2012 China Private Enterprise Survey Report
The most concerned topic is “tax reform”. The most ideal position is “social virtuousness”.
main indicators
Private enterprise: 3.44 million
Registered capital: 42146 billion yuan
Employees: 47.14 million
Production value: 20083 billion yuan
Retail sales of social consumer goods: 100.6 billion yuan
Foreign exchange earning enterprises: 74,443 households
Foreign exchange earned by export: RMB 174.696 billion
main problem
Uncoordinated relationship between government and enterprises
Arrears between companies are becoming more serious
Enterprise dispute resolution mechanism is not perfect
The "China Private Enterprise Research" research group organized by the United Front Work Department of the CPC Central Committee, the National Federation of Industry and Commerce, and the China Private Economy Research Association conducted a sixth sample survey of private enterprises across the country in 2004, and issued 3670 questionnaires. 3012 questionnaires, the effective recovery rate was 82.1%, and the number of valid questionnaires accounted for about 1.0% of the total number of private enterprises in the country at the end of 2003.
The State Administration for Industry and Commerce participated in the survey and shared half of the sampling tasks.
The main comments of the survey data analysis are as follows.
Analysis of the situation of private enterprises
The rapid growth of the total number of private enterprises in the past two years
This survey shows that since 2001, the number of private enterprises has grown significantly. At the end of 2003, the number of private enterprises reached 300,500, an increase of 977,000 from 2001, an increase of 48.16%.
In April 1988, the Constitution of the People's Republic of China established the legal status of the private economy. In June of the same year, the State Council promulgated the "Provisional Regulations on Private Enterprises of the People's Republic of China." In 1989, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce began to register private enterprises in accordance with the Constitution and the Provisional Regulations on Private Enterprises. In the same year, 90,581 private enterprises were registered. In 1992, Deng Xiaoping’s “Southern Tour” talk ushered in the spring of private enterprise development. In the decade from 1993 to 2003, the private sector grew more than 33 times, with an average annual growth rate of 28.87%. The registered capital increased from 68.1 billion yuan at the end of 1993 to 3.53 billion yuan at the end of 2003, a 52-fold increase in average annual growth. 48.41%; the number of employees increased from 3.72 million at the end of 1993 to 42.99 million at the end of 2003, which has grown nearly 12 times, with an average annual growth rate of 27.72%; the output value of private enterprises increased from 42.2 billion yuan in 1989 to 20083 billion in 2003. Yuan grew 48 times and grew at an average annual rate of 47.15%. The realized retail sales of consumer goods grew from 19 billion yuan in 1989 to 100.6 billion yuan in 2003, growing nearly 56 times and growing at an average annual rate of 49.51%. In 2003, 74,434 private enterprises earned foreign exchange through exports, and foreign exchange earned by exports amounted to RMB 174.986 billion, which was 355% and 91.68% higher than that of 2001 respectively.
The areas in which private enterprises develop are very different. The provinces and cities with more than 100,000 households are mainly concentrated in the eastern coastal areas. At the end of 2003, there were eight private enterprises with more than 100,000 households in the country: Jiangsu, Guangdong, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Shandong, Beijing, Liaoning, and Sichuan. There are 1900,737 private enterprises in the above eight regions, accounting for 63.24% of the total number of private enterprises.
The scale of private enterprise operations continued to expand and its economic strength was significantly enhanced. By the end of 2003, the number of private enterprises in the country was 11.73, and the average number of employees per household was 14.3, which was 5.68% and 6.88% higher than that of 2001. There are 34,617 employees with 100-500 employees, 3,334 with 500-1000 employees, and 1,130 employees with more than 1,000 employees. In 2003, the registered capital of private enterprises reached 1,174,700, an increase of 24.16% over 2001. There are 84,620 registered capitals of 5 million to 10 million yuan and 51,830 households with a capital of over 10 million yuan. There were 1156 registered capital above 100 million yuan, an increase of 498 over the same period of 2002.
The scale of private enterprises has steadily expanded over the past two years
First, the scale of capital has steadily expanded and sales have grown. The survey found that the median size of corporate capital increased by 20% compared to the 2002 survey, and the median sales increased by nearly 10%. The questionnaire collected in this survey is divided into two parts: the median total of the owner's equity of the surveyed enterprises of the Industry and Commerce Bureau is 920,000 yuan, and the median paid-up capital of the company at the time of its establishment is 500,000 yuan. 0.84 times. The median total of owners' equity of the surveyed and industrial associations was 3 million yuan, and their median paid-up capital at the time of the start-up was 1 million yuan, and the capital added twice. This shows that whether it is a general private enterprise or a representative private enterprise, after the establishment of the enterprise, the capital has added value, the only difference is the value-added speed. At the end of 2003, among the enterprises surveyed by the Industry and Commerce Bureau, the owner's equity exceeded 1 million yuan, accounting for 15.2%; the over 50 million yuan accounted for 3.6%; and the over 100 million yuan accounted for 1.2%. That is to say, private enterprises with an owner's equity of more than 10 million yuan account for about 20%; in the surveyed enterprises of the Federation of Industry and Commerce, the corresponding proportion is even larger, and the owner's equity exceeds 10 million yuan, accounting for 26.0%; Accounted for 6.9%; more than 100 million yuan accounted for 3.5%. That is to say, the private sector of the industrial and commercial association system has an owner's equity of more than 10 million yuan, accounting for 36.4%.
Corporate sales have also grown. At the end of 2003, the median sales volume of the surveyed enterprises of the Industry and Commerce Bureau was 2 million yuan. The median sales of the surveyed and industrial associations were 6.4 million yuan.
By the end of 2003, 32.9% of enterprises had opened for 5 years and below; 42.3% of them had 6 to 10 years; 24.8% of them had 10 years or more. In other words, 67.1% of the companies surveyed have been in business for more than 6 years. The median number of years of operation is 7 years. In the 2002 survey, this value was 7.04 years. Considering that half of the survey was conducted through the Bureau of Industry and Commerce to the general private enterprises, unlike the previous survey of representative enterprises, it was not possible to conclude that the number of years of private enterprise survival fell.
According to the number of years of business opening, the paid-in capital of the company when it opened, and the owner's equity at the end of 2003, the company's annual growth rate of capital is 8.8%.
Second, corporate profits have rebounded slightly, and sales profit margins have stabilized. The last survey found that due to the increasingly fierce market competition, the profit margin of private enterprises has been declining year by year. The survey found that the sales profit margin has gradually stabilized.
At the end of 2003, the industrial and commercial bureau investigated the enterprise's median net profit after tax of 70,000 yuan, compared with the previous median sales, it can be concluded that the sales profit rate is about 3.5%. The median net profit after tax of the surveyed companies of the Federation of Industry and Commerce is 250,000 yuan. Compared with the median sales volume, the sales profit rate is about 3.9%. The data of the two are not much different.
Compared with the previous survey data of the Federation of Industry and Commerce, corporate profits have rebounded slightly. The net profit after tax of the surveyed enterprises has increased from 210,000 yuan in 2002 to 250,000 yuan, but the sales profit rate has only increased by 0.3 percentage points. .
The industry profit gap has widened. The survey found that the real estate industry's profits are much higher than other industries, the median value of net profit after tax is more than double the profit of the second-largest “electric gas industry”. Other industries with higher profits also have electricity. Gas, health sports, construction, mining, scientific and technological industries, and industries with lower profits are transportation, social services, commercial catering. It can be seen that although the scale of capital in research and technology industry is below average, However, the median profit is higher than the average level, which is directly related to its high technical content. The commercial catering industry has a small capital scale, low technical content, and fierce competition in the industry and low profit in the industry.
