Governance Desertification Paper Opening Report

Abstract: In order to control desertification, we must start from solving human factors, solving people's survival and way out is the root cause, and the rest of the measures are palliative. In those "hard bones" areas where governance is difficult and the results are not obvious, the best way is to "return people", reduce artificial pressure, and let nature repair. Even in those ancient desert areas, it will not cause too much harm, because those Gobi have a natural hard shell and a natural mask on the ancient desert. As long as we don’t touch it, we can protect the soil from being blown away by the wind. Therefore, we want to "be kind to the desert." In the desert, where the natural environment is much better, the restoration of the “grass retreat” will be much better.

Keywords: desertification, reclamation, ecological resettlement

The process of desertification in China has been removed from this year by a number of heavy additions. The results of the third national desertification and land desertification monitoring announced by the State Forestry Administration show that the national desertification land has expanded by 3,436 square kilometers per year from the end of the last century. The annual reduction of 1,283 square kilometers - the passive situation of "governance can not catch up with destruction" for more than 50 years, finally turned out for the first time.

The reason why today’s transition from “governance can’t catch up with destruction” to “governance beyond destruction” should be attributed to the transformation of the concept and method of sand control—from “moving into the desert” to peaceful coexistence with the desert, "Turned to "people retreat from the sand." In the 1950s, there was a very loud slogan, "Going to the Desert." However, 50 years have passed, and apart from a few examples of successful governance, it seems that the power of the desert is far stronger than human imagination.

Population growth is an important driver of desertification. According to records, the Inner Mongolia Xilin Gol League has increased from 205,000 at the beginning of the founding of New China to the current 910,000, a net increase of nearly 3.5 times. With the increase of population and human pursuit of modern life, the number of livestock has increased rapidly, from 1.6 million to 23 million, a net increase of more than 14 times.

At present, the overgrazing rate of pasture in the northwest region is 50%-120%, and in some areas it is even as high as 300%; nearly 70% of pastures have been degraded due to overgrazing. If the number of animals is small, the damage caused can be naturally compensated, but when it is grazing everywhere, the grassland is suppressed and cannot grow up. Year after year, a vicious circle is formed.

Therefore, in order to control desertification, we must start with the solution of human factors, and solve the problem of human survival and the way out. The rest of the measures are palliative. In those "hard bones" areas where governance is difficult and the results are not obvious, the best way is to "return people", reduce artificial pressure, and let nature repair. Even in those ancient desert areas, it will not cause too much harm, because those Gobi have a natural hard shell and a natural mask on the ancient desert. As long as we don’t touch it, we can protect the soil from being blown away by the wind. Therefore, we want to "be kind to the desert." In the desert, where the natural environment is much better, the restoration of the “grass retreat” will be much better. Since "people retreat" is conducive to "sand retreat" or at least "sand stop", what is the most effective? In fact, the "enclosure transfer" or "transfer development" strategy adopted by the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is conducive to the restoration of natural pastures. . But how do people who are transferred out resettle? Will new damage be caused in new land? These issues must be given enough attention.

Here, we understand that “people retreat” does not necessarily involve large-scale “ecological immigration”, but subsidizes the state for the cost of ecological governance, and uses funds, policies, science and technology and other advantages to improve the economic income of farmers and herdsmen. To reduce the number of livestock or grazing 3-5 years, large areas of degraded land can be restored by natural forces. As long as the soil does not continue to lose, the naturally distributed various types of propagules can “settle down” and naturally multiply.

In the ecological management of degraded sandy grassland, a model of “land-raising” is proposed. This idea is mainly based on the use of a small amount of land, plus modern technical means to improve the efficiency of land use and improve the quality of life of the community. Free up a large amount of land to “rehabilitate” and use natural forces to restore degraded grassland. The ratio of land used for land restoration to nature can be 1 to 100. This is because the current biological productivity in degraded ecosystems is generally low. For example, the amount of grass produced on degraded grassland is only 30-100 kg/mu, and the feed yield after certain technical measures can reach more than 6000 kg/mu. The scientific basis for this is that the intensive land with water and fertilizer guarantees will not degenerate. The agricultural civilization of the mainland for five thousand years has not declined. The main reason is that the land there is not degraded. In the grassland area, it is very important to protect the soil from the wind.

On the issue of people's stay, of course, "transfer" is conducive to the restoration of natural vegetation, but after all, it is forced to do so. "It is difficult for the homeland to leave," and whether "ecological immigration" is effective still needs serious study. On the contrary, if we concentrate a large amount of money on 1% of the land, we will concentrate on the community residents and help them form an industrial chain, that is, gradually planting grass, raising grass, harvesting, storing, transporting, feeding, milking, and production. Meat, re-transport, urban population consumption, and the formation of specialized division of labor, intensive animal husbandry and order animal husbandry, herders are still very welcome, and there is no need to implement large-scale "ecological immigration."

At present, in the vast agricultural areas, the current policy is: returning farmland to forests has money, can manage for 5 years; while grass money is very small, and only two years. In this way, some local leaders will also build forests in places that are not suitable for afforestation to obtain the national ecological management costs. If this policy is not corrected in time, it will accelerate grassland degradation on a larger scale. Through the relationship of interests and the transformation of land use functions, the residents of the local communities should be passively involved in ecological governance to actively participate, so that they can be transformed from ecological destroyers into ecological protectors. This is related to the success of governance. The essential.

