Latest internship report essay

Foreword

Internship time: XX, July 7th - July 18th

Internship location: National Geopark Qinhuangdao City

Intern: Taiyuan Normal College - Student of City and Tourism College

Internship objectives: 1. Learn the use of topographic maps, geological maps, and reading geological phenomena.

2, master the use of geological compass

3, practice doing field notes, exercise field skills

4. Can correctly analyze and recognize some geological phenomena

5. Understand the development of the stratum in the internship area and the contact relationship

6. Understand the overall structural structure and characteristics of the internship area

7. Preliminary analysis of general outlines of minerals, landforms, hydrogeology, etc. in the internship area

Internship profile:

Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth. In order to improve the quality of teaching, and have a deeper understanding of geological and geomorphological knowledge, and improve the ability to use, under the leadership of several teachers such as Yang Donglin, more than 100 students from the School of Urban and Tourism of Taiyuan Normal University went to Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province for a period of 11 Tian's geological and geomorphological internship. Although only 11 days, with the careful explanation and patient guidance of the teachers, combined with some background information, we were able to systematically understand the local geological and geomorphological knowledge, and learned some basic methods of study abroad, and also through practice. Consolidate what you have learned.

table of Contents

1 Internship area overview

2 main content of internship

3 Conclusion: Internship experience and summary

I. Overview of the internship area

The internship location is in the beautiful coastal city—the area around the Liujiang Basin in Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province and the coastal area, more than 900 kilometers away from Taiyuan City. The North District Internship Area is the main area of ​​this internship. The Liujiang Basin is located in Funing County, Qinhuangdao City, about 23 kilometers south of Qinhuangdao City. The area is located in the eastern section of the Yanshan Mountains, bordering the North China Plain and the Bohai Bay in the south and Yanshan in the north. It is a low hilly area extending from north to south. The highest peak is the Laojunding in the northwest, with an elevation of 493.7 meters and the lowest point is the Dashi River Valley. The southern part of the interior is 70 meters above sea level. The administrative department is under the jurisdiction of Shimenzhai Township, Funing County, Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province. The Qinqing Railway and the local railway are connected to Qinhuangdao City and the transportation is convenient. The climate is greatly affected by the ocean and is relatively humid and mild. The main rivers in the internship area are Dashi River, Tanghe and Beidaihe. Coastal fish, shrimp, crab, etc., is one of the main aquatic bases in northern China.

Second, the main content of the internship

Stratum

The Liujiang Basin is a directional structure. It is located on a bulge structure between Shanhai Customs and Zunhua in North China. The stratigraphic sequence is similar to the standard section of the North China Platform. See the table below.

1. Yuan ancient world

Longshan Formation

It is distributed in Zhangyazi to the east, and in the south of Jiguanshan. It consists of two sedimentary rhythms. It is not integrated on the Huanggangyan in the middle of the Yellow Emperor. It is mainly variegated shale such as fuchsia, yellow-green, gray-black and egg white, and the bottom is sandstone. It is a typical coastal phase deposit, which is in sedimentary relationship with the underlying granite. 91 meters thick.

Jingeryi Group

It is mainly distributed in the eastern part of the region. The best profile is exposed in the Lizhuang North Ditch, and it is also exposed in the east of Huangtuying Village. The lithology is from coarse to fine, and the clastic rock-clay rock-carbonate rock constitutes a complete rhythm and has the characteristics of transgressive sedimentation. It has an integrated contact relationship with the Longshan Formation. The demarcation mark is a medium-fine-grained iron quartz sandstone with a yellow-brown or rust-colored bottom, which contains a large amount of glauconite, and the middle-fine-grained feldspar quartz net sandstone at the bottom has a large sea-forming storm wave mark. The formation of this group belongs to the coastal phase to shallow marine facies deposition. 38m thick.

2, the ancient world

"1" Cambrian

Lower system

Fujun Mountain Group:

It develops well in the east, and the eastern and northern sections can be used as standard sections. It is the bottom layer of the Cambrian, and the lithology is mainly dark gray leopard-like asphaltic dolomitic limestone with more Lydrickyl fossils. This group belongs to the shallow sea sedimentary facies, and the underlying Jinger's group, the overlying Shantou group are parallel unconformity contact, and the stratification marks are very obvious. The bottom tail dark gray contains asphaltenes, dolomitic crystalline limestone, and contains debris. Thick 146m.

Shantou group:

Due to the intrusion and structural damage of the rock mass, the group is exposed to sporadic, and the northern and western parts of the eastern part are exposed, which can be used as a standard section. The upper and lower limits of this group are obvious, and the boundary with the Maozhuang group is marked by the bright red mudstone at the top. The lithology is characterized by bright red mudstone and shale, and the shale contains rock salt pseudocrystals with dolomitic limestone. No reliable fossil basis was found. Parallel unconformity contact with the underlying Fujunshan group; integrated contact with the Shangfu Maozhuang group. 71m thick.