Third, the number of employed workers is basically stable. The median value of the number of employees employed by the Industry and Commerce Bureau in 2003 was 24, while the median value of the number of workers employed by the Federation of Industry and Commerce surveyed in the year was 60. From a vertical perspective, the number of employees employed by private companies throughout the year is basically stable. The median number of workers employed in the survey this year was the same as the median number of workers employed in the survey in 2002, both of which were 60.
In addition to full-time employees, the company also employs seasonal workers. The median value of the number of workers employed by the Industry and Commerce Bureau to investigate the employment of enterprises for less than one year is less than five, and the median value of such workers in the surveyed enterprises of the Federation of Industry and Commerce is eight.
In the past two years, the private sector industry and regional distribution have expanded
First, the main industry has a diversified trend. The proportion of the main industries in the surveyed enterprises was 16.73%; the ratio of the three main industries was 6.42%. In other words, nearly one-fourth of the surveyed companies have diversified their main businesses.
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Second, the industry distribution extends with the relaxation of market access. Among the surveyed companies, the manufacturing and commercial catering industries accounted for the largest proportion: the manufacturing sector reached 38.2%; the commercial catering industry reached 24%, which together accounted for more than 60%. Compared with the previous survey, the proportion of these two items has remained basically unchanged, and the proportion of the commercial catering industry has slightly increased.
Compared with the previous survey, the agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery and transportation industries have increased slightly, and the proportion of the mining industry has remained basically unchanged. It is worth noting that the proportion of emerging industries such as social services and scientific research technology has grown rapidly. For example, the social service industry has grown from 5.6% to 11.1%, almost doubled; the research and technology industry has grown from 2.1% to 5.5%, almost doubling. Although the construction industry is not a new industry, its growth rate is also high, from 5.9% to 9.1%, and it has grown by nearly half. The proportion of the real estate industry is not small, reaching 8.5%. The education and culture and health sports as the main industry also accounted for 4%; and 1.6% of the enterprises will be the main industry such as electricity and gas. These changes show that in the past two years, the entry of private capital has clearly expanded and extended.
Third, the headquarters and production and operation sites of enterprises gradually shifted from rural areas and towns to large cities. This is related to the continuous expansion of the company's scale, the continuous adjustment of the company's involvement in the industry, and the development strategy of the company. It is also inseparable from the efforts of the major cities to continuously improve the investment environment and attract investors.
Fourth, companies with a considerable proportion have begun to focus on technology development. The survey shows that 16.7% of companies have their own technology patents. 30.8% of companies have their own products. In addition, 35.2% of the company's products have been identified by quality. 42.3% of the companies surveyed carried out research and development investment in new products, new technologies and new projects, and the median amount of R&D investment was 300,000 yuan. This shows that private enterprises pay more attention to product quality and brand in the fierce market competition.
Fifth, the market development capability of enterprises has gradually increased. The sales scope of the company's products has gradually expanded. In 2003, the proportion of products sold outside the county accounted for more than half of the enterprises accounted for 60.0%; the proportion of products sold outside the province accounted for more than half of the enterprises accounted for 30.3%; the proportion of products sold abroad more than half of the enterprises accounted for 8.1%.
Sixth, the number of export-oriented enterprises has increased. The participation of enterprises in international competition is manifested in two aspects: first, the products are sold abroad, and the other is to invest overseas. In 2003, 21.4% of the companies surveyed sold their products abroad; 2.0% of them had invested overseas; and 0.3% of them invested more than $1 million overseas.
Most enterprises have responded positively to the market competition environment after China's accession to the WTO. The measures taken by the enterprises under investigation to join the WTO include: strengthening and expanding with other domestic enterprises, introducing technology, and applying for import and export rights. However, 30.7% of enterprises still have not thought about how to deal with the international competitive environment after joining WTO, and 17.2% of enterprises believe that this issue has nothing to do with the company.
Seven is that quite a few companies have plans to go public. Nearly 1.0% of the companies surveyed have already listed or bought their shells; 0.7% of them have entered the listing counseling period. 26.5% of companies have plans to go public.
The governance structure and internal management of private enterprises are changing in the past two years.
According to the questionnaire of the Comprehensive Industry and Commerce Bureau and the Federation of Industry and Commerce, whether it is the paid-in capital when starting a private enterprise or the owner's equity at the end of 2003, the share of the business owner is 70%. This ratio is basically the same as that obtained in the 2002 survey. However, its governance structure and internal management have undergone significant changes, and it is rapidly changing from a form of sole proprietorship to a form of limited liability company. In the more than 10 years from 1993 to 2004, the proportion of sole proprietorships was
63.8% fell to 22.5%, while the proportion of limited liability companies rose from 16.5% to 62.9%. In 1993, the proportion of board of directors in private enterprises was 26%. There was no relevant record in the shareholders' meeting and the board of supervisors. The proportion of party organizations, trade unions and workers' congresses was not high. By 2004, the proportion of the six organizational forms was above 30%. The top three of the highest are: the board of directors, the shareholders' meeting, and the union. The development of these internal organizations plays a strong role in improving the corporate governance structure.
The survey also found that most companies have recognized the role of “corporate culture”, especially its key role of “increasing employee ethics and enhancing corporate competitiveness”, which has been endorsed by more than 80% of enterprises. However, the vast majority still stay in the practical stage, from the "strengthening management building", "emphasis on strengthening training", "establishing a commendation incentive mechanism".
The contribution of the private sector is gradually recognized by the society
First, tax increases. With the expansion of the scale of enterprises, the tax amount of private enterprises is also increasing. At the end of 2003, the median amount of tax paid by the Industry and Commerce Bureau was 80,000 yuan, and the ratio to the median sales was about 4.0%. The median amount of tax paid by the Federation of Industry and Commerce Survey is 250,000 yuan, and the ratio to the median sales is about 3.9%. r>
The proportion of large taxpayers is also increasing. At the end of 2003, among the enterprises surveyed by the Industry and Commerce Bureau, the tax payment amounted to 15.0% of the amount of more than 1 million yuan; the 9.1% of the enterprises with a tax payment of more than 2 million yuan; and 3.7% of the enterprises with a tax of more than 5 million yuan. In other words, enterprises that pay more than 1 million yuan account for 27.8%. The corresponding proportion of the surveyed enterprises of the Federation of Industry and Commerce is higher, accounting for 23.9% of the tax payment of more than 1 million yuan; 14.9% of the enterprises with a tax of more than 2 million yuan; and 7.3% of the enterprises with a tax of more than 5 million yuan. Among the enterprises surveyed by the Federation of Industry and Commerce, taxes accounted for more than 1 million yuan accounted for 46.1%.
Compared with previous surveys, the amount of corporate tax payment has been rising. The survey increased by 13.6 percentage points from the median of the 2002 survey. The ratio of taxes to sales is basically stable, staying below 4.0%.
Second, the payment has not been reduced. In addition to the various taxes levied by the state, enterprises must pay fees from various administrative departments and various organizations. Compared with the previous survey, the amount of payment by the company remained basically the same, which indicates that the burden of payment of the enterprise has not been alleviated.
Third, the employment contribution is great. A large proportion of the workers employed by private companies are laid-off workers and migrant workers. The median number of laid-off workers employed by the Industry and Commerce Bureau surveyed enterprises was 6 and accounted for 25.0% of the median of the total number of employees. The median value of laid-off workers employed by the Federation of Industry and Commerce surveys was 14 and accounted for 23.3% of the median of the total number of employees. The median number of migrant workers employed by the Industry and Commerce Bureau surveyed enterprises was 12, accounting for 50.0% of the median of the total number of employees. The median number of peasant workers employed by the Federation of Industry and Commerce surveys was 30, accounting for 50.0% of the total number of employees.
Based on the above information, it is inferred that more than half of the employees employed by private enterprises in the country are migrant workers, and one quarter of them are laid-off workers. The contribution of private companies to employment can be seen.
