[Boutique] Cadastral Survey Internship Report

Part 1: Cadastral Survey Internship Report

The tense and unforgettable two-week measurement internship ended in a cheering victory.

Through this internship, we will consolidate, expand and deepen the theoretical knowledge we have learned from the classroom, master the basic operations of the level and theodolite, and learn how to draw the construction and topographic maps, and obtain the initial experience of measuring the actual work. And basic skills, focusing on cultivating our independent work ability, further mastering the operational skills of measuring instruments, improving the ability of calculation and drawing, and having a comprehensive and systematic understanding of the whole process of mapping large-scale topographic maps in small areas. This knowledge is often my little contact and attention in school, but it is also very important and very basic knowledge. As a result, I have accumulated a lot of experience and I have learned a lot of practical knowledge.

-----Practice is the only criterion for testing truth

Once a measurement internship is completed, it is not enough to rely solely on the strength and concept of a person. Only the cooperation and solidarity of the group can make the internship complete quickly and efficiently. This measurement internship has fostered the ability of our team to work together and enhance the relationship between classmates. The principle of completing this internship is to let each team member learn the knowledge and actually operate, instead of grabbing the time, rushing to the progress, and rushing to work. Therefore, each of our team members independently observes, records each station, and accurately calculates. Doing "step check" in step by step can not only prevent the accumulation of errors, but also find errors in time, and improve the efficiency of measurement. With a rigorous attitude, we will rework when we are wrong, and we will never be sloppy. Until the measurement requirements are met. We know that what we need to do in engineering is to be careful and rigorous. E.g:

When setting the ruler, the ruler must be selected in an important place. Therefore, the selection point is very important. The point must be selected in a representative place. At the same time, it should be noted that not the more points, the better. On the contrary, the excessive useless points will not only increase the measurement, calculation and drawing labor and time. And it will cause a large error due to the confusion of many points.

It is necessary to first determine the roads and main buildings, and then add the remaining minors. This is not only clear, but also conducive to the accuracy of the drawings and the comparison of physical objects and graphics at any time to verify the accuracy of the measured data.

-----Unity is strength, discipline is the guarantee

After the unity of each team member, we completed the work of the side chart, and everyone was excited to see the drawings we had drawn. In the experience of our group of students in the exchange measurement, everyone feels that there are many gains. Some say that the exhibition point of the instrument is very important to the size of the error. Some say that the midpoint of the level measurement cannot be set too far, and so on. Think about getting up to the instrument at 7:00 every morning to measure, and to calculate and modify the error, and re-measure. With the power of unity, we are still very energetic. I also learned from others that things that were not too clear before, such as the processing of data, the observation of the level angle, and some of the questions of the drawing were answered in the measurement.

------Pragmatic

Measuring internships, I have learned a lot of real things, have a comprehensive application of the measurement knowledge of the previous piecemeal, and have a good understanding of the control measurement and topographic mapping process. I learned the things that can't be done in the classroom, such as the drawing of topographic maps, and the more skilled use of measuring instruments and tools such as levelers and theodolites. It has well consolidated the theoretical teaching knowledge, improved the practical operation ability, and also expanded the ability of communication and cooperation with classmates. Of course, there are many teachers and teachers who help. When each of our groups basically draws a good picture, the teacher's inspection of each group will cause us to correct it in time. In fact, think about the measurements on the campus every day, we are also a good scenery. I still remember that at 7 o'clock in the evening, we had to re-measure because of a site error. We were busy for a long time and we didn't even have time to eat dinner. In short, in two weeks we also experienced a lot of ups and downs, some measurements are smooth and even zero error, and sometimes the measurement is hitting the wall, but it is over. I am very happy to have completed the measurement. Although everyone is lazy when measuring, I don't want to test it, but it is quite good.

------Everything hard

But the two-week internship also gave us a lot of lessons: because of the misreading, mistaking, and miscalculation of a certain material, it has brought us a lot of trouble, so that we know that we must be serious about doing anything. The unity of a group is also crucial, and it is related to the progress of the entire group. Previously, our team did not have a tacit understanding, and the division of labor was not reasonable enough. The overall progress was greatly affected. Later, through the exchanges within the group, the above problems were completely solved. The progress of the internship has been greatly improved, and the progress and effect are naturally brought up.

