The fundamental way out for farmers is non-agriculturalization
As the vicious incidents caused by the burden of farmers have occurred frequently throughout the country, the issue of “agriculture, rural areas and farmers” has once again become the focus of attention. The reason why the peasant-related incidents occur frequently is because the income of farmers has continued to decrease in recent years, and it is difficult to bear the increasing burdens. According to estimates, in the case of rising agricultural costs, the current traditional farming industry has become unprofitable. Coupled with the adverse effects of China's accession to the WTO on agriculture, the situation faced by farmers in the future is very serious. On the one hand, the sharp decline in income, on the other hand, it is a heavy burden. The two factors have intensified the contradiction between farmers and grassroots governments. To effectively avoid the occurrence of vicious incidents and bring the peasants and the government out of the predicament together, there is only one fundamental way to do so, that is, to increase the peasants' incomes by doing everything possible. This is also the key to thoroughly solving the problems of agriculture, rural areas and farmers.
First, the existing various income-increasing measures cannot fundamentally solve the problem of farmers’ way out
In order to increase farmers' income, the government has proposed and implemented a series of major measures such as adjusting the structure of agricultural industry, promoting agricultural industrialization, setting up township and village enterprises, raising the prices of agricultural products, and reducing the burden on farmers. In addition, the development of terraces and water conservancy in a few decades, the promotion of modern agricultural technology, such as the promotion of the use of improved seeds and mulch, are important measures to increase production and increase income. However, can these measures completely solve the problem of income increase? Let's do some rough analysis on this.
1. Adjust the structure of the agricultural industry. That is, from the traditional food production, to the development of diversified operations, what can be done to sell money. At present, rural areas all over the country are "pressing grain and expanding the economy", or planting fruit trees, or planting vegetables. From a partial perspective, this can indeed increase farmers' income to a certain extent. However, the whole country has done this everywhere. In the long run, the agricultural industry structure will be converged and new imbalances will emerge. Moreover, the industrial structure should be regulated by the market. It is artificially adjusted by administrative orders, and the result is often counterproductive. As we all know, the return tax on flue-cured tobacco is relatively high. In the past few years, many local grassroots governments forced farmers to grow flue-cured tobacco in order to increase their fiscal revenue, and to impose penalties on farmers who do not grow tobacco. Turned over a few times. However, tobacco is a national monopoly product. Tobacco leaves do not enter the circulation market directly like vegetables and fruits. Instead, they can only be sold to tobacco companies. There are so many tobacco factories in the country, and the throughput is so large. Too many tobacco companies have acquired No, the result is that a large number of tobacco leaves have accumulated and the farmers have suffered a lot. It can be seen that even if the industrial structure is adjusted, the income increase is still limited by market demand.
2. Promote agricultural industrialization. That is to create a chain of production, processing, and sales through the establishment of various leading enterprises, thereby increasing the marginal benefits of agriculture. The establishment of leading enterprises requires a large amount of funds, but at present the agricultural surplus is almost non-existent, and farmers do not have sufficient financing capacity, so it is difficult for leading enterprises to emerge in large numbers. Enterprises built by the government in the economic period are more and more difficult to survive under the conditions of market economy. If the demand for agricultural products is not strong, the company is not profitable, and only the bankruptcy or conversion, the fragile industrial chain will be ruthless. The ground is broken. Judging from the situation of national industrialization development, it is very difficult to take this road. At present, only a few relatively developed regions have formed a prototype of industrialization. For most remote rural areas, there is no such thing as a path. It is also impossible to talk about this way to increase farmers' income on a large scale.
3. Develop township enterprises. Needless to say, in the early stage of development, township and village enterprises have indeed absorbed a lot of rural surplus labor and become an important channel for farmers to increase their income. However, with the intensification of market competition, a group of enterprises with weak management, poor products and lack of capital and technology investment have been eliminated, while another group of competitive enterprises have been reformed, reorganized and transformed, and gradually changed from labor-intensive to Technology and capital-intensive enterprises can not only absorb large amounts of rural surplus labor, but also constantly exclude migrant workers. From the reality that township and village enterprises have slowed down and absorbed migrant workers in recent years, this income-increasing channel has become increasingly blocked. With the further intensification of market competition and the continuous advancement of technology, and because the migrant workers are naturally low in overall quality, they can absorb the rural enterprises of migrant workers in a large amount, and there will be no more soil and climate for survival and survival.