The fourth is to participate in the reform of state-owned enterprises. The development of the private economy has also effectively promoted the reform of state-owned enterprises. The survey found that 6.3% of companies have merged or acquired state-owned enterprises; and 10.2% are preparing to merge or acquire state-owned enterprises. 18.3% of the companies surveyed were state-owned and collectively converted into private enterprises. Based on this, it is inferred that about 550,000 of the 300,500 private enterprises were restructured. Private enterprises have played an important role in solving the problem of insufficient capital of state-owned enterprises and the difficulty of reemployment of laid-off workers.
Enterprise-market-government relationship needs further adjustment
The survey explored the relationship between Chinese enterprises-market-government at this stage in several aspects. The survey shows that with the gradual improvement of China's market economic system, especially since the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the relationship between enterprises, markets and government has been significantly improved. However, there are still many aspects of inconsistency. It is necessary to further adjust the relationship between the three by deepening reforms.
First, look at the relationship between the company and the government through the three expenses of the company. The relationship between the government department and the enterprise is not coordinated enough. It is concentrated in the various payment of the enterprise, the various apportions the company pays from the government departments, and the various kinds of public relations and entertainment that are not reasonable and legal in order to do well with the government officials. Cost and other aspects. For the sake of brevity, these expenditures are referred to as “three expenditures”. The cost of the three expenses related to the company obtained from this survey is very alarming. According to the information provided by 1,382 owners, in 2003 they paid a total of 119.084 million yuan, with a payment of 5,504,500 yuan, the latter equivalent to 48.8% of the former; according to information from 819 interviewed owners,
In 2003, they paid a total of 78.018 million yuan in taxes, and the assessed expenditures were 72.074 million yuan, the latter equivalent to 9.2% of the former; according to the information of 1554 interviewed owners, in 2003 they paid a total of 145.045 million yuan for public relations and entertainment expenses 26465.9 Ten thousand yuan, the latter is equivalent to 18.2% of the former.
According to the information provided by 1,351 interviewed owners, their net profit after tax in 2003 totaled 1,16,637,500 yuan, and the total payment was 790.096 million yuan, the latter equivalent to 68.0% of the former; according to the information of 779 respondents, 2003 Their company's after-tax net profit totaled 860.598 million yuan, and the various apportioned expenses were 68.125 million yuan, the latter equivalent to 7.8% of the former; according to the information of 1478 interviewed owners, their net profit after tax in 2003 was 1,680.23 million yuan. Expenditure for public relations and hospitality was 255.736 million yuan, the latter equivalent to 15.2% of the former.
According to the information of 1002 interviewed owners, in 2003, their corporate investors contributed a total of 251.439 million yuan, and the total payment was 198.941 million yuan, the latter equivalent to 116.6% of the former; according to the information of 754 interviewed owners, their enterprises invested in 2003. The total dividends were 226.529 million yuan, and the assessed expenditures were 66.661 million yuan. The latter was equivalent to 29.3% of the former. According to the information of 1257 interviewed owners, their corporate investors contributed a total of 3,665,300 yuan in 2003 for public relations and entertainment expenses. A total of 162.403 million yuan, the latter equivalent to 44.3% of the former.
Obviously, compared with the taxation, after-tax net profit and dividends of the companies surveyed, the burden caused by the three expenditures is indeed not light. This reflects from one aspect that there are more serious problems in the relationship of interests between private enterprises and government departments.
Most of the interviewed owners attributed the loan difficulties faced by their companies to three factors: complicated procedures, too tight loan guarantees and strict guarantee conditions, and high loan costs. The complicated procedures indicate that the bank's loan program does not meet the requirements of the financial market; the mortgage and guarantee conditions of the loan are too strict, which means that the relevant provisions of the bank have the nature of the overlord clause and cannot be negotiated; and the loan cost is too high, implying the bank management personnel. There may be rent-seeking behavior, forcing companies to pay other “public relations” costs in addition to paying interest on loans.
Secondly, through the serious “triangular debts” between enterprises, the relationship between enterprises and the market is seen. The survey found that the arrears between enterprises are becoming more and more serious. The receivables of the surveyed enterprises and the loans owed by other enterprises are the highest. 3 billion yuan; the surveyed enterprises defaulted on the payment and borrowing of other enterprises, the highest amount of 400 million yuan. The market credit crisis demonstrated by the "triangular debt" affects the healthy development of private enterprises.
Third, look at the relationship between the company and the government and society through the corporate dispute resolution mechanism. The survey found that in the event of a general economic dispute, private negotiation has become a dispute resolution method used by many enterprises. There are very few resorts to arbitration or prosecution to the courts. They seek more administrative intervention from the government or higher authorities. They request that the associations of industry and commerce or private enterprise associations have less coordination, but those who silently endure a certain proportion, and fewer people The Chamber of Commerce up to mediate disputes or resort to media judgement.
In the event of a dispute with the management department, it is the most important way to request the higher level government administrative intervention, request the Federation of Industry and Commerce or the private enterprise association to coordinate, otherwise it can only endure silently. Because under realistic conditions, most of these disputes can not be effectively resolved by resorting to the law, and private consultation methods are not easy to work.
It is worth noting that there is almost no regional difference in the above dispute resolution mechanism. The eastern region is not able to form a dispute resolution mechanism different from the relatively backward central and western regions because of its rapid economic development and high degree of marketization. This shows that no matter whether it is in the east or the west, the legal system environment, social environment and cultural environment required to resolve disputes according to law have not really formed.
Fourth, private companies have high expectations for improving legislation and government transformation. The survey shows that despite the above problems, the surveyed owners generally believe that since the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the development environment of private enterprises has been improved to varying degrees. Regarding the issues listed in the survey form related to the development environment of the private sector, the proportion of respondents who believe that the number of respondents is improved is over 70%. Only those who believe that there are improvements in the construction of the private enterprise quota system The proportion is slightly below 70%.
How to further improve the development environment of private enterprises? The interviewed owners of the survey also conducted positive thinking. See Table 1.
It is worth noting in Table 1 that the areas that are most concerned and concerned are the reform of the taxation system, the implementation of the provisions of the Constitution that explicitly protect private property, the transformation of government economic management functions, and the establishment of a social quota system to regulate market order. The items are directly related to the economic interests of the private sector.
Analysis of the situation of the private entrepreneurs
Basic characteristics of private entrepreneurs
1. Basic demographic characteristics
Among the private entrepreneurs surveyed, 2,581 were men, accounting for 86.1%; 418 were women, accounting for 13.9%. This shows that the private entrepreneur is still a male-dominated class. Their average age is 43.4 years and the median age is 42 years. Among them, 51.8% of them have a college education or above, while only 14.6% have a national and a lower education level.
2. Career changes of private entrepreneurs
In general, the professional experience of the private entrepreneurs is relatively rich. There are members from all walks of life in this class. Many owners have engaged in many other professions before starting private companies. Statistics show that cadres, intellectuals and corporate supply and marketing personnel are the main sources of this class.
3. Among the private entrepreneurs, the proportion of Communist Party members accounted for 33.9%, of which 9.4% entered the party after Comrade Jiang Zemin’s "1 July" speech.
4. Income and wealth status of private entrepreneurs
Income of owners and their families
Statistical analysis shows that compared with the results of the previous survey, private entrepreneurs’ personal annual income and annual household income have grown in 2003. For example, the average annual income of the owner of the last survey was 138,000 yuan, and the median was 50,000 yuan; this survey found that
The average annual income of the owners is 202,000 yuan, and the median is 60,000 yuan, which is 46.7% and 20% higher than the former. The annual income of the family of the interviewed owners also showed a significant increase trend: the average annual household income of the last visited owner was 185,000 yuan, and the median was 80,000 yuan. The average annual household income of the interviewed owners was 26.7 million yuan, the median is 100,000 yuan, respectively, 44.3% and 25% higher than the former. The increase in the level of household income per capita is also very obvious. The per capita income of the last visited family was 38,800 yuan, and the median per capita income was 16700 yuan. This time, the median per capita income and per capita income of the interviewed households were 64.1% and 37.7% higher, respectively. This survey also shows that there is an increasingly distinct division within the private entrepreneurial class. This differentiation can be seen more clearly by using the five-part method for analysis. The ratio of the income share of the highest income 20% to the lowest income 20% is 46.9:1 on the owner's personal annual income indicator and 38.8:1 on the owner's household annual income indicator. The income indicator is 39.1:1.