-----Failure is the mother of success

I cherish the important part of the connection between the theory and the reality of the school for us. I have a deeper understanding of the close relationship between the physical object and the drawing. I understand what kind of object the drawing shows, and some on the drawing. The place that you can't understand is so simple and straightforward in front of the real thing. In short, I would like to thank the school for the internship arranged to promote students' practical ability. I will always cherish this experience. At the same time, this internship life is also the most memorable in my life.

The unforgettable two-week measurement internship is finally over. During these two weeks, I learned a lot and learned a lot.

First of all, I basically mastered the knowledge of measurement in the classroom, knowing how to correctly use the level, theodolite, total station to measure distance, angle, height difference, etc., and learned how to draw the construction and topographic map. Metrology is the science of studying the shape and size of the Earth and determining the location of the Earth. Since it is to be measured, it is inseparable from practice. Practice is the best test of the knowledge of surveying. I only have a lot of specific knowledge in the classroom, especially the use of the instrument is a mess. When the first day began to measure, my heart was still bursting with a burst of enthusiasm: how to carry on the task. When you start, it is not difficult to find out. Listen to others or read the textbook, and then do it yourself. In order to improve efficiency and measurement accuracy, you should practice frequently so that you can do the opposite.

Secondly, I understand that everything must be done carefully and carefully. There must be no sloppy sloppyness, especially when using sophisticated instruments such as level gauges and theodolites. Because a slight error may lead to a large deviation of the data, it will lead to errors in other measurements in the future, and eventually lead to errors in data calculation. For example, when we first start measuring the angle, a reference point is not aimed, resulting in a small angle. Then the angle closure difference does not meet the requirements. After verification, it is found where the problem lies.

I also learned to work hard and learn the style of hard work. During the internship, it happened to be in the summer season. The temperature in Xi'an is very high. We are a big challenge for the open-air operation. We have changed the habit of sleeping late. We got up at 6 o'clock in the morning and started measuring at around 7 o'clock because noon. The sun is so powerful that we started working from 3 to 4 in the afternoon until we couldn't see it in the dark. Because the measurement location is in the east area, away from the dormitory on our side, so we basically eat in the tree garden in the evening, and found that the food there is good, eating very delicious every day. Once a measurement internship is completed, it is not enough to rely solely on one's strength and thinking. Only the cooperation and solidarity of the group can make the internship complete quickly and efficiently. Each of our team members learned the knowledge and actually operated it, instead of grabbing the time, rushing to the progress, and rushing to work. We know that what we need to do in engineering is to be careful and rigorous.

Through this internship, I also summed up some things that should be paid attention to when measuring. The ruler should be straight, try to avoid shaking, and when there is shaking, you should select the data to read when it is the smallest. Be sure to level the level bubble of the level field before reading, otherwise the error will be large. When measuring the angle with the theodolite, if the target is small, it is best to make the single line coincide with the target. If the target has a certain width, the target can be clamped with the double wire. Be careful when measuring, because if you touch the instrument a little, you need to re-adjust the centering level, otherwise it will lead to data errors and may cause damage to the instrument. When reading materials, each member must be careful, both accurate and decisive, and cannot hesitate. Any mistake can lead to the retirement of the final result.

I cherish the school to arrange measurement internships for us, and I have a deeper understanding of the hard work of measuring work and the close relationship between the physical objects and the drawings. There is really no blueprint for nothing. In short, although I feel tired, I still want to thank the school for the internship arranged to promote students' practical ability. I will always cherish this experience, and this internship life is also memorable in my life.

Part 2: Cadastral Survey Internship Report

I left for ten days to practice the cadastral survey. The location is called the township of Wu'an City. The things I learned in this internship feel more than in the past few times. And it is also practical. Back to school, although the body is a bit tired, but more is full.

Cadastral survey internship report

I. Internship purpose

1. Understand the current work procedures and business processes of the land administration department. 2. Proficiency in the operation method of cadastral measuring instruments.

3. Master the field implementation method of the boundary point measurement and the calculation of the boundary point coordinates.

4. Proficiency in the procedures of cadastral surveys, the drawing of cadastral sketches, and the drawing of sect maps.

The purpose of the cadastral survey is to obtain basic information such as the location, ownership, boundaries, quantity, use, and grade of each parcel, and to provide evidence for land registration.

The data produced by the cadastral survey mainly include:

The cadastral survey form, the parcel sketch and the boundary point, and the boundary record of the boundary.

The cadastral control measures the original record, the control point network map and the difference calculation result.