Maozhuang Group

It is better to be exposed in the west of Shahezhai, and it is rich in fossils and can be used as a standard section. The main lithology is mainly purple-red shale, containing a small amount of muscovite, its color is darker than the color of the Shantou group shale, commonly known as pig liver red. It is mainly composed of pleats and trilobite fossils. It is about 112m thick.

Zhongtong

Xuzhuang Group

The distribution is relatively wide, the eastern part of the west is well exposed, and the fossils are very rich. The upper and lower boundaries of the formation are clear and can be used as standard sections. The yellow-green mica-bearing siltstone with lithology is shallow sea, with dark purple siltstone, fine sandstone and a small amount of smectite limestone lens or lentils. Contains trilobite fossils. The boundary between the underlying Maozhuang Formation is marked by the interbedded layer of yellow-green siltstone and dark purple siltstone. 101m thick.

Zhang Xia Group:

It is covered and destroyed less. It is one of the most widely distributed strata in the Cambrian strata. It is distributed around almost the basin. It is best exposed on the ridge east of the 288 highland of Xinzhuang North. Good standard profile. The lower part is a braided limestone with yellow-green shale; the upper part is dominated by braided limestone, with algae limestone and muddy limestone. Trilobite fossils are the most abundant. This group is in integrated contact with the underlying strata. Thickness 130m.

Upper system

Lushan Group

This group is similar to the distribution of the Zhangxia group in the area. It is better to have a section on the 288 high ground, which can be a standard section. The lower part and the upper part are mainly purple boulder limestone and purple siltstone; in the middle part, the gray limestone and Zhangxia group have obvious boundaries, and the lithology of the contact part is very different. Fossils are very rich and can be harvested on almost every floor. The main trilobite fossils are: bat worm unspecified species, P. variabilis. 102m thick.

Changshan Group:

The well-exposed profile is in the 288 highland of Xinzhuang North, which is a standard section. The lithology is purple diabase, siltstone and shale interbed, with algae and bio-ash. Trilobite fossils mainly include: undetermined species of Artemisia sinensis, undetermined species of Changshan worm, and unspecified species of worms. The boundary between the two and the underlying strata is clear. This group has a small thickness in the area, only about 18m.

Fengshan Group:

The distribution of this group is the same as that of the Lushan Formation and the Changshan Formation, and the high-rise Xinzhuang North 288 highland can be used as a standard section. The main lithology is yellow-gray marl brittle-gravel marl. Yellow-green calcareous shale and thin layered argillaceous banded limestone. The shale composition is increased and it is easy to be weathered, and weathering often forms a yellow soil. Fossil-rich trilobite fossils have obvious vertical zoning. The gravel forms a small mass, and the group is in contact with the underlying Changshan Formation. The boundary is marked by the blue-grey gravel marl at the bottom. 92m thick.

Yeli Group

It is distributed in the east and west of the region, mainly in the eastern region. It is better to show off in Chaoshui to Xinzhuang. The lower part is gray microcrystalline pure limestone with a small amount of boulder limestone and wormhole limestone; the upper part is gray gravel limestone with yellow-green shale. The fossils produced include trilobites, pen stones, and brachiopods. In contact with the underlying Fengshan Formation, the stratified mark is based on gray boulder limestone, which is very thin, less than 0.5m thick, and is pure limestone. Thickness is 125m.

Liangjiashan Formation

Located in Shijiazhai Liangjia Mountain. It is a shallow sea sediment. The main lithology is medium-thick layered leopard limestone with a small amount of boulder limestone and calcareous shale. Contains fossils such as cephalopods, gastropods, and unidentified species of the snail. In contact with the underlying smelting group, the boundary is marked by the medium-thick layered leopard skin limestone at the bottom of Liangjia Mountain. After weathering, it is muddy strip-like and contains shale tuberculosis. The layer thickness is 118m.

Majiagou Formation

This component is consistent with the Liangjiashan Formation, and is well developed in Liangjia Mountain and Beishan Mountain in the north. It is a shallow marine sediment, which is deeper in water environment. The lithology of this group is dominated by dolomite and dolomitic limestone, and the bottom has micro-layered, breccia-containing, yellow-white dolomitic limestone containing meteorite nodules. Fossils are: cephalopods and gastropods. The integration with the underlying Liangjiashan group is very obvious. Dolomite has a "knife mark". The layer thickness is 101m.

"3" Carboniferous

Benxi Group

The Benxi Group of the Carboniferous is widely distributed in the east and west of the district. The best development and excavation is the development of the 191 highland and Xiaowangzhuang area of ​​Banbidian. The Xiaowangzhuang section can be used as the standard section of this area. There are 2-3 complete sedimentary rhythms from land to sea. The lithology characteristics of this group are consistent with those in North China, and it is a set of interactions between sea and land. The terrestrial siltstone contains plant fossils: scale wood, Koda, and reed. The lower part is iron sandstone, limonite and clay rock, parallel unconformity and above the Majiagou Formation; the upper part is fine sandstone, siltstone and shale, with 3-5 layers of marl lens. The stratum thickness of the Ximen-Wajiashan section of Shimenzhai is 70.7m.