The wealth of the owners and their families
The wealth possessed by the interviewed owner or his family consists mainly of three factors: the family financial assets, the original value of the housing, and the owner's equity owned by the owner's individual in the enterprise. The results of this survey show that among the total household wealth, the owner's ownership of the company's ownership accounted for 85.4%, the original value of housing accounted for 8.3%, and family financial assets accounted for 6.3%. This shows that the main wealth of private business owners is represented in corporate enterprises as corporate assets.
The distribution of the wealth of the interviewed owners is vastly different. The standard deviation is 3.2 to 6.3 times the average; the highest 20% has a wealth of 11.3 to 2130 times the lowest 20%. It can be seen that the gap in wealth is far greater than the difference in income.
5. Work and lifestyle of private business owners
According to the survey data, the average time spent by the respondents is 11.4 hours per day for the operation and development of the company, accounting for 47.5% of the 24 hours a day. A few owners work longer hours and the longest 18 hours. At work. Entertainment and rest time averaged 9.4 hours, accounting for 39.2% of 24 hours a day. The average learning time is 1.2 hours, accounting for 5%.
In general, the family living standards of the interviewed owners are relatively high, with an average annual household consumption expenditure of 78,000 yuan and a per capita living expenditure of 19,000 yuan. However, the difference in living expenses of different owners' families is very significant. On all indicators, the standard deviation is greater than the average. The gap between recreational health expenditure and education and learning is greater, and the difference between these two aspects will lead to an increase in the cumulative difference in the human capital of the owner.
6. Self-evaluation of private business owners on their economic, social and political status
The results of statistical analysis show that the self-evaluation of the three statuses of the interviewed owners is basically the highest number of people who are self-centered. Compared with the people around them, 88.9% of them think that their economic status is in the middle and upper class.
In terms of self-evaluation of social status, 87.9% of them believe that their status is in the middle and the middle. In terms of self-evaluation of political status, they think that they are in the middle and upper ranks, accounting for 74.3%.
Differentiation within the private entrepreneurial class
The market economy has led to the emergence of stratification in Chinese society and the further division within the hierarchy. A noteworthy new trend is that the internal division of this class has become increasingly apparent since the mid-to-late 1990s. The most profound change is the rapid allocation of economic and social resources to large business owners. In the mid-1990s, people were amazed at why billionaires appeared so quickly. In less than a decade, the wealth of the rich has leapt to a new order of magnitude, and billionaires and billionaires have emerged.
1. Differences in possession of economic resources
The first is that the scale of corporate capital varies widely. The survey is divided into four “sub-layers” according to the scale of enterprise capital at the end of 2003: first, small business owners, the capital of enterprises is less than 1 million yuan; second, medium-sized enterprises, the capital scale is 1 million yuan. Between 10 million yuan; third, large business owners, the capital scale is between 10 million yuan and 100 million yuan; fourth, the mega-business owners, the company's capital scale is more than 100 million yuan.
Enterprises with larger capitals have an advantage in sales, taxation, and net profit. See the table below.
The above table shows that the growth rate of capital of different enterprises is very different, and large enterprises are much faster, but the capital profit rate of large enterprises is not smaller than that.
The company is high. The capital growth of large enterprises is mainly not from the self-accumulation of the enterprise, but because the financing is relatively easy and the funds that can be mobilized are more. A considerable part of it enters high-profit industries such as financial insurance and real estate, and has the strength to conduct capital operations; participate in state-owned enterprise reform, acquire and merge state-owned enterprises. The survey found that large companies are more than 10 times more likely to participate in acquisitions and mergers with state-owned enterprises than small private companies.
Second, the amount of private capital varies widely. This survey has two very striking points: First, the capital of China's private enterprises is highly concentrated in the hands of major investors, regardless of the size of the capital of the enterprise; second, the difference between the average capital of the billionaire entrepreneurs and the small business owners. Nearly 400 times, the millionaires and the small business owners also have a difference of nearly 60 times. These two multiples are more expanded than the previous survey. The wealth difference between the rich and the wealthy within the class is beyond the imagination.
2. The social sources of private entrepreneurs vary greatly from period to period.
In the 12 years of previous surveys, we have all examined the changes in the social sources of private entrepreneurs. The survey found that the social sources of private entrepreneurs have changed a lot. The earliest establishment of private enterprises in the 1980s was mainly outside the original system and the most marginalized groups. By the end of the 1980s, especially after Deng Xiaoping’s southern tour in 1992, some government officials and technicians began to “go to the sea”. The years from 1989 to 1997 were the peak hours for cadres and technicians to "go to the sea." After 1997, with the acceleration of the restructuring process of state-owned and collective enterprises, a large number of former state-owned and collective enterprise managers became private entrepreneurs in the restructuring. These reformed enterprises originally had a certain asset scale. When registering as a private enterprise, the capital scale was relatively large. Among the private enterprises that opened since 1999, 25.7% of the owners were the heads of the original enterprises and institutions. It shows that the number of private enterprises from the restructuring of state-owned and collective enterprises is strong and strong.
3. The difference in possessing social and political resources is also very obvious.
The survey found that the proportion of party members in private business owners has risen rapidly, and the proportion of party members among large and extra-large private entrepreneurs is higher. This is because in recent years, a large number of state-owned and collective enterprise managers have joined the ranks of private entrepreneurs after restructuring, and these enterprises are relatively large in scale, and the business owners are generally party members.
From the above analysis, it is shown that: First, within the private enterprise, the economic, political, cultural and other resources occupy more and more differences, and resources are more concentrated in the same batch of large private enterprises. Second, the big business owners mainly include two kinds of people: one is the cadres of various types of “going to the sea”, the managers of the enterprises that have been transformed, and some local and “returnees”; the second is the minority culture. "Grassroots" entrepreneurs who are good at organizing social resources and operating successfully.
Relationship between private entrepreneurs and other classes
1. I am eager to get along with other classes.
The private entrepreneurs are part of the "first rich" in terms of material wealth. However, as a class, they remain relatively low-key overall. The survey found that "business in business, business is good" is the desire of private business owners to be highly concentrated. They all regard operating a good company as the foundation of their business. In the second place is “to establish a good personal and corporate image in daily life, to be a socially talented person”, and the third is to “get along with other members of the society”, with a proportion of more than three-fifths. Far more than other needs with political content.
Private business owners, as the richest class, the main way to return to society is to donate to public welfare. 63.6% of private entrepreneurs have had donations, and the amount of donations varies greatly, with a median of 5,000 yuan. The number of business owners donating different capital sizes, different political faces, different educational levels, and different age groups is also different. The larger the capital, the greater the donation of the business owner. Communist Youth League and Democratic Party business owners also donated a large amount of donations. It is worth noting that donations are inversely proportional to cultural standards. Donations with lower cultural standards are more enthusiastic, and culturally high donations are less active.
Forty-four percent of the companies surveyed participated in the “Glorious Business”, and the most involved methods were “donation” and participation in “public welfare undertakings such as repairing bridges and paving roads”. The higher the proportion of enterprises participating in the “glorious cause”, the higher the participation rate of enterprises with a value of 8 million yuan, 76% for the ten million yuan, 64% for the million yuan, and less than one million yuan. Only 40%.