4. Increase the price of agricultural products. Since the reform and opening up, the government has repeatedly raised the prices of some agricultural products and implemented agricultural subsidy policies, which has increased the income of farmers to a certain extent and protected the enthusiasm of farmers for growing grain. However, with the gradual establishment of the market economy and the accession to the WTO, the price of agricultural products will ultimately be regulated by the market, and can no longer be determined by the government relying on administrative orders. From the perspective of price alone, the production cost of agricultural products in developed countries is far lower than that in China. Therefore, the food price in the international market is far lower than that in the domestic market, so that China's traditional agriculture has completely lost its competitiveness. In this case, it is expected that increasing the income of farmers through rising food prices will become impossible in the future. The grim reality is that after joining the WTO, the large-scale agricultural products that have been developed in the country will hit the domestic market at a low price, causing a large number of unemployed and bankrupt farmers who are engaged in traditional agriculture. This is aggravating the increase in farmers' income. Therefore, Premier Zhu Rongji said that after he joined the WTO, he was most worried about agriculture.
5. Reduce the burden on farmers. The essence of the peasant burden problem is that the peasants do not fully enjoy the "national treatment." Compared with urban residents, especially with state cadres and workers, a farmer’s cash income for one year is only one month or two months of income for state cadres and workers. The personal income tax is levied only when the monthly salary of the national cadres and workers exceeds 800 yuan, while the farmers bear various taxes at a very low income level. The income and burden of the two are too different. Moreover, state cadres and workers also enjoy medical insurance, pension insurance, and other explicit and implicit social benefits, and farmers not only do not have any welfare benefits, but also bear several kinds of expenses that state cadres and workers do not have to bear. For example, in the city to run schools, repair the national financial burden, but in the rural areas, farmers must save money. In recent years, through the streamlining of the number of people eating “imperial food” in towns and villages and the pilot reform of taxes and fees, the burden on farmers has been alleviated to some extent. However, these measures at best only eased sharp contradictions and did not completely change the fate of farmers. The problem of "national treatment" of peasants is not resolved, and the difference between urban residents and especially the cadres and workers of the state is not narrowed. The peasants will not completely turn over from the economy, and alleviating the burden will only be a good wish.
It can be seen from the above analysis that the existing income-increasing channels are all expedient measures. In the local or for a period of time, farmers can increase their income. In the long run, they cannot fundamentally solve the farmers' way out. The adjustment of the agricultural industrial structure currently carried out is only a fine-tuning within the agricultural system. It does not make revolutionary changes in agriculture itself, and it will not change the major pattern of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries. From a national perspective, the degree of agricultural industrialization in China is still relatively low. Most rural areas do not have the conditions for realizing agricultural industrialization, and the number of farmers engaged in industrialization will not exceed the rural labor force in terms of quantity. %, therefore all the methods of agriculture alone in agriculture cannot fundamentally solve the problem of farmers’ way out.
Second, farmers engaged in non-agricultural industries have become an important or major channel for income increase.
A closer look at the main ways in which farmers have earned income in recent years will reveal the basic fact that the government has been committed to the development of agriculture itself to solve the problem of income increase, but most of the farmers’ income, especially cash income, comes from non-agricultural industries. . This result was really unexpected by the government.
Most of the peasants' income and most of the peasants' income come from a sign of non-agricultural industries, which is the “migrant worker tide” that surges between urban and rural areas every year.
The reason why there is a “migrant worker tide” is, first of all, because there is a large surplus of labor in the countryside. According to estimates, there are currently about 400-500 million laborers in rural China, and half of the existing cultivated land and even only 100 million people are enough. In order to get rid of the invisible unemployment, a large number of surplus laborers only go to work in cities. It is estimated that between 80 million and 100 million farmers go out to work each year. It is understood that in places where traditional agriculture still dominates, almost every household has people going out to work, and some villages and even all the elite laborers are working outside the home. The number of people working outside the home far exceeds the number of people engaged in agricultural production. The more severe the natural conditions, the more "the relationship between people and land is highly strained", the more rural surplus labor, the more people will go out to work.