Analyze the boundary point results table.

The cadastral pencil original picture and the ink base map, the cadastral map framing joint table and the zonal map.

Area measurement results and land classification summary statistics.

Cadastral investigation report.

Second, the internship time and place

a) field practice

Time: June 19th - June 26th, XX

Venue: Sanjie Street, Shangduan Town, Shangduan Town, Wu'an City

2) Sorting out the school materials

Time: June 27th - July 6th

Location: Hebei University of Engineering

Third, the specific content of the internship

The cadastral survey is a substantive investigation for determining the ownership of land and the analysis of property rights in the land registration work. The results of the investigation are important evidence for protecting the legitimate rights and interests of landowners and land users and resolving land property disputes. At the same time, through the cadastral survey, it is also possible to fully grasp the land type, quantity, distribution and utilization status of a region, and the distribution of land among various sectors of the national economy and between various economic components, thus establishing a scientific land management system. In order to rationally utilize and protect the land, it provides information security for the formulation of land use planning, planning and related policies, realizing the dynamic balance of total cultivated land, regulating land supply and demand, and regulating the land market.

Cadastral survey is a measurement that meets the need for a cadastral survey to determine the level of ownership, location, shape, quantity, and other cadastral elements of a parcel, and is a professional measure for cadastral management. Its main task is to measure the location of the ownership boundary of each land and the plane position of other cadastral elements in the field according to the ownership boundary and the use traits determined by the ownership investigation.

a) Basic overview of the internship:

Wu'an City is an emerging city with industrial development and comprehensive development of various industries. It is located at the junction of Jin, Yu and Yu. The city has a total area of ​​1,806 square kilometers and administers 22 townships and 502 administrative villages with a total population of 680,000. In 1999, the city's GDP reached 5.36 billion yuan, with a total fiscal revenue of 412 million yuan. Its comprehensive economic strength ranks among the top ten counties in Hebei Province. Wu'an is rich in mineral resources. At present, there are 5 categories and 23 minerals in the proven minerals, among which coal, iron, limestone and non-metal resources are particularly abundant. The total coal reserves are 2.3 billion tons, including 313 million tons of local reserves; 550 million tons of iron ore reserves, 104 ore bodies; limestone throughout the city, totaling more than 70 billion tons.

Convenient transportation and communication, and excellent investment environment. The domestic highways extend in all directions, and the national highways and provincial highways run through the whole territory. The city's 412 administrative villages are connected to the asphalt roads; the Changchang Railway passes through the territory, the total length of the domestic railways is 118 kilometers, the cross-border railways reach 5, and the railway station points 18; The city's urban and rural telephones have a total capacity of more than 50,000, enabling the village to call. The urban construction has begun to take shape, and the urban built area is 15 square kilometers, forming the overall pattern of residential areas, trade areas, industrial areas and cultural areas. The city is changing with each passing day, and the city's functions are constantly improving. It has won the title of “National Urban Planning and Management Advanced Unit” and “Outstanding City for City Environment Management”.

Strong industrial base. At present, it has formed eight major industries of metallurgy, coal, building materials, machinery, electric power, light industry, chemical industry and food, more than 20 categories and more than 800 kinds of products. The annual output of iron ore is 6 million tons, iron fine powder is 5 million tons, coal is 3 million tons, and cement is 2 million tons. It has a number of well-known enterprises such as Wu'an Hongtai Pump Co., Ltd., Wu'an Medical Rubber Factory and Wu'an Transportation Industry Group Corporation. More than 20 kinds of products in the city have won the provincial and provincial titles. The implementation of a number of key projects such as the cogeneration project of Lanshi Power Plant, the gas supply of coking plant, the transformation of rotary kiln in cement plant, and the expansion project of 14,000 tons of municipal brewery play an important role in the economic development of Wu'an.