2. There are many problems and complicated labor relations in private enterprises.
Labor-management relations in the private sector have always been a topic of concern. The survey found that:
The wages of the employees have not risen and fallen.
According to the investigation data of the Trade and Industry Bureau, in 2003, the average annual salary of private enterprises and bonuses plus some dividends, the total is 8033 yuan. The average annual wage of employees in state-owned units is 14,577 yuan, and the number of employees in collective units is 8,678 yuan. In the previous survey, although the wages of private enterprise employees were lower than those of state-owned enterprises, the difference between the two was not more than 1.2 times, and in 2003 it was more than 1.8 times. For the first time, the survey found that private enterprise wages were lower than collective enterprises. For comparison, look at the survey data of the Federation of Industry and Commerce. Due to the large number of representative persons in the surveyed enterprises of the Federation of Industry and Commerce, the average wage of the employed workers is higher at 9043 yuan, but it is still lower than the salary level of the state-owned enterprises in that year, and lower than the average wage of the fifth private enterprise sample survey in 2002. 10,250 yuan.
The data also shows that the wages of employees are not necessarily proportional to the size of the company's capital. The average wage of private enterprises with a capital of 10 million yuan is lower than that of small private enterprises; enterprises with a scale of more than 100 million yuan have higher average wages for employees because they are engaged in high-tech industries.
In various industries, the average wages of employees in the financial and insurance industry and the scientific and technological industry are the highest; the wages of commercial catering and construction workers are the lowest, and the monthly wage is below 500 yuan.
Payment of labor insurance costs varies
According to the survey data, enterprises with assets ranging from 10 million to 100 million yuan have the lowest labor insurance fees, which may be related to the difficulties in the development of these enterprises. See the table below.
Social insurance is not ideal
According to the survey, private enterprises participate in medical insurance only 33.4% of the surveyed enterprises, only 8.7% of the pension insurance, and only 16.6% of the unemployment insurance, and these companies are not insured for all long-term workers, only為很少的僱工投保。實際上，參加醫療保險的僱工僅佔被調查企業全年僱傭工人總數的14.5%，參加養老保險的僅為22.7%，參加失業保險的僅為6.0%，比例相當低。
勞動契約簽訂情況不理想
本次凋查發現，在私營企業中簽了契約的員工僅為64%，這就不能使所有的員工的勞動權利得到法律保障，一旦發生工傷事故或出現有關勞動報酬、勞動條件、勞動時間的爭議，員工將陷於極為不利的境地。
本次調查還發現，已經建立工會的企業，不但工人工資較高，企業的稅後利潤更高。見下表。
私營企業主階層的思想政治狀況及政治參與狀況
1、私企業主最關心的還是本企業的發展，政治需求並不明顯。
被調查的私營企業主在回答“目前有什麽具體打算”的問題時，選擇“在商言商，把企業辦好”的人數最多，達87.8%。排在其後的選擇是“在日常生活中樹立良好的個人和企業形象，做一名社會賢達”，達75.5%。這種情況與前幾次的調查情況基本一致。見下表。
2、私企業主在政治社會經濟組織中的任職情況。
此次調查中發現，私企業主在鄉級領導機構中兼職的有28人，在縣級領導機構中兼職的有11人，在地級領導機構中兼職的有10人，在省級領導機構中兼職的3人，分別佔被調查總人數的0.8%、0.3%、0.3%和0.1%。與此形成對照的是，在縣、地、省三級經濟組織中擔任職務的人分別是269人、339人和130人，為兼任同級領導職務人的24倍、33倍和43倍。
值得註意的是，此次問卷調查還反映了一些私營企業主對目前政治參與方式的看法。他們重視統一戰線為主的參政方式，但是又不特別看重。他們對“爭當人大代表和政協委員”的選擇不僅排在“把企業辦好”和“做一名社會賢達”之後，而且還排“在媒體多宣傳自己”和“與黨政領導人搞好關系”之後。可見，他們對“當人大代表和政協委員”這樣的參政方式雖有相當的重視，但是在實際生活中，他們更看重“與黨政領導搞好關系”，成為“當地知名人士”，有“好的形象”。
3、私營企業主參加的政治性組織和社會團體仍以政協和工商聯為主。
本次調查結果顯示：在社會團體中，私營企業主加入最多的仍然是工商聯，達到66.1%；在政治性機構中，進入的最多的仍然是政協，有33.6%的人是各級政協委員；在政治組織中加入最多的是中共，有33.9%的人是中共黨員。這種情況說明，在現有政治體製架構中，私營企業主的組織狀態具有相當的穩定性。
4、私營企業主的政治要求多與其企業發展有關。
黨的十六大之後，私營企業主最關心什麽問題？本次問卷調查在這方面提供了比較多的信息。在問卷提出的10個選擇中，排在前4位的分別是：“稅製改革”第一，佔86.8%；“落實憲法中保護私有財產的規定”第二，佔82.8%；“轉變政府經濟管理職能”第三，佔82.2%；“建立額度體系，規範市場秩序”第四，佔80.5%。此外，“落實憲法中尊重和保障人權的規定”、“投融資體製改革”、“放寬市場準入”等項選擇也超出70%的比例。問卷中提出的10個選擇，實際上是黨的十六大、十六屆三中全會提出的任務，也是我國經濟和社會改革中的一些重點、難點問題。私營企業主關心這些問題，說明他們的利益需求同黨和國家的要求是一致的。
私營企業主對進一步發揮工商聯的商會作用寄予厚望
本次問卷調查也發現，私營企業主對建立商會和行業組織給予了相當的重視。他們期待這些組織“代表本行業企業的共同利益，維護合法權利”、“協調同行業企業的經營行為”、“加強企業與政府有關方面的溝通”。絕大多數被訪者希望工商聯增強為企業服務的能力，在法律咨詢、政策解讀、管理培訓、市場行銷、信息中介、疏通與政府管理部門的關系、製定行業的管理規範等方面更好地發揮作用。
main indicators
Private enterprise: 3.44 million
Registered capital: 42146 billion yuan
Employees: 47.14 million
Production value: 20083 billion yuan
Retail sales of social consumer goods: 100.6 billion yuan
Foreign exchange earning enterprises: 74,443 households
Foreign exchange earned by export: RMB 174.696 billion
main problem
Uncoordinated relationship between government and enterprises
Arrears between companies are becoming more serious
Enterprise dispute resolution mechanism is not perfect
The "China Private Enterprise Research" research group organized by the United Front Work Department of the CPC Central Committee, the National Federation of Industry and Commerce, and the China Private Economy Research Association conducted a sixth sample survey of private enterprises across the country in 2004, and issued 3670 questionnaires. 3012 questionnaires, the effective recovery rate was 82.1%, and the number of valid questionnaires accounted for about 1.0% of the total number of private enterprises in the country at the end of 2003.
The State Administration for Industry and Commerce participated in the survey and shared half of the sampling tasks.
The main comments of the survey data analysis are as follows.
Analysis of the situation of private enterprises
The rapid growth of the total number of private enterprises in the past two years
This survey shows that since 2001, the number of private enterprises has grown significantly. At the end of 2003, the number of private enterprises reached 300,500, an increase of 977,000 from 2001, an increase of 48.16%.