Secondly, going out to work has become an important and even a major channel for farmers to make a living. At present, the carrying capacity of rural land has reached the limit, and the growth of crop yields is also close to the limit. Excessive labor gathers in the soil to eat and eat, and can only barely maintain a comfortable life. In any case, the problem of spending money cannot be completely solved. This situation has prompted farmers to earn money only when they go out to work. It is understood that the income of farmers in many places from the way of working has already accounted for a large part of the per capita net income, and the cash in the income of farmers is basically obtained by working.
Third, most of the wealthier peasants in the countryside are engaged in non-agricultural industries. As a traditional agriculture with weak industries, the investment is large, the return is low, the market demand is not prosperous, and it is vulnerable to natural disasters. Therefore, relying solely on agriculture will not enable most farmers to get rich quickly. At present, the relatively wealthy peasants in rural areas generally rely on the second and third industries to get rich. They either go to the construction industry in the city, or do business with one skill, or use the transportation to carry out transportation. In short, the money in the hands is big. Most are derived from outside the agriculture. Looking at the relatively wealthy villages on the Chinese land, or on the outskirts of the city, the main roads of transportation, occupy a favorable geographical advantage; or close to coal fields, mines, occupy a rich resource advantage; or located in scenic spots, occupying a unique natural advantage, In short, these places have good conditions for the development of secondary and tertiary industries. Because these places have a broader outlet besides agriculture, and the farmers in these places are generally more knowledgeable and flexible than the farmers in other places, and have the basic qualities needed to engage in the secondary and tertiary industries. They are richer than the farmers who are engaged in traditional agriculture. Some farmers even live in the building and sit up in the car. And those who have been "facing the loess to the sky" for a lifetime, only know that the peasants who eat and eat in an acre of three-pointed land do not even dare to think of such a day.
In summary, due to the insurmountable limitations of agriculture itself, farmers have not been able to obtain rich income from agriculture itself, but have opened up channels for income increase outside of agriculture.
Third, the fundamental way out for farmers is to achieve non-agriculturalization.
Since the development of agriculture alone cannot completely solve the problem of increasing farmers' income, and the current income of farmers mainly comes from non-agricultural industries, it can be concluded that the fundamental way out for farmers is non-agriculturalization.
Indeed, the practice of rural reforms over the past 20 years has shown that only a large transfer of rural labor can fundamentally alleviate the basic contradiction of "high tension between human and land." Due to the deterioration of the ecological environment and the large occupation of land by non-agricultural projects, the cultivated land in China has been reduced by several million mu per year. At present, China's rural households contracted only a little more than 7 acres of arable land, of which 14 provinces per capita arable land is less than 1 mu, and more than 6 provinces per capita arable land area is less than 0.5 mu, it can be said that the carrying capacity of China's land far exceeds At the limit, its production data function has been seriously degraded. Corresponding to the reduction of cultivated land, the rural population has been expanding, from 400 million in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China to 900 million now. According to estimates, there are currently about 500 million laborers in rural areas, and less than half of the labor force is required for agricultural production. This means that there are still 200-300 million rural surplus laborers. So many people can’t find a way out if they stay in the countryside. Not only can it solve the problem of getting rid of poverty and getting rich, but it will also affect the long-term stability of rural society. The contradiction between "highly close human-land relations" not only makes China's agriculture lack the basic conditions for sustainable development, but also drags the whole country's modernization. Therefore, only by transferring a large amount of surplus labor out of the countryside, only by allowing more peasants to break away from traditional agriculture can we fundamentally alleviate this profound contradiction between man and land, and open up a relatively broad life for the part of peasants who remain in the countryside. space.
