistent. Administrative management is not equal to forced order; village self-government does not mean not to be administrative. Village autonomy is not in contradiction with national laws. The laws and regulations of the country are the foundation of the rule of the country and the code of conduct for all citizens. Any organization or individual must comply unconditionally. The villagers' committee is established according to law under the leadership of the party. It must also organize self-management, self-education and self-service of the villagers under the leadership of the party and within the limits prescribed by national laws and regulations.
We must educate and guide peasants to raise their awareness of democracy and the legal system and learn to exercise their democratic rights. First, we must help farmers learn and understand the content of democratic rights. Second, we must educate farmers to learn how to use democratic rights correctly, exercise democratic rights in accordance with the law, and resolutely prevent and eliminate violations of laws and regulations.
Third, the state political power construction work department should pay attention to summing up experience, do a good example, guide local governments to formulate specific rural relations regulations, and promote the improvement of the system of village self-government.
The revised "Village Group Law" only provides general provisions on the relationship between township administration and village self-government and their respective licenses, that is, the township government has the right to guide the work of the village committee, and the village committee is under the guidance of the township government. Self-management of the affairs of the village. However, due to the lack of clear and specific provisions on the responsibility of the township government and the village committee, it is difficult to effectively link township administration and villager autonomy in operation. Therefore, according to the principle of the "Village Group Law", the reasonable division of the respective permission of the township government and the village committee from the system is an important link to promote the integration of township administration and villager autonomy. To this end, in the process of implementing the "Village Group Law", some localities have formulated rules on the work of the township government to guide the work of the village committee, and achieved good results.
3. Correctly handle the relationship between the village party branch and the villagers' self-governing organization, strengthen and improve the party's leadership over rural work, and solve the problem of unreasonable intervention by the grass-roots party organizations in village self-government and village self-government organizations to shake the party's leadership authority, and to organize party organizations and villagers. The activities of autonomous organizations are included in the track of the legal system
Whether the relationship between the village party organization and the village self-governing organization is coordinated and standardized directly affects whether the villager autonomy can operate normally and effectively. From a theoretical and institutional point of view, the status and relationship of village party organizations and village self-governing organizations are clear and coordinated. The newly revised "Village Group Law" stipulates: "The grassroots organizations of the Communist Party of China in the rural areas work in accordance with the Constitution of the Communist Party of China and play a central role in leadership; in accordance with the Constitution and laws, they support and guarantee the villagers to carry out self-government activities and directly exercise their democratic rights." This is actually in the form of basic national laws, clearly defining the leadership position, responsibilities and working methods of party organizations for village self-government. However, in practice, the coordination between the village party organization and the village self-governing organization is still a problem to be solved. Because the "Village Group Law" only clarifies the core position and basic work responsibilities of the party organization, the specific operational methods still need to be continuously explored, summarized and improved in practice. As far as we are concerned, the problem with the relationship between the two is that some village party organizations improperly interfere with village self-government. It is mainly manifested in the manipulation and even illegal intervention of the village committee elections; too much intervention in the work of the village committee, so that the power of the village self-governing organization to manage the affairs of the village according to law is difficult to fully reflect and concretely implement. Some village self-governing organizations understand self-government as absolute freedom, do not accept the normal leadership of the village party organization, and even challenge the leadership authority of the party organization. There is still no specific definition of the scope of the licenses of party organizations and villagers' self-governing organizations. The relevant provisions are too principled, and the relationship between rural grassroots party organizations and villagers' self-governing organizations is different from the relationship between party organizations and governments at all levels in the national political system. The characteristics of its own, it is more necessary to clearly define the scope of the two licenses. The countermeasures for solving the relationship between the two are: under the principle of strengthening and improving the party’s leadership over rural work, the division of the powers of the village party organization and the village self-governing organization should be reasonably divided from the system, especially the village party organization The responsibility of “support and guarantee” and the way of fulfilling the responsibility ensure the standardized operation of the relationship between the two in terms of institutionalization and operability. If the rural relationship is the dominant aspect of the rural relationship, then the relationship between the village party branch and the village committee is dominated by the village party branch. Therefore, at present, it is especially necessary to standardize the scope of duties and working methods of village party organizations. As far as the scope of duties is concerned, village party organizations must make themselves truly the core of village-level organizations, and should try their best to avoid administrative tendencies and get rid of specific affairs. Party organizations should focus their efforts on grasping the development direction of the village, guiding the construction of other village-level organizations, coordinating the relationship between various organizations, and building their own. The villagers themselves can handle the good things. The villagers should be handled as much as possible according to the legal system to support and help the village self-governing organizations to carry out their activities independently and responsibly. In short, village-level organizations, including village party organizations, must operate within the legal system. The secretary of the village party branch can also serve as the director of the village committee, but must be directly elected according to law to be elected; the village party organization can organize the election before the village committee election, but must recognize the legal election results; the party organization has a large amount The decision-making power should be based on the premise that the inner-party democracy fully listens to the opinions of the people and does not infringe on the autonomy of the villagers; the villagers and villagers' self-governing organizations have the right to reflect to the higher-level party organizations and promote their corrections.