In April 1988, the Constitution of the People's Republic of China established the legal status of the private economy. In June of the same year, the State Council promulgated the "Provisional Regulations on Private Enterprises of the People's Republic of China." In 1989, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce began to register private enterprises in accordance with the Constitution and the Provisional Regulations on Private Enterprises. In the same year, 90,581 private enterprises were registered. In 1992, Deng Xiaoping’s “Southern Tour” talk ushered in the spring of private enterprise development. In the decade from 1993 to 2003, the private sector grew more than 33 times, with an average annual growth rate of 28.87%. The registered capital increased from 68.1 billion yuan at the end of 1993 to 3.53 billion yuan at the end of 2003, a 52-fold increase in average annual growth. 48.41%; the number of employees increased from 3.72 million at the end of 1993 to 42.99 million at the end of 2003, which has grown nearly 12 times, with an average annual growth rate of 27.72%; the output value of private enterprises increased from 42.2 billion yuan in 1989 to 20083 billion in 2003. Yuan grew 48 times and grew at an average annual rate of 47.15%. The realized retail sales of consumer goods grew from 19 billion yuan in 1989 to 100.6 billion yuan in 2003, growing nearly 56 times and growing at an average annual rate of 49.51%. In 2003, 74,434 private enterprises earned foreign exchange through exports, and foreign exchange earned by exports amounted to RMB 174.986 billion, which was 355% and 91.68% higher than that of 2001 respectively.
The areas in which private enterprises develop are very different. The provinces and cities with more than 100,000 households are mainly concentrated in the eastern coastal areas. At the end of 2003, there were eight private enterprises with more than 100,000 households in the country: Jiangsu, Guangdong, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Shandong, Beijing, Liaoning, and Sichuan. There are 1900,737 private enterprises in the above eight regions, accounting for 63.24% of the total number of private enterprises.
The scale of private enterprise operations continued to expand and its economic strength was significantly enhanced. By the end of 2003, the number of private enterprises in the country was 11.73, and the average number of employees per household was 14.3, which was 5.68% and 6.88% higher than that of 2001. There are 34,617 employees with 100-500 employees, 3,334 with 500-1000 employees, and 1,130 employees with more than 1,000 employees. In 2003, the registered capital of private enterprises reached 1,174,700, an increase of 24.16% over 2001. There are 84,620 registered capitals of 5 million to 10 million yuan and 51,830 households with a capital of over 10 million yuan. There were 1156 registered capital above 100 million yuan, an increase of 498 over the same period of 2002.
The scale of private enterprises has steadily expanded over the past two years
First, the scale of capital has steadily expanded and sales have grown. The survey found that the median size of corporate capital increased by 20% compared to the 2002 survey, and the median sales increased by nearly 10%. The questionnaire collected in this survey is divided into two parts: the median total of the owner's equity of the surveyed enterprises of the Industry and Commerce Bureau is 920,000 yuan, and the median paid-up capital of the company at the time of its establishment is 500,000 yuan. 0.84 times. The median total of owners' equity of the surveyed and industrial associations was 3 million yuan, and their median paid-up capital at the time of the start-up was 1 million yuan, and the capital added twice. This shows that whether it is a general private enterprise or a representative private enterprise, after the establishment of the enterprise, the capital has added value, the only difference is the value-added speed. At the end of 2003, among the enterprises surveyed by the Industry and Commerce Bureau, the owner's equity exceeded 1 million yuan, accounting for 15.2%; the over 50 million yuan accounted for 3.6%; and the over 100 million yuan accounted for 1.2%. That is to say, private enterprises with an owner's equity of more than 10 million yuan account for about 20%; in the surveyed enterprises of the Federation of Industry and Commerce, the corresponding proportion is even larger, and the owner's equity exceeds 10 million yuan, accounting for 26.0%; Accounted for 6.9%; more than 100 million yuan accounted for 3.5%. That is to say, the private sector of the industrial and commercial association system has an owner's equity of more than 10 million yuan, accounting for 36.4%.
Corporate sales have also grown. At the end of 2003, the median sales volume of the surveyed enterprises of the Industry and Commerce Bureau was 2 million yuan. The median sales of the surveyed and industrial associations were 6.4 million yuan.
By the end of 2003, 32.9% of enterprises had opened for 5 years and below; 42.3% of them had 6 to 10 years; 24.8% of them had 10 years or more. In other words, 67.1% of the companies surveyed have been in business for more than 6 years. The median number of years of operation is 7 years. In the 2002 survey, this value was 7.04 years. Considering that half of the survey was conducted through the Bureau of Industry and Commerce to the general private enterprises, unlike the previous survey of representative enterprises, it was not possible to conclude that the number of years of private enterprise survival fell.
According to the number of years of business opening, the paid-in capital of the company when it opened, and the owner's equity at the end of 2003, the company's annual growth rate of capital is 8.8%.
Second, corporate profits have rebounded slightly, and sales profit margins have stabilized. The last survey found that due to the increasingly fierce market competition, the profit margin of private enterprises has been declining year by year. The survey found that the sales profit margin has gradually stabilized.
At the end of 2003, the industrial and commercial bureau investigated the enterprise's median net profit after tax of 70,000 yuan, compared with the previous median sales, it can be concluded that the sales profit rate is about 3.5%. The median net profit after tax of the surveyed companies of the Federation of Industry and Commerce is 250,000 yuan. Compared with the median sales volume, the sales profit rate is about 3.9%. The data of the two are not much different.
Compared with the previous survey data of the Federation of Industry and Commerce, corporate profits have rebounded slightly. The net profit after tax of the surveyed enterprises has increased from 210,000 yuan in 2002 to 250,000 yuan, but the sales profit rate has only increased by 0.3 percentage points. .
The industry profit gap has widened. The survey found that the real estate industry's profits are much higher than other industries, the median value of net profit after tax is more than double the profit of the second-largest “electric gas industry”. Other industries with higher profits also have electricity. Gas, health sports, construction, mining, scientific and technological industries, and industries with lower profits are transportation, social services, commercial catering. It can be seen that although the scale of capital in research and technology industry is below average, However, the median profit is higher than the average level, which is directly related to its high technical content. The commercial catering industry has a small capital scale, low technical content, and fierce competition in the industry and low profit in the industry.
Third, the number of employed workers is basically stable. The median value of the number of employees employed by the Industry and Commerce Bureau in 2003 was 24, while the median value of the number of workers employed by the Federation of Industry and Commerce surveyed in the year was 60. From a vertical perspective, the number of employees employed by private companies throughout the year is basically stable. The median number of workers employed in the survey this year was the same as the median number of workers employed in the survey in 2002, both of which were 60.
In addition to full-time employees, the company also employs seasonal workers. The median value of the number of workers employed by the Industry and Commerce Bureau to investigate the employment of enterprises for less than one year is less than five, and the median value of such workers in the surveyed enterprises of the Federation of Industry and Commerce is eight.
In the past two years, the private sector industry and regional distribution have expanded
First, the main industry has a diversified trend. The proportion of the main industries in the surveyed enterprises was 16.73%; the ratio of the three main industries was 6.42%. In other words, nearly one-fourth of the surveyed companies have diversified their main businesses.
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Second, the industry distribution extends with the relaxation of market access. Among the surveyed companies, the manufacturing and commercial catering industries accounted for the largest proportion: the manufacturing sector reached 38.2%; the commercial catering industry reached 24%, which together accounted for more than 60%. Compared with the previous survey, the proportion of these two items has remained basically unchanged, and the proportion of the commercial catering industry has slightly increased.
Compared with the previous survey, the agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery and transportation industries have increased slightly, and the proportion of the mining industry has remained basically unchanged. It is worth noting that the proportion of emerging industries such as social services and scientific research technology has grown rapidly. For example, the social service industry has grown from 5.6% to 11.1%, almost doubled; the research and technology industry has grown from 2.1% to 5.5%, almost doubling. Although the construction industry is not a new industry, its growth rate is also high, from 5.9% to 9.1%, and it has grown by nearly half. The proportion of the real estate industry is not small, reaching 8.5%. The education and culture and health sports as the main industry also accounted for 4%; and 1.6% of the enterprises will be the main industry such as electricity and gas. These changes show that in the past two years, the entry of private capital has clearly expanded and extended.