Not only that, but farmers can only accelerate the pace of national modernization if they engage in a large number of non-agricultural industries. One of the signs of modernization is that it has a high level of urbanization, and the urban population of developed countries is generally above 70%. The level of urbanization in China is still quite low. The urban population only accounts for about 30% of the total population, which is lower than the average level of urbanization in the world, and even lower than the urbanization level of developing countries. To achieve urbanization, we must change the proportional relationship between the primary, secondary and tertiary industries, that is, the proportion of employment in the primary industry is greatly reduced, the proportion of employment in the tertiary industry is relatively higher, and the number of employees in the tertiary industry should exceed the number of employed in the first and second industries. with. The United States, Japan, Germany and other developed countries, the proportion of employment in the tertiary industry generally reaches 60-70%; in many developing countries, the proportion of employment in tertiary industry is also 40% or even more than half. The tertiary industry is the best direction for the newly moved population of the city. The employment of the rural surplus labor force lies in the tertiary industry. Only a large number of peasants have entered the tertiary industry in order to fundamentally alleviate the current contradictions in agricultural employment and accelerate the realization of urbanization and agricultural modernization. Looking at the process of agricultural modernization in developed countries, all of them are accompanied by a large shift of labor from agriculture to non-agricultural industries and from rural to urban areas. China has to achieve modernization, and there is no second way to go. The transfer of rural labor is the process of re-allocation of labor resources. Under the current narrow agricultural exit, simply adjusting the industrial structure within the agricultural sector has only partial effects and will not fundamentally promote the development of the entire national economy. Therefore, the adjustment of the industrial structure should be carried out in the pattern of large industries, that is, the proportion of the primary industry should be continuously reduced, and the tertiary industry should be developed in every possible way, so that the structure of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries tends to be reasonable.
With the reform of the household registration system, many cities have successively dismantled the barriers facing the rural people. Many unreasonable charges and restrictions have been cancelled, and the environment for employment and entrepreneurship in the cities is much more relaxed than before. However, in rural areas, the problem of transfer of surplus labor has not received the attention of the local government. The transfer of surplus labor is still in a spontaneous and disordered state. This part of the peasants has not yet entered the scope of daily management of the rural grassroots government, which is neglected or forgotten. Some people. In the view of some rural grassroots organizations and their responsible persons, once they go out to work, they are separated from the scope of their jurisdiction. Their joys and sorrows and their failures have little to do with themselves. Therefore, they do not care about their outside life and production. Even when migrant workers encounter insurmountable difficulties and ask for help, they cannot provide them with strong support and due care. In fact, compared with urban people, migrant workers still have such shortcomings in terms of knowledge, ability and experience. Therefore, they often face enormous environmental and psychological pressures when working. As for being deceived by the foreman, they are deducted by the boss. Wage and personal safety are not guaranteed.
In view of the above, rural grassroots party organizations and relevant government departments should give enough attention to migrant workers to incorporate their management and services into their daily work. First of all, we must mentally give migrant workers a warm and caring concern and actively encourage them to go outside to explore the space for survival and living. When farmers give up operating land and go out to work, they are helpless. They are not "fugitive" from the countryside because they are not doing business or not loving their hometown. Therefore, local grassroots organizations cannot discriminate against them politically, nor should they be omitted from management. Instead, they should adapt to the general trend of the times and guide them to the outside world to encourage them to stop being traditional farmers. Secondly, through the establishment of some intermediary organizations, we provide information consultation and other services for farmers who work outside the home. At present, the urban labor employment market situation is changing rapidly. The migrant workers often lack understanding of the market due to lack of information, or swarm to a certain large cities, or flow to the developed coastal areas along the southeast coast. In short, the blindness of going out is relatively large. This will cause some unnecessary losses. Rural grassroots organizations should use the media, technology and information resources owned by government departments to establish some intermediary organizations that can conduct labor market analysis and forecasting, and provide information consultation to migrant workers in a timely manner. Let them reduce blindness when they go out to work. Once again, we must continue to improve the ability and quality of migrant workers to earn a living by earning money through policies, laws, and training in various professional technologies. We should use the winter and spring slack seasons and the opportunity for migrant workers to return home frequently, organize them for multi-faceted training, and extend the training of rural party members and cadres in the past to the main rural labor force, including migrant workers. Training. In view of the fact that migrant workers often encounter labor contract disputes and violations of personal rights, they are trained and educated about legal common sense and policies, so that they can learn to use legal tools to protect their legitimate rights and interests. Comply with national laws and regulations during work. In view of the lack of professional knowledge and ability of some migrant workers, they should be trained in some practical techniques so that they can gradually gain compensation from relying on physical strength and gradually rely on intelligence. It is necessary to profoundly realize that only by truly improving the quality of peasants, transferring and reducing peasants, can we finally become rich peasants and enable peasants to embark on the road of socialist modernization.
First, the existing various income-increasing measures cannot fundamentally solve the problem of farmers’ way out
In order to increase farmers' income, the government has proposed and implemented a series of major measures such as adjusting the structure of agricultural industry, promoting agricultural industrialization, setting up township and village enterprises, raising the prices of agricultural products, and reducing the burden on farmers. In addition, the development of terraces and water conservancy in a few decades, the promotion of modern agricultural technology, such as the promotion of the use of improved seeds and mulch, are important measures to increase production and increase income. However, can these measures completely solve the problem of income increase? Let's do some rough analysis on this.