Part 3: Cadastral Survey Internship Report

Internship time: December 16, 2008 to December 19, 2008

Internship location:

1. Topographic map survey and internship location: Longquanshan area, Leopard Town, Jiangxia District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province

2. Topographic map and internship location: Huashan District, Leopard Town, Jiangxia District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province

Internship information:

Group: Earth Science Institute 011081 class measurement 6 groups

Instructor: Lai Zulong

Team leader: Jiang Xiaobin

Group members: Xin Yue, Sun Jun, Zhu Ling, Liu Chao, Cui Yongguo, Qu Chao

Team member division:

Selection and running feet: Zhu Ling, Cui Yongguo

Observations and readings: Qu Chao

Record and calculation: Xin Yue, Sun Jun

Drawing and drawing: Jiang Xiaobin, Liu Chao

Special explanation: Due to the heavy fog in Wuhan on December 18, the surveying and mapping work could not be carried out. Therefore, the surveying and mapping practice originally scheduled to be carried out on the 18th was changed to the map internship, and the surveying and mapping internship was continued on the 19th. The actual schedule is for surveying and mapping internships on the 16th, 17th and 19th, and on the 18th.

First, the purpose and requirements of the internship:

Surveying internship is an important part of the teaching of measurement. Its purpose is to enable students to consolidate, expand and deepen the theoretical knowledge learned from the classroom, obtain the preliminary experience and basic skills of the actual measurement work, further master the operation method of the measuring instrument, and improve the calculation. And drawing ability, have a comprehensive and systematic understanding of the whole process of mapping large-scale topographic maps in small areas, will know the topographic map, can find the points shown in the map according to the given topographic map, and internship In the process of strengthening its independent work and teamwork awareness, to lay a solid foundation for the future to solve the relevant measurement problems in the actual work.

Students must meet the following requirements through this internship:

1. Master the operation methods of measuring instruments such as theodolite and line gauge;

2. Master the basic methods of topographic mapping, and have the ability to initially map large-scale topographic maps in small areas;

3. Being able to find the point shown on the map in practice based on the given topographic map;

4. Each small group of workers is clear, through the cooperation to complete the measurement tasks, enhance the independent work ability and teamwork awareness.

Second, the internship task and content:

Mapping of large-scale topographic maps in small areas:

1. Survey area: Surveying and mapping area of ​​011081 class of Longquanshan Earth Science College, Jiangxia District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province

2. Task: Through 3 days of topographic mapping practice, each group should obtain about 200 points of measurement data, and according to the obtained data, complete a scale of 1:1000, 20 cm*20 cm with a height of 2 m. Topographic map.

3. Content:

Preparation of calibration instruments, tools and supplies;

According to the principle of making surveying and mapping more convenient, effective and fast, according to the location of the survey area, control points are arranged on the board;

process:

The three-day surveying and mapping practice was conducted in Longquan Mountain in Jiangxia District. The mountains here are not mountainous. Standing on the mountain to measure the mountain, the height difference is only a few meters. The topographic map can be depicted by the contour line with a contour of 2 meters. There are only three species of plants on the hill - the hay, the tall trees and the most difficult thorns. For our mapping, grass is very positive, they can provide a cushion for our rest. The tree has a strong role in blocking the line of sight. It should be emphasized that the cell phone signal here is also strongly blocked by the trees, so that the mountains echo each other's shouts. As for the thorns of the people, it not only scratched the trousers of the brethren, scratched the hands of the comrades, but also seriously blocked our way forward.

The control points are the points of known elevation. We need to set the theodolites on these control points, and use them as a reference to measure the height difference between them and other points, and then calculate the elevation of the position points. Because the number of control points is limited, especially the control points with good position are rare, we must have the consciousness and impulse to seize the favorable control points. Only then will our mapping be more efficient. The day before the internship, everyone was fully prepared to seize the favorable control points.

On the first day, everyone did not have any experience. After arriving at the designated area, each group rushed to the parties to find the control points on the map on the previous day. Whether it is a base class, a geological class or a geological second class, most people look for control points in the base class, and the base class point is meaningless to us. I walked alone along the path that seemed to have passed. I found the "Large I17" on the roadside. After a short excitement, I continued on. I17 is not the point we are looking for. After walking about 80 meters, the pile of "Grand I15" once again attracted me, but it is also not my goal. There seems to be a piece of grass on the hill next to it, there may be a control point there. Looking around, no one has followed me, thinking a little, I decided to go up the mountain. Holding the board, passing through a thorn, tired and sweaty, finally reached the top of the mountain. Here is a bit, "Land I05", this is not our point. When I looked up again, I couldn’t see the big man. I judged the direction and went down the mountain. But I can't find the way to go up the mountain. If there is no way, what should I do? After wearing the gloves, I took a road in 20 minutes and went down the mountain to the main road. The "Large I40" was also found in this way, it is on the hillside opposite I15. It is estimated that there will be control points on this mountain, and I will climb up. I am already tired at this time. Rested on the mountainside. Suddenly, a large stone in the grass below attracted me. After some struggle with the thorns, I went to that place. There is a control point here, "Grand I13", which is still not the point of our 6 group exhibition.