4. Taking the opportunity of implementing the new "Village Group Law" as an opportunity to carry out demonstration activities of village self-government in depth, explore experiences, establish typical models, solve imbalances in villagers' self-government, and promote rural grassroots democracy from point to point.
Because of the influence of various complicated factors, especially considering the gradual development policy, the implementation of village self-government has been steadily advanced for 10 years, but the situation is very uneven. From the degree of leadership attention to the degree of village participation, from the number of village committee elections to the standardization of elections, from the extent of the role of villagers' meetings and villagers' representative meetings to the completeness of the system of villagers' autonomy, all aspects exist. The gap is very uneven. This is objective and even inevitable. In November 1998, the revised Village Group Law ended its 10-year trial process and was more complete and mature in many aspects. Therefore, it is necessary to implement the new "Village Group Law" as an opportunity to continue to carry out demonstration activities of village self-government, improve the standardization of villagers' autonomy, establish new models, and accelerate the process of rural grassroots democratization.
To improve the standardization of village self-government, it is necessary to improve the system, standardize the program, and truly embody the "village people's autonomy" in accordance with the relevant provisions of the new "Village Group Law" around democratic elections, democratic decision-making, democratic management and democratic supervision. And the principle spirit of “direct democracy at the grassroots level”. In particular, it is necessary to develop standardized standards and standardized programs. In a word, it is necessary to improve the institutionalization level of villager autonomy.
First of all, we must improve the democratic election system of the village committee. Expand rural grassroots democracy, do a good job in village self-government, and democratic elections are the foundation. The main tasks in this regard are: First, in accordance with the requirements of the new "Village Group Law", the central government-level electoral leadership will be established as soon as possible to coordinate and standardize democratic elections throughout the country, especially in guiding the election of village committees in accordance with the law. Establish a special village election committee. Second, the standing committees of the people's congresses of all provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government should formulate or revise specific electoral methods in accordance with the spirit of the Village Group Law as soon as possible. Third, in order to ensure the participation rate and standardization of the villagers' democratic elections, it is necessary to carry out extensively and in-depth study and propaganda of the "Village Group Law". In particular, we must do a good job in electoral mobilization so that the villagers can fully understand the direct democracy stipulated in the "Village Group Law". The role and significance of the elections, familiar with the rules and procedures of democratic elections. Fourth, gradually standardize the electoral procedures and standards. According to the relevant provisions of the new "Village Group Law", the principle spirit of villagers' self-government is fully reflected. The criteria for democratic election of village committees should be: democracy, equality, openness, competition, and legitimacy. In short, standardized democratic elections can not only give village cadres a sense of honor, responsibility and crisis, but also fully mobilize the enthusiasm and political enthusiasm of the villagers to participate, fully embody the ownership and pride of the peasants as masters.
Second, we must improve the villagers' deliberation system. The villager's deliberation system is an effective way and an important way to achieve democratic decision-making. According to the provisions of the "Village Group Law", the organization form of villagers' deliberation is the village meeting or the villager representative meeting; the basic functions of the villagers' deliberation are democratic discussion, democratic deliberation and joint decision. Various localities have created many new experiences in this area, including the village representative council system, the “Democracy Day” system and the villager regular meeting system. For example, the villagers' representative council system in the villages of Zhangqiu City, Shandong Province has been established [2], and the “Democracy Day” system has been implemented in Laixi City, Shandong Province [3] and Dongling District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province [4]. Good results, it is worth learning and taking pictures.
Third, we must improve the villagers’ democratic supervision system, especially the open system of village affairs. Implementing a democratic supervision system and promoting financial disclosure, "this is the true embodiment of the villagers' masters of the country" [5], which is an important guarantee for democratic elections, democratic decision-making and democratic management. The revised "Village Group Law" stipulates the implementation of the village affairs disclosure system, especially the content of the financial disclosure and the time of publication. However, the "Village Group Law" only stipulates the principle requirements, content scope and implementation of the village affairs. The legal responsibility for public or public content is untrue, and the rules regarding the procedures and methods of village affairs disclosure and how to ensure the authenticity of the disclosure are not known. Of course, these specific problems cannot be demanded by the law and should be embodied in practice. In this regard, the practice in Hebei Province is worthy of the mirror. They have formulated the "five norms and one satisfaction" village open standards [6]. According to this standard, the people's governance of the committee is no longer a "fog in the fog", and truly "let the people understand that the cadres are innocent" To ensure the healthy and effective development of village affairs and the healthy development of village self-government.
V. Vigorously develop rural cultural education, raise farmers' cultural literacy and political participation awareness, solve the problem of low peasant cultural standards and poor democratic literacy, and cultivate qualified subjects for the development of rural grassroots democracy.