In most of China's low-productivity deserts, sandy areas and grassland areas, their ecological value may be much greater than their direct use value. In this regard, we must calculate the account, that is, directly use the economic value received and destroy the future governance costs, which is bigger.

China has 6 billion mu of grassland, accounting for 40% of the country's land area. Among them, 90% of Inner Mongolia grassland is degraded to varying degrees, directly aggravating sandstorms and causing irreparable soil loss. We must face this fact seriously. In forestry, the state has a “natural forest protection project”. In fact, the “natural grassland protection project” and the “grazing grazing and grass returning project” are equally significant.

The desertification phenomenon in Minqin County of Gansu Province has now attracted the attention of the party and the state. Premier Wen Jiabao made six instructions. This summer, I returned to my hometown, Minqin, where people are still cutting down the trees around them. This phenomenon is very serious near my home. I asked the local fellows. Their answer is very simple. There is no tree here. It is better to plant the land to plant crops. I asked why there is no tree here, their answer. It's also very simple - the water quality is not working. Secretary of the Minqin County Party Committee, Chen Dexing, has repeatedly mentioned that the current comprehensive management of the ecological environment in our county is facing a severe situation. Judging from the supply and demand of water resources, the resource demand for economic and social development in the county has far exceeded the carrying capacity of water resources. The contradiction between supply and demand of water resources has developed to the point where it cannot be added, and has become the basis for restricting economic and social development and even affecting economic and social security. Constraints. From the perspective of desertification prevention and control, the county's ecological environment has improved in individual areas after years of active governance, but the overall deterioration has not been contained. The quicksand has invaded and shook hands in the northernmost part of the oasis. Desertification has intensified. The contradiction between economic development and ecological governance. Judging from the population carrying situation of the resource environment, the huge population pressure has already made the Minqin Oasis overwhelmed, and it has reached the point where one side can't raise one person. The whole county must correctly understand and firmly establish the basic concept of “people retreat and retreat” and scientifically determine the guiding ideology of comprehensive environmental management of the county. "People retreat from the sand" is aimed at building a harmonious development of production and development, a prosperous life, and a good ecological environment. Through the active transformation of the scope of people's activities and the fundamental transformation of the way of influence, there is also a space for nature to repair and evolve. And through the combination of "humanized nature" and "free nature", the ladder will build an ecological barrier to protect the oasis, and under the premise of continuously enhancing the capacity of ecological tolerance and renewal, maintain the perpetual survival of Minqin Oasis and promote the county's economic and social development. Comprehensively coordinate and achieve sustainable development and harmony between people and nature.

In the face of the raging desertification, we did not reflect on our own mistakes and changed our minds. Instead, under the guidance of the misunderstood "people to win the day", "to march into the desert", we must "go into the sand." As a result, it is the governance here, the destruction there, the partial improvement, the overall deterioration, and the “shajin people retreat” across the board.

The devastating floods in 1998 forced people to rethink the original intention of "man is determined to win the day", reflect on the wrong ways of production of human beings, and re-examine the relationship between man and nature, and discover and follow the laws of nature. It is painful to think about it. At the same time as the large-scale “returning the fields to the lake” in the south, the north has also launched a new round of sand prevention and control campaign. Different from the past, the new sand control movement has changed the way of thinking and transformed the tactics, paying more attention to the recuperation and self-repairing ability of grasslands and deserts, planting trees and grasses, returning farmland to forests and grasslands, and engaging in ban and grazing. Ecological immigrants enable vegetation to achieve natural succession; instead of treating sand and controlling sand, it is combined with the management of the poor, planting economic trees and shrubs that both protect the ecology and develop production, and initially show ecological improvement. A win-win situation for production development.

Of course, the reversal is only the beginning of improvement. After all, there are still more than 500,000 square kilometers of desertified land in the country, and there is a clear desertification trend of nearly 320,000 square kilometers of land. After all, half of the country’s 26.1 million poor people are also distributed in areas with severe desertification. The main factors threatening the ecological environment have not been completely eliminated. The phenomenon of grazing, indiscriminate grazing and ruining vegetation has occurred from time to time. After all, the newly formed vegetation is just in the recovery stage, and the stability of the plant community is poor. If the climatic conditions deteriorate, the management will not follow. On the other hand, it may lead to vegetation degradation.

Not only the northern region has many hard bones in the combination of poverty control and sand control, but also, on a national scale, if there is no economic co-prosperity and shared results in the developed areas of the north and the developed areas in the south, there are thousands of people in the north. The green ecological barrier of kilometers is difficult to build up for a long time. It is not only the responsibility of the people in the sand area but also the common mission of the people of the whole country.

references:

[1] Qin Dahe, “Evaluation of Environmental Evolution in Western China” Science Press XX.2

[2] Zhou Yi, “Economic and Social Sustainable Development of Western Eco-environment” Inner Mongolia Education Press XX.12

[3] Li Zongzhi, “Recreating a Beautiful Northwest of Mountains and Rivers” Lanzhou University Press XX.6