1. Adjust the structure of the agricultural industry. That is, from the traditional food production, to the development of diversified operations, what can be done to sell money. At present, rural areas all over the country are "pressing grain and expanding the economy", or planting fruit trees, or planting vegetables. From a partial perspective, this can indeed increase farmers' income to a certain extent. However, the whole country has done this everywhere. In the long run, the agricultural industry structure will be converged and new imbalances will emerge. Moreover, the industrial structure should be regulated by the market. It is artificially adjusted by administrative orders, and the result is often counterproductive. As we all know, the return tax on flue-cured tobacco is relatively high. In the past few years, many local grassroots governments forced farmers to grow flue-cured tobacco in order to increase their fiscal revenue, and to impose penalties on farmers who do not grow tobacco. Turned over a few times. However, tobacco is a national monopoly product. Tobacco leaves do not enter the circulation market directly like vegetables and fruits. Instead, they can only be sold to tobacco companies. There are so many tobacco factories in the country, and the throughput is so large. Too many tobacco companies have acquired No, the result is that a large number of tobacco leaves have accumulated and the farmers have suffered a lot. It can be seen that even if the industrial structure is adjusted, the income increase is still limited by market demand.
2. Promote agricultural industrialization. That is to create a chain of production, processing, and sales through the establishment of various leading enterprises, thereby increasing the marginal benefits of agriculture. The establishment of leading enterprises requires a large amount of funds, but at present the agricultural surplus is almost non-existent, and farmers do not have sufficient financing capacity, so it is difficult for leading enterprises to emerge in large numbers. Enterprises built by the government in the economic period are more and more difficult to survive under the conditions of market economy. If the demand for agricultural products is not strong, the company is not profitable, and only the bankruptcy or conversion, the fragile industrial chain will be ruthless. The ground is broken. Judging from the situation of national industrialization development, it is very difficult to take this road. At present, only a few relatively developed regions have formed a prototype of industrialization. For most remote rural areas, there is no such thing as a path. It is also impossible to talk about this way to increase farmers' income on a large scale.
3. Develop township enterprises. Needless to say, in the early stage of development, township and village enterprises have indeed absorbed a lot of rural surplus labor and become an important channel for farmers to increase their income. However, with the intensification of market competition, a group of enterprises with weak management, poor products and lack of capital and technology investment have been eliminated, while another group of competitive enterprises have been reformed, reorganized and transformed, and gradually changed from labor-intensive to Technology and capital-intensive enterprises can not only absorb large amounts of rural surplus labor, but also constantly exclude migrant workers. From the reality that township and village enterprises have slowed down and absorbed migrant workers in recent years, this income-increasing channel has become increasingly blocked. With the further intensification of market competition and the continuous advancement of technology, and because the migrant workers are naturally low in overall quality, they can absorb the rural enterprises of migrant workers in a large amount, and there will be no more soil and climate for survival and survival.
4. Increase the price of agricultural products. Since the reform and opening up, the government has repeatedly raised the prices of some agricultural products and implemented agricultural subsidy policies, which has increased the income of farmers to a certain extent and protected the enthusiasm of farmers for growing grain. However, with the gradual establishment of the market economy and the accession to the WTO, the price of agricultural products will ultimately be regulated by the market, and can no longer be determined by the government relying on administrative orders. From the perspective of price alone, the production cost of agricultural products in developed countries is far lower than that in China. Therefore, the food price in the international market is far lower than that in the domestic market, so that China's traditional agriculture has completely lost its competitiveness. In this case, it is expected that increasing the income of farmers through rising food prices will become impossible in the future. The grim reality is that after joining the WTO, the large-scale agricultural products that have been developed in the country will hit the domestic market at a low price, causing a large number of unemployed and bankrupt farmers who are engaged in traditional agriculture. This is aggravating the increase in farmers' income. Therefore, Premier Zhu Rongji said that after he joined the WTO, he was most worried about agriculture.