Villager autonomy is a democratic political practice in rural China, and its operation is closely related to the ideological and cultural conditions of the villagers. Ideological culture mainly includes cultural knowledge and values. Cultural knowledge is a necessary condition for engaging in political activities. As Lenin pointed out: "The illiterate is outside the politics, they must first be taught to literate. If you are illiterate, you cannot have politics. If you are illiterate, you can only have rumors, rumored prejudice, and no politics." [7] In reality In life, we can see such a phenomenon: in places where culture is relatively scarce, it is difficult to establish a democratic system, a democratic concept, and a democratic style, and the phenomenon of paranoia, arbitrariness, ignorance, and blind obedience is prone to popularity. Due to long-term historical reasons, the overall cultural quality of China's rural population is still not high. At present, most of the illiterate and semi-literate people who make up a quarter of the country's population are concentrated in the countryside. After the rural reform, a large number of rural laborers with relatively high educational level flowed to cities and other developed regions to work and do business. This situation will inevitably affect the participation of ordinary villagers in rural areas in daily village management activities. Compared with the low level of cultural knowledge, the peasants' ideological values have a greater impact on the operation of villagers' autonomy. At present, there are two tendencies in the ideology and values of farmers that are not conducive to the healthy development of village self-government: first, selfishness, narrow political, indifference, lack of enthusiasm and concern for public life and public interest; second, unconstrained individuals The tendency of doctrine lacks the necessary contract and cooperation consciousness in pursuing personal interests, and cannot correctly understand and deal with the relationship between individual and society, individual freedom and public authority.
At this stage, there are two different opinions on the concept of village self-government. First, it is considered that China's rural areas are backward and it is not suitable for villagers' autonomy. Second, the villagers' self-government development is too slow and should be accelerated. Both of these views are related to the lack of in-depth understanding and analysis of the constraints and variables of villager autonomy. The former emphasizes the backward side of China's rural areas, but does not see changes in the countryside. This change requires and promotes the standardized operation of village self-government. The latter viewed villagers' autonomy in isolation. They did not see that villager autonomy was restricted and influenced by many factors, and it was impossible to do so overnight. Therefore, vigorously developing rural social productive forces, strengthening the collective economy, developing rural cultural undertakings, and improving farmers' cultural standards and democratic literacy are an important condition and necessary prerequisite for ensuring the standardized operation and healthy development of villagers' autonomy.
6. Strengthening the construction of rural legal system, implementing villager autonomy for rural grassroots democracy, and creating a good social legal environment. Environmental democracy must be matched with legalization and institutionalization. Villager autonomy is a widespread practice of 900 million peasants exercising democratic rights. As a national legal system arrangement, it is necessary to create a good social legal environment in rural communities lacking the legal tradition. Due to the long-term autocratic history, Chinese farmers are very lacking in democratic experience and democratic habits, and are not good at exercising the democratic rights of self-government. If we do not strengthen the legal awareness and legal concept of grassroots cadres and the broad masses of peasants, and put the villagers' self-government into the track of legalization and institutionalization, it is possible to have the tendency of "over-autonomy" and "sub-administration" as mentioned above. Social instability has affected the healthy development of rural grassroots democracy and even socialist democracy as a whole. Strengthening the construction of rural socialist legal system and creating a good social legal environment for the gradual advancement of rural grassroots democracy, especially villager autonomy. In addition to accelerating rural democracy construction and laying a solid foundation for legal system construction, it is mainly to implement the "Village Group Law" and implement it. Direct democratic elections at the grassroots level in rural areas and open systems for village affairs. In addition, the following two tasks are indispensable: First, we must strengthen the planning and guidance of rural legal system construction. In the process of advancing the provinces, cities, and steps to realize the strategy of governing the country according to law, there should be plans to promote the construction of rural legal system, formulate clear plans and annual plans for the phased goals of rural legal system construction, and implement them steadily. Develop clear plans and annual plans and implement them steadily. There should be clear evaluation indicators for the status of rural legal system construction, and regular inspections and supervision. Second, we must effectively improve the legal concept of rural cadres and the people. For rural cadres, including people who have "the royal food" or employed township cadres and business owners, because they already have certain powers, they must still establish the concept of handling affairs according to law, abide by their duties, and accept supervision. . It is necessary to highlight the "obligation standard, responsibility first", so that they realize that the administrative power of cadres and the management power of business owners are limited, they must be exercised according to law, and they must accept the supervision of the people. For the majority of peasant people, including rural SMEs, it is necessary to understand a number of basic legal knowledge as a living standard, but the most fundamental thing is to establish a rights-based concept and fully understand the legal rights enjoyed by citizens. To be good at protecting the legal rights of the law, it is necessary to overcome the fact that it does not protect its rights according to law because it does not know the law, and it must prevent it from breaking the law by using illegal means to fight against it when it is nowhere to go.
【references】
[1] ***. Hold high the great banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory and push the cause of building socialism with Chinese characteristics into the 21st century [A]. Lecture, study, politics, righteousness, education, reading [C]. Beijing: Party Building Reading Publishing House, 1998.
[2] Yanshou promotes village-level democratic management [N]. People's Daily, 1998-05-25.
[3] Song Xuechun. Let the villagers be the masters [N]. People's Daily, 1998-09-08.
[4] Feng Kui. The power of "Democracy Day" [N]. People's Daily, 1998-08-18.
[5] Cao Zhi. Strengthen the construction of rural grassroots democracy and legal system [N]. People's Daily, 1998-12-10.
[6] Wang Jinliang, Yan Ming. Fumin Foundation [N]. People's daily
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