Everything is not easy to do, and it is so difficult to convene a group of comrades. After almost screaming everyone's nephew, our seven people finally got together. A brief summary of the search for the previous paragraph, we decided to set up a fulcrum next to the control point instead of the control point. Actually proved that this is a famous and great decision! This meeting has become a turning point in the six groups of surveying and mapping. After everything is ready, it has already been more than 10 o'clock, and there are still two and a half hours from the end of the survey. After all the comrades of our group fought hard, we came to the top and measured 50 points on the same day, laying a solid foundation for the success of the next two days.

Due to the lack of expectations of the difficulties in our group, the whole group members spent most of their time and energy on finding control points during the internship on the day. After the day's surveying and mapping work, our six members gathered to exchange experiences and made more specific arrangements for the next day's measurements. Everyone encourages each other to carry out the surveying and mapping work in the next two days. In the process of finding control points today, our team is not afraid of suffering, not afraid of tired spirit, and completes the surveying task with high quality.

On the morning of December 17, everyone had to go to Longquan Mountain once again after taking a meal at the China University of Geosciences. The scenery along the way has become familiar, and everyone has not had the curiosity of the previous day, each holding a drawing board and a record book to actively prepare for the upcoming work. After 40 minutes, we arrived at Longquan Mountain. When we got off the bus, we measured 6 groups and did not follow the big troops according to the prior arrangement, and went directly to our control point - "Grand I06". The position of I06 is in the saddle between the two mountains. There are many tall trees around. After a brief discussion, we decisively gave up and decided to establish the fulcrum I06-1 in a place with a wider view. After leveling the theodolite and eliminating parallax, the surveying and mapping work of our group officially started, and everyone immediately put into work. Zhu Ling and Cui Yongguo, who were responsible for selecting the running feet, first set up a line of sight around I06-1. The data I read has been tested for multiple occurrences of “zero error”. The students responsible for the calculations, Xin Yue and Sun Jun, also accelerated their pace. A group of materials was quickly passed to Jiang Xiaobin and Liu Chao, who were responsible for the drawing. The whole group was nervous and busy. The position of the fulcrum of I06-1 is superior, and the widening of the field of view is quickly verified. The farthest point we can measure here is the edge of the 011081 class mapping area. At the noon replenishment time, the team leader called the whole group to exchange morning work experience, and the team members responsible for each work put forward corresponding suggestions. They decided to continue the mapping in I06-1, combined with the position of the map on the map drawn in the morning. Make up the edge of the measurement area and then go to the “Ground I16” control point.

In the survey on the 17th, we made up the unknown area in the east and used the I16 point to occupy a large number of radiation points around the center of the survey area, further improving the data in the northeast, northwest and southeast, and measuring 3 Ridge line and 2 valley lines. Considering the great difficulty brought by the terrain around the control point to the running staff, although the number of measuring points is similar to the previous day, the most difficult part of the surveying and internship of our group has been completed, and the topographic maps in the three directions have taken shape. The time for the end of the survey has come again, and the two-day work has made everyone more exhausted.

On December 19th, we continued to survey in the Longquanshan area. Analysis of the location of the measurement points depicted in the previous two days, we found that the group lacked sufficient information in the southwest direction of the survey area. Therefore, it was decided to establish the fulcrum I32-1 near the “Great Earth I32”, and to carry out extensive measurement work in the southwest direction of the survey area, and to supplement the appropriate number of measuring points in the northeast, northwest and southeast directions. After the joint efforts of the whole group of members, we measured the 6 groups to complete all the measurement work before 12 o'clock, and the students responsible for drawing began the final drawing of the contour line. At 13:20, we completed all the work in the survey area, and returned to China University of Geosciences in China and Pakistan, ending the four-day surveying internship.