5. Reduce the burden on farmers. The essence of the peasant burden problem is that the peasants do not fully enjoy the "national treatment." Compared with urban residents, especially with state cadres and workers, a farmer’s cash income for one year is only one month or two months of income for state cadres and workers. The personal income tax is levied only when the monthly salary of the national cadres and workers exceeds 800 yuan, while the farmers bear various taxes at a very low income level. The income and burden of the two are too different. Moreover, state cadres and workers also enjoy medical insurance, pension insurance, and other explicit and implicit social benefits, and farmers not only do not have any welfare benefits, but also bear several kinds of expenses that state cadres and workers do not have to bear. For example, in the city to run schools, repair the national financial burden, but in the rural areas, farmers must save money. In recent years, through the streamlining of the number of people eating “imperial food” in towns and villages and the pilot reform of taxes and fees, the burden on farmers has been alleviated to some extent. However, these measures at best only eased sharp contradictions and did not completely change the fate of farmers. The problem of "national treatment" of peasants is not resolved, and the difference between urban residents and especially the cadres and workers of the state is not narrowed. The peasants will not completely turn over from the economy, and alleviating the burden will only be a good wish.
It can be seen from the above analysis that the existing income-increasing channels are all expedient measures. In the local or for a period of time, farmers can increase their income. In the long run, they cannot fundamentally solve the farmers' way out. The adjustment of the agricultural industrial structure currently carried out is only a fine-tuning within the agricultural system. It does not make revolutionary changes in agriculture itself, and it will not change the major pattern of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries. From a national perspective, the degree of agricultural industrialization in China is still relatively low. Most rural areas do not have the conditions for realizing agricultural industrialization, and the number of farmers engaged in industrialization will not exceed the rural labor force in terms of quantity. %, therefore all the methods of agriculture alone in agriculture cannot fundamentally solve the problem of farmers’ way out.
Second, farmers engaged in non-agricultural industries have become an important or major channel for income increase.
A closer look at the main ways in which farmers have earned income in recent years will reveal the basic fact that the government has been committed to the development of agriculture itself to solve the problem of income increase, but most of the farmers’ income, especially cash income, comes from non-agricultural industries. . This result was really unexpected by the government.
Most of the peasants' income and most of the peasants' income come from a sign of non-agricultural industries, which is the “migrant worker tide” that surges between urban and rural areas every year.
The reason why there is a “migrant worker tide” is, first of all, because there is a large surplus of labor in the countryside. According to estimates, there are currently about 400-500 million laborers in rural China, and half of the existing cultivated land and even only 100 million people are enough. In order to get rid of the invisible unemployment, a large number of surplus laborers only go to work in cities. It is estimated that between 80 million and 100 million farmers go out to work each year. It is understood that in places where traditional agriculture still dominates, almost every household has people going out to work, and some villages and even all the elite laborers are working outside the home. The number of people working outside the home far exceeds the number of people engaged in agricultural production. The more severe the natural conditions, the more "the relationship between people and land is highly strained", the more rural surplus labor, the more people will go out to work.
Secondly, going out to work has become an important and even a major channel for farmers to make a living. At present, the carrying capacity of rural land has reached the limit, and the growth of crop yields is also close to the limit. Excessive labor gathers in the soil to eat and eat, and can only barely maintain a comfortable life. In any case, the problem of spending money cannot be completely solved. This situation has prompted farmers to earn money only when they go out to work. It is understood that the income of farmers in many places from the way of working has already accounted for a large part of the per capita net income, and the cash in the income of farmers is basically obtained by working.
Third, most of the wealthier peasants in the countryside are engaged in non-agricultural industries. As a traditional agriculture with weak industries, the investment is large, the return is low, the market demand is not prosperous, and it is vulnerable to natural disasters. Therefore, relying solely on agriculture will not enable most farmers to get rich quickly. At present, the relatively wealthy peasants in rural areas generally rely on the second and third industries to get rich. They either go to the construction industry in the city, or do business with one skill, or use the transportation to carry out transportation. In short, the money in the hands is big. Most are derived from outside the agriculture. Looking at the relatively wealthy villages on the Chinese land, or on the outskirts of the city, the main roads of transportation, occupy a favorable geographical advantage; or close to coal fields, mines, occupy a rich resource advantage; or located in scenic spots, occupying a unique natural advantage, In short, these places have good conditions for the development of secondary and tertiary industries. Because these places have a broader outlet besides agriculture, and the farmers in these places are generally more knowledgeable and flexible than the farmers in other places, and have the basic qualities needed to engage in the secondary and tertiary industries. They are richer than the farmers who are engaged in traditional agriculture. Some farmers even live in the building and sit up in the car. And those who have been "facing the loess to the sky" for a lifetime, only know that the peasants who eat and eat in an acre of three-pointed land do not even dare to think of such a day.