Third, the headquarters and production and operation sites of enterprises gradually shifted from rural areas and towns to large cities. This is related to the continuous expansion of the company's scale, the continuous adjustment of the company's involvement in the industry, and the development strategy of the company. It is also inseparable from the efforts of the major cities to continuously improve the investment environment and attract investors.
Fourth, companies with a considerable proportion have begun to focus on technology development. The survey shows that 16.7% of companies have their own technology patents. 30.8% of companies have their own products. In addition, 35.2% of the company's products have been identified by quality. 42.3% of the companies surveyed carried out research and development investment in new products, new technologies and new projects, and the median amount of R&D investment was 300,000 yuan. This shows that private enterprises pay more attention to product quality and brand in the fierce market competition.
Fifth, the market development capability of enterprises has gradually increased. The sales scope of the company's products has gradually expanded. In 2003, the proportion of products sold outside the county accounted for more than half of the enterprises accounted for 60.0%; the proportion of products sold outside the province accounted for more than half of the enterprises accounted for 30.3%; the proportion of products sold abroad more than half of the enterprises accounted for 8.1%.
Sixth, the number of export-oriented enterprises has increased. The participation of enterprises in international competition is manifested in two aspects: first, the products are sold abroad, and the other is to invest overseas. In 2003, 21.4% of the companies surveyed sold their products abroad; 2.0% of them had invested overseas; and 0.3% of them invested more than $1 million overseas.
Most enterprises have responded positively to the market competition environment after China's accession to the WTO. The measures taken by the enterprises under investigation to join the WTO include: strengthening and expanding with other domestic enterprises, introducing technology, and applying for import and export rights. However, 30.7% of enterprises still have not thought about how to deal with the international competitive environment after joining WTO, and 17.2% of enterprises believe that this issue has nothing to do with the company.
Seven is that quite a few companies have plans to go public. Nearly 1.0% of the companies surveyed have already listed or bought their shells; 0.7% of them have entered the listing counseling period. 26.5% of companies have plans to go public.
The governance structure and internal management of private enterprises are changing in the past two years.
According to the questionnaire of the Comprehensive Industry and Commerce Bureau and the Federation of Industry and Commerce, whether it is the paid-in capital when starting a private enterprise or the owner's equity at the end of 2003, the share of the business owner is 70%. This ratio is basically the same as that obtained in the 2002 survey. However, its governance structure and internal management have undergone significant changes, and it is rapidly changing from a form of sole proprietorship to a form of limited liability company. In the more than 10 years from 1993 to 2004, the proportion of sole proprietorships was
63.8% fell to 22.5%, while the proportion of limited liability companies rose from 16.5% to 62.9%. In 1993, the proportion of board of directors in private enterprises was 26%. There was no relevant record in the shareholders' meeting and the board of supervisors. The proportion of party organizations, trade unions and workers' congresses was not high. By 2004, the proportion of the six organizational forms was above 30%. The top three of the highest are: the board of directors, the shareholders' meeting, and the union. The development of these internal organizations plays a strong role in improving the corporate governance structure.
The survey also found that most companies have recognized the role of “corporate culture”, especially its key role of “increasing employee ethics and enhancing corporate competitiveness”, which has been endorsed by more than 80% of enterprises. However, the vast majority still stay in the practical stage, from the "strengthening management building", "emphasis on strengthening training", "establishing a commendation incentive mechanism".
The contribution of the private sector is gradually recognized by the society
First, tax increases. With the expansion of the scale of enterprises, the tax amount of private enterprises is also increasing. At the end of 2003, the median amount of tax paid by the Industry and Commerce Bureau was 80,000 yuan, and the ratio to the median sales was about 4.0%. The median amount of tax paid by the Federation of Industry and Commerce Survey is 250,000 yuan, and the ratio to the median sales is about 3.9%. r>
The proportion of large taxpayers is also increasing. At the end of 2003, among the enterprises surveyed by the Industry and Commerce Bureau, the tax payment amounted to 15.0% of the amount of more than 1 million yuan; the 9.1% of the enterprises with a tax payment of more than 2 million yuan; and 3.7% of the enterprises with a tax of more than 5 million yuan. In other words, enterprises that pay more than 1 million yuan account for 27.8%. The corresponding proportion of the surveyed enterprises of the Federation of Industry and Commerce is higher, accounting for 23.9% of the tax payment of more than 1 million yuan; 14.9% of the enterprises with a tax of more than 2 million yuan; and 7.3% of the enterprises with a tax of more than 5 million yuan. Among the enterprises surveyed by the Federation of Industry and Commerce, taxes accounted for more than 1 million yuan accounted for 46.1%.
Compared with previous surveys, the amount of corporate tax payment has been rising. The survey increased by 13.6 percentage points from the median of the 2002 survey. The ratio of taxes to sales is basically stable, staying below 4.0%.
Second, the payment has not been reduced. In addition to the various taxes levied by the state, enterprises must pay fees from various administrative departments and various organizations. Compared with the previous survey, the amount of payment by the company remained basically the same, which indicates that the burden of payment of the enterprise has not been alleviated.
Third, the employment contribution is great. A large proportion of the workers employed by private companies are laid-off workers and migrant workers. The median number of laid-off workers employed by the Industry and Commerce Bureau surveyed enterprises was 6 and accounted for 25.0% of the median of the total number of employees. The median value of laid-off workers employed by the Federation of Industry and Commerce surveys was 14 and accounted for 23.3% of the median of the total number of employees. The median number of migrant workers employed by the Industry and Commerce Bureau surveyed enterprises was 12, accounting for 50.0% of the median of the total number of employees. The median number of peasant workers employed by the Federation of Industry and Commerce surveys was 30, accounting for 50.0% of the total number of employees.
Based on the above information, it is inferred that more than half of the employees employed by private enterprises in the country are migrant workers, and one quarter of them are laid-off workers. The contribution of private companies to employment can be seen.
The fourth is to participate in the reform of state-owned enterprises. The development of the private economy has also effectively promoted the reform of state-owned enterprises. The survey found that 6.3% of companies have merged or acquired state-owned enterprises; and 10.2% are preparing to merge or acquire state-owned enterprises. 18.3% of the companies surveyed were state-owned and collectively converted into private enterprises. Based on this, it is inferred that about 550,000 of the 300,500 private enterprises were restructured. Private enterprises have played an important role in solving the problem of insufficient capital of state-owned enterprises and the difficulty of reemployment of laid-off workers.
Enterprise-market-government relationship needs further adjustment
The survey explored the relationship between Chinese enterprises-market-government at this stage in several aspects. The survey shows that with the gradual improvement of China's market economic system, especially since the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the relationship between enterprises, markets and government has been significantly improved. However, there are still many aspects of inconsistency. It is necessary to further adjust the relationship between the three by deepening reforms.
First, look at the relationship between the company and the government through the three expenses of the company. The relationship between the government department and the enterprise is not coordinated enough. It is concentrated in the various payment of the enterprise, the various apportions the company pays from the government departments, and the various kinds of public relations and entertainment that are not reasonable and legal in order to do well with the government officials. Cost and other aspects. For the sake of brevity, these expenditures are referred to as “three expenditures”. The cost of the three expenses related to the company obtained from this survey is very alarming. According to the information provided by 1,382 owners, in 2003 they paid a total of 119.084 million yuan, with a payment of 5,504,500 yuan, the latter equivalent to 48.8% of the former; according to information from 819 interviewed owners,
In 2003, they paid a total of 78.018 million yuan in taxes, and the assessed expenditures were 72.074 million yuan, the latter equivalent to 9.2% of the former; according to the information of 1554 interviewed owners, in 2003 they paid a total of 145.045 million yuan for public relations and entertainment expenses 26465.9 Ten thousand yuan, the latter is equivalent to 18.2% of the former.