Taiyuan Group

It is well developed in the area of ​​Banbi and Xiaowangshan. The lithology of this group is relatively stable. The main feature of iron-black sandstone containing iron-bearing nodules is that a small number of coal lines and limestone lens bodies are composed of two rhythms, which are interactive sediments of sea and land. Containing plant fossils: veins, scales, animal fossils: long-lined shells, ancient Nile. It has integrated contact with Benxi Formation and has obvious boundary. The bottom of this group is blue-gray iron medium-fine feldspar lithic sandstone with small spherical weathering. The Wajiashan section is 48m thick.

"4" Permian

Lower system

Shanxi Group

It is mainly distributed in the eastern Heishan kiln to Caoshan area, and it is also exposed in the west. There are two rhythms, the first rhythm contains coal seams, and the top of the second rhythm contains bauxite. This group is an important coal-bearing stratum in the area and belongs to the offshore marsh sediment. The main lithology is gray, gray-black medium-fine feldspar lithic sandstone, siltstone carbonaceous shale and clay rock. Containing plant fossils: unrecognised aloe, with Koda, slender leaves. It has an integrated contact with the underlying Taiyuan group. The thickness varies greatly, from about 35m to 60m.

Lower stone box group

It is distributed in the area from Heishan Kiln to Shiling, with scattered distribution in the west. It consists of three rhythms. It belongs to lake sediments. The main lithology is gray medium-grained feldspar lithic sandstone. Containing plant fossils: multi-pulse with ferns, Shanxi with ferns, with Kodak. The layer thickness is 115m.

Upper system

Upper stone box group

It is mainly exposed in the Heishan Kiln and Huanxiling to the west side of the Dashi River. The well-developed profile is Huanxi Ridge, which can be used as a standard profile. The lithology features the gray-white medium-thick layered pebbly coarse-grained feldspar sandstone of the facies, with a small amount of purple fine-grained sandstone and siltstone. This group did not obtain fossil data. It has an integrated contact relationship with the underlying stone box group. The layer thickness is 72m.

Shi Qianfeng Group

The original named place was Shiqianfeng, 25km west of Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province. This group is the top group of the Permian. The better exposed profile is from Huanxiling to Wakashan, which can be used as a standard profile. The main lithology is a set of purple facies in the facies, including siltstone, mudstone, a small amount of conglomerate, coarse to medium-fine net sandstone and mixed sandstone. Containing plant fossils: Taiyuan with ferns, pointed leaves, and Korean feathers. The integrated contact relationship with the underlying stone box group can be distinguished from the color. Thicker than 150m.

---------------------4 Zhongshengjie, Xinshengjie, the fourth system ------------------ -------------

Magma rock

Liu Jiang wants to write igneous rock masses with different internal and marginal ages. On the west side of the basin, there is a large area of ​​Yanshanian granite, which forms a steep and steep terrain. The rock vein wall invading the westward wing is generally acidic, and the eastward wing is a small-scale neutral vein, rock wall, etc. The Mesozoic volcanic eruptive rocks are distributed in the core of the syncline basin, forming the mountains in the basin.

1. Intrusive rocks: granite, granite porphyry, gray-green rock, diorite

The granite is exposed in the vicinity of Zhangzhangzi Village in the east. The rock is fleshy or grayish white, the distribution of rock mass is very uneven, and the structural structure changes greatly. There are many signs of mixed lithology and residues or traps of old metamorphic rocks. The granite in the western Huachang area belongs to the granite invaded in the late Mesozoic. The rock mass is large and fleshy red. It consists of feldspar, plagioclase, quartz and a small amount of biotite. It has a medium-fine grain phenotypic structure.

2. Granite porphyry

The granite porphyry rock wall is exposed in Chaoshui Village and Shapotang.

3. Gray-green porphyrite

More concentrated in the Liangjiashan quarry, the rocks are dark green, some of the pyroxene has been chlorite and citrate.

4. Diorite

Distributed in the northwest of Chaoshuiyu Village, in the east of the casserole shop, etc.

Squirting Rock: Andesite

Andesite

It is distributed in the Middle Jurassic strata of the Liujiang syncline core. The type is rich, the color is mainly gray-green, a few are dark purple-red, block-like structure, and a few have stomatal structure and almond structure.

structure

The area is located in the eastern section of the Yanshan subsidence belt, the southeastern margin of the Shanhaiguan uplift, and the transition zone between the modern Yanshan uplift and the Bohai depression and the elbow-shaped part of the Yanshan Mountains turning from east to west. The stress is concentrated, so new and old The structures are relatively developed. According to the Tianjin Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources of the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources, the fault structure of this area is developed, with nne-trending faults being the most developed, followed by nw-trending faults, ne--nee faults and ew-direction faults. In addition, it is still developing in the north of Shanhaiguan. There is a ring fracture.

The Liujiang Basin is located in the north of Qinhuangdao City, and its geological structure is dominated by faults, and the folds are not developed. Wrinkles:

The Liujiang syncline is located on the North China Platform. . . . . . .

Fault

A brief history analysis of geological structure development

Landform

mineral

other