In summary, due to the insurmountable limitations of agriculture itself, farmers have not been able to obtain rich income from agriculture itself, but have opened up channels for income increase outside of agriculture.
Third, the fundamental way out for farmers is to achieve non-agriculturalization.
Since the development of agriculture alone cannot completely solve the problem of increasing farmers' income, and the current income of farmers mainly comes from non-agricultural industries, it can be concluded that the fundamental way out for farmers is non-agriculturalization.
Indeed, the practice of rural reforms over the past 20 years has shown that only a large transfer of rural labor can fundamentally alleviate the basic contradiction of "high tension between human and land." Due to the deterioration of the ecological environment and the large occupation of land by non-agricultural projects, the cultivated land in China has been reduced by several million mu per year. At present, China's rural households contracted only a little more than 7 acres of arable land, of which 14 provinces per capita arable land is less than 1 mu, and more than 6 provinces per capita arable land area is less than 0.5 mu, it can be said that the carrying capacity of China's land far exceeds At the limit, its production data function has been seriously degraded. Corresponding to the reduction of cultivated land, the rural population has been expanding, from 400 million in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China to 900 million now. According to estimates, there are currently about 500 million laborers in rural areas, and less than half of the labor force is required for agricultural production. This means that there are still 200-300 million rural surplus laborers. So many people can’t find a way out if they stay in the countryside. Not only can it solve the problem of getting rid of poverty and getting rich, but it will also affect the long-term stability of rural society. The contradiction between "highly close human-land relations" not only makes China's agriculture lack the basic conditions for sustainable development, but also drags the whole country's modernization. Therefore, only by transferring a large amount of surplus labor out of the countryside, only by allowing more peasants to break away from traditional agriculture can we fundamentally alleviate this profound contradiction between man and land, and open up a relatively broad life for the part of peasants who remain in the countryside. space.
Not only that, but farmers can only accelerate the pace of national modernization if they engage in a large number of non-agricultural industries. One of the signs of modernization is that it has a high level of urbanization, and the urban population of developed countries is generally above 70%. The level of urbanization in China is still quite low. The urban population only accounts for about 30% of the total population, which is lower than the average level of urbanization in the world, and even lower than the urbanization level of developing countries. To achieve urbanization, we must change the proportional relationship between the primary, secondary and tertiary industries, that is, the proportion of employment in the primary industry is greatly reduced, the proportion of employment in the tertiary industry is relatively higher, and the number of employees in the tertiary industry should exceed the number of employed in the first and second industries. with. The United States, Japan, Germany and other developed countries, the proportion of employment in the tertiary industry generally reaches 60-70%; in many developing countries, the proportion of employment in tertiary industry is also 40% or even more than half. The tertiary industry is the best direction for the newly moved population of the city. The employment of the rural surplus labor force lies in the tertiary industry. Only a large number of peasants have entered the tertiary industry in order to fundamentally alleviate the current contradictions in agricultural employment and accelerate the realization of urbanization and agricultural modernization. Looking at the process of agricultural modernization in developed countries, all of them are accompanied by a large shift of labor from agriculture to non-agricultural industries and from rural to urban areas. China has to achieve modernization, and there is no second way to go. The transfer of rural labor is the process of re-allocation of labor resources. Under the current narrow agricultural exit, simply adjusting the industrial structure within the agricultural sector has only partial effects and will not fundamentally promote the development of the entire national economy. Therefore, the adjustment of the industrial structure should be carried out in the pattern of large industries, that is, the proportion of the primary industry should be continuously reduced, and the tertiary industry should be developed in every possible way, so that the structure of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries tends to be reasonable.