Take a map to practice internships:

1. Location: 6 sets of routes are measured in Huashan District, Jiangxia District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province

2. Task: Arriving at least 5 of the 9 designated locations indicated on the map, marking the site number on the map

3. Content:

The entire group of members concentrated on analyzing the map to determine the initial route;

Find the specified point according to the initial route;

process:

On the morning of December 18, 2008, we received a notice of temporary change. Due to the fog in Wuhan today, it is not convenient to observe. The surveying and mapping practice originally scheduled for the 18th was changed to a map internship. So we have to go to the Huashan area to carry out the field run. Today, we are not taking the theodolite, the tripod and the distance gauge from the Department of Measurement Engineering, but a map of the Huashan area. This is a map that has been yellowed, painted in 1973, and the data closest to the time of mapping was taken in 1969. The picture shows nine boxes, which are the places where our group is going today. Although the maps for each group are the same, the points marked above are different. In other words, our destinations may overlap, but not every destination. Therefore, the groups are almost independent and the cooperation is limited to the group. The teacher told us that a pond represented on the map has been filled and turned into farmland. The Hubei Forestry Science Research Institute indicated on the map has changed its address. This adds to our suspicion of this map. Doesn't the other places change? The points we are looking for are marked on the poles, stone bridges, pond walls, etc., and these points are numbered. Only when you have actually reached these points can you know their number. As required, we will mark these numbers on the map. For the points on the nine maps, we have to find at least five.

The place to get off today is different from the previous two days. Here is the Huashan area. The team members took this map and went to an unknown area. Maps are the only guarantee that we won't get lost. Following the big forces, we turned over the first mountain, behind the mountain is the cemetery. Soon we arrived at the first intersection. One point we were looking for was in the east direction, the other point was in the west direction, and the independent point was to be over a mountain. After analyzing the pros and cons, we decided to give it up. Abandoning it means giving up big forces, and we have formed a small group that is heading west. Comparing the position of the pond on the map, we finally found it. The map tells us that there is a big point here. On a pole on the edge of the field, we saw the "Grand S97." This is our first result. Along the road along the pond, we continued on, and passed a relatively large village. After reading the map again, comparing the field, we quickly saw the village we were looking for in the distance. In order to cut corners, we entered the rice fields. The rice fields in autumn are very empty, but the characteristics of Hubei Lake are destined to be muddy. When you choose to go farm, the only possible points are on the pole. We didn't find the point we were looking for until we got out of the rice fields. The team immediately adjusted its strategy and proposed to firmly believe the map in hand. The points to be found are not particularly difficult to find. Soon this point was found on the poles of our road on the west side of the village.

Then we found the third point in Shidong Village. What caught us in trouble was the point near Dayang Village. We went along the road to find Dayang Village, and the wrong direction of the fork was let us go to Xia Liu Village, which is in the north of Dayang Village. Another time I crossed the rice fields and saw many buffaloes on the road. This crossing was forced because Da Yang Village was ahead. After a lot of trouble, we found the fourth point. Seeing that the time is up to 11:30, speed up the pace to reach the reservoir. After finding the last point, we quickly found the road shown on the map, but the road shown on the map seems to be a small road. We made a serious comparison, and after we made the decision, we followed it. Many places along the road are not shown on the map, and many of them are not seen in the actual picture. However, after repeated checks, we found the “Old Forestry Science Research Institute”, which allowed us to walk boldly along it to the Jiufengshan Revolutionary Martyrs Cemetery. After arriving at a large road, we have actually achieved the success of the day. At the designated end point - the gas station, at 12:43, we were the first team to arrive at the 011081 class. Everyone's shoes have become the color of the soil, the clothes are also dirty, and the hair is marked with dust. Some students fell asleep after sitting down. This day is exhausted and happy.

Third, the internship summary and experience:

During the surveying and mapping practice, I was responsible for observations and readings. In the actual surveying and mapping, we did not use the theodolite at the control point. Instead, we chose a few fulcrums with a wide field of view and a better position. In this way, it is necessary to verify and calculate the data of the fulcrum multiple times to ensure that the data error of the fulcrum is small, and then the other location points are measured, and the unknown point data is calculated according to the fulcrum data. This method saves a lot of time and makes our measurements more convenient. In addition, after the observer has read the upper, middle and lower wire readings, the running staff should be selected in time to select the next point. Since the theodolite is now locked in both the horizontal and vertical directions, the reading of the level dial and the vertical dial is fixed, so that the running ruler can leave the current position before reading the angle. This will speed up the mapping process and allow the runners to get enough rest.

In the process of recognizing the actual point of running, we must understand that "there is no better picture than the map", according to the situation on the ground, through the scale to calculate the approximate distance to go, believe in their own judgment. Another important point is to always know the north direction, so that the map is useful. Otherwise, it will have a negative effect.