With the reform of the household registration system, many cities have successively dismantled the barriers facing the rural people. Many unreasonable charges and restrictions have been cancelled, and the environment for employment and entrepreneurship in the cities is much more relaxed than before. However, in rural areas, the problem of transfer of surplus labor has not received the attention of the local government. The transfer of surplus labor is still in a spontaneous and disordered state. This part of the peasants has not yet entered the scope of daily management of the rural grassroots government, which is neglected or forgotten. Some people. In the view of some rural grassroots organizations and their responsible persons, once they go out to work, they are separated from the scope of their jurisdiction. Their joys and sorrows and their failures have little to do with themselves. Therefore, they do not care about their outside life and production. Even when migrant workers encounter insurmountable difficulties and ask for help, they cannot provide them with strong support and due care. In fact, compared with urban people, migrant workers still have such shortcomings in terms of knowledge, ability and experience. Therefore, they often face enormous environmental and psychological pressures when working. As for being deceived by the foreman, they are deducted by the boss. Wage and personal safety are not guaranteed.
In view of the above, rural grassroots party organizations and relevant government departments should give enough attention to migrant workers to incorporate their management and services into their daily work. First of all, we must mentally give migrant workers a warm and caring concern and actively encourage them to go outside to explore the space for survival and living. When farmers give up operating land and go out to work, they are helpless. They are not "fugitive" from the countryside because they are not doing business or not loving their hometown. Therefore, local grassroots organizations cannot discriminate against them politically, nor should they be omitted from management. Instead, they should adapt to the general trend of the times and guide them to the outside world to encourage them to stop being traditional farmers. Secondly, through the establishment of some intermediary organizations, we provide information consultation and other services for farmers who work outside the home. At present, the urban labor employment market situation is changing rapidly. The migrant workers often lack understanding of the market due to lack of information, or swarm to a certain large cities, or flow to the developed coastal areas along the southeast coast. In short, the blindness of going out is relatively large. This will cause some unnecessary losses. Rural grassroots organizations should use the media, technology and information resources owned by government departments to establish some intermediary organizations that can conduct labor market analysis and forecasting, and provide information consultation to migrant workers in a timely manner. Let them reduce blindness when they go out to work. Once again, we must continue to improve the ability and quality of migrant workers to earn a living by earning money through policies, laws, and training in various professional technologies. We should use the winter and spring slack seasons and the opportunity for migrant workers to return home frequently, organize them for multi-faceted training, and extend the training of rural party members and cadres in the past to the main rural labor force, including migrant workers. Training. In view of the fact that migrant workers often encounter labor contract disputes and violations of personal rights, they are trained and educated about legal common sense and policies, so that they can learn to use legal tools to protect their legitimate rights and interests. Comply with national laws and regulations during work. In view of the lack of professional knowledge and ability of some migrant workers, they should be trained in some practical techniques so that they can gradually gain compensation from relying on physical strength and gradually rely on intelligence. It is necessary to profoundly realize that only by truly improving the quality of peasants, transferring and reducing peasants, can we finally become rich peasants and enable peasants to embark on the road of socialist modernization.
recommended article
- Dustproof and anti-virus helmet
- Huayan Town Social Practice (record)
- Graduate Social Practice Report
- Problems and Countermeasures of Villager Autonomy in China
- How to write a social practice report
- A clear sky - summer social practice
- Winter holiday aviation machinery limited liability company social reality
- Primary school winter holiday practice report
- Winter holiday social practice papers (selling flowers)
- About Yuhu Street Residence, Yuhu District, Xiangtan City, Hunan Province
- Social Practice Report 2019
- Practice report: I feel that the village committee of Zhoujia Village is real
popular articles
- 2012 volunteer's practice report
- Bing Xin’s famous words
- Social practice
- Anhui Summer Holiday Social Practice Report
- The latest high school inspirational maxim
- a good saying that loves labor
- Strong words
- College Students' and Children's Social Welfare Institute Social Practice Report
- Taizai’s famous sayings
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China 2001 Summer Social Practice
- Rural social practice report
- Qq space mood phrase
- College entrance examination inspirational quotes
- Summer "three rural areas" social practice experience
- Classical life motto
- Du Yuexi's famous sayings
- Deaf people jingle 2019
- Summer practice report about public medical insurance
- Survey report on the status quo of human resources management in Chinese enterprises
- 2014 is very touching words
- Summer social practice planning book
- Describe the fast time sentence 2019
- Teacher's famous saying
- Thanks to the friend's words 2019
- Korean swear words
- Injured sentence
- I want to say something to the teacher.
- Sad love sentence 2019
- Tao Xingzhi's famous sayings
- English famous words