According to the information provided by 1,351 interviewed owners, their net profit after tax in 2003 totaled 1,16,637,500 yuan, and the total payment was 790.096 million yuan, the latter equivalent to 68.0% of the former; according to the information of 779 respondents, 2003 Their company's after-tax net profit totaled 860.598 million yuan, and the various apportioned expenses were 68.125 million yuan, the latter equivalent to 7.8% of the former; according to the information of 1478 interviewed owners, their net profit after tax in 2003 was 1,680.23 million yuan. Expenditure for public relations and hospitality was 255.736 million yuan, the latter equivalent to 15.2% of the former.
According to the information of 1002 interviewed owners, in 2003, their corporate investors contributed a total of 251.439 million yuan, and the total payment was 198.941 million yuan, the latter equivalent to 116.6% of the former; according to the information of 754 interviewed owners, their enterprises invested in 2003. The total dividends were 226.529 million yuan, and the assessed expenditures were 66.661 million yuan. The latter was equivalent to 29.3% of the former. According to the information of 1257 interviewed owners, their corporate investors contributed a total of 3,665,300 yuan in 2003 for public relations and entertainment expenses. A total of 162.403 million yuan, the latter equivalent to 44.3% of the former.
Obviously, compared with the taxation, after-tax net profit and dividends of the companies surveyed, the burden caused by the three expenditures is indeed not light. This reflects from one aspect that there are more serious problems in the relationship of interests between private enterprises and government departments.
Most of the interviewed owners attributed the loan difficulties faced by their companies to three factors: complicated procedures, too tight loan guarantees and strict guarantee conditions, and high loan costs. The complicated procedures indicate that the bank's loan program does not meet the requirements of the financial market; the mortgage and guarantee conditions of the loan are too strict, which means that the relevant provisions of the bank have the nature of the overlord clause and cannot be negotiated; and the loan cost is too high, implying the bank management personnel. There may be rent-seeking behavior, forcing companies to pay other “public relations” costs in addition to paying interest on loans.
Secondly, through the serious “triangular debts” between enterprises, the relationship between enterprises and the market is seen. The survey found that the arrears between enterprises are becoming more and more serious. The receivables of the surveyed enterprises and the loans owed by other enterprises are the highest. 3 billion yuan; the surveyed enterprises defaulted on the payment and borrowing of other enterprises, the highest amount of 400 million yuan. The market credit crisis demonstrated by the "triangular debt" affects the healthy development of private enterprises.
Third, look at the relationship between the company and the government and society through the corporate dispute resolution mechanism. The survey found that in the event of a general economic dispute, private negotiation has become a dispute resolution method used by many enterprises. There are very few resorts to arbitration or prosecution to the courts. They seek more administrative intervention from the government or higher authorities. They request that the associations of industry and commerce or private enterprise associations have less coordination, but those who silently endure a certain proportion, and fewer people The Chamber of Commerce up to mediate disputes or resort to media judgement.
In the event of a dispute with the management department, it is the most important way to request the higher level government administrative intervention, request the Federation of Industry and Commerce or the private enterprise association to coordinate, otherwise it can only endure silently. Because under realistic conditions, most of these disputes can not be effectively resolved by resorting to the law, and private consultation methods are not easy to work.
It is worth noting that there is almost no regional difference in the above dispute resolution mechanism. The eastern region is not able to form a dispute resolution mechanism different from the relatively backward central and western regions because of its rapid economic development and high degree of marketization. This shows that no matter whether it is in the east or the west, the legal system environment, social environment and cultural environment required to resolve disputes according to law have not really formed.
Fourth, private companies have high expectations for improving legislation and government transformation. The survey shows that despite the above problems, the surveyed owners generally believe that since the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the development environment of private enterprises has been improved to varying degrees. Regarding the issues listed in the survey form related to the development environment of the private sector, the proportion of respondents who believe that the number of respondents is improved is over 70%. Only those who believe that there are improvements in the construction of the private enterprise quota system The proportion is slightly below 70%.
How to further improve the development environment of private enterprises? The interviewed owners of the survey also conducted positive thinking. See Table 1.
It is worth noting in Table 1 that the areas that are most concerned and concerned are the reform of the taxation system, the implementation of the provisions of the Constitution that explicitly protect private property, the transformation of government economic management functions, and the establishment of a social quota system to regulate market order. The items are directly related to the economic interests of the private sector.
Analysis of the situation of the private entrepreneurs
Basic characteristics of private entrepreneurs
1. Basic demographic characteristics
Among the private entrepreneurs surveyed, 2,581 were men, accounting for 86.1%; 418 were women, accounting for 13.9%. This shows that the private entrepreneur is still a male-dominated class. Their average age is 43.4 years and the median age is 42 years. Among them, 51.8% of them have a college education or above, while only 14.6% have a national and a lower education level.
2. Career changes of private entrepreneurs
In general, the professional experience of the private entrepreneurs is relatively rich. There are members from all walks of life in this class. Many owners have engaged in many other professions before starting private companies. Statistics show that cadres, intellectuals and corporate supply and marketing personnel are the main sources of this class.
3. Among the private entrepreneurs, the proportion of Communist Party members accounted for 33.9%, of which 9.4% entered the party after Comrade Jiang Zemin’s "1 July" speech.
4. Income and wealth status of private entrepreneurs
Income of owners and their families
Statistical analysis shows that compared with the results of the previous survey, private entrepreneurs’ personal annual income and annual household income have grown in 2003. For example, the average annual income of the owner of the last survey was 138,000 yuan, and the median was 50,000 yuan; this survey found that
The average annual income of the owners is 202,000 yuan, and the median is 60,000 yuan, which is 46.7% and 20% higher than the former. The annual income of the family of the interviewed owners also showed a significant increase trend: the average annual household income of the last visited owner was 185,000 yuan, and the median was 80,000 yuan. The average annual household income of the interviewed owners was 26.7 million yuan, the median is 100,000 yuan, respectively, 44.3% and 25% higher than the former. The increase in the level of household income per capita is also very obvious. The per capita income of the last visited family was 38,800 yuan, and the median per capita income was 16700 yuan. This time, the median per capita income and per capita income of the interviewed households were 64.1% and 37.7% higher, respectively. This survey also shows that there is an increasingly distinct division within the private entrepreneurial class. This differentiation can be seen more clearly by using the five-part method for analysis. The ratio of the income share of the highest income 20% to the lowest income 20% is 46.9:1 on the owner's personal annual income indicator and 38.8:1 on the owner's household annual income indicator. The income indicator is 39.1:1.
The wealth of the owners and their families
The wealth possessed by the interviewed owner or his family consists mainly of three factors: the family financial assets, the original value of the housing, and the owner's equity owned by the owner's individual in the enterprise. The results of this survey show that among the total household wealth, the owner's ownership of the company's ownership accounted for 85.4%, the original value of housing accounted for 8.3%, and family financial assets accounted for 6.3%. This shows that the main wealth of private business owners is represented in corporate enterprises as corporate assets.
The distribution of the wealth of the interviewed owners is vastly different. The standard deviation is 3.2 to 6.3 times the average; the highest 20% has a wealth of 11.3 to 2130 times the lowest 20%. It can be seen that the gap in wealth is far greater than the difference in income.
5. Work and lifestyle of private business owners
According to the survey data, the average time spent by the respondents is 11.4 hours per day for the operation and development of the company, accounting for 47.5% of the 24 hours a day. A few owners work longer hours and the longest 18 hours. At work. Entertainment and rest time averaged 9.4 hours, accounting for 39.2% of 24 hours a day. The average learning time is 1.2 hours, accounting for 5%.
In general, the family living standards of the interviewed owners are relatively high, with an average annual household consumption expenditure of 78,000 yuan and a per capita living expenditure of 19,000 yuan. However, the difference in living expenses of different owners' families is very significant. On all indicators, the standard deviation is greater than the average. The gap between recreational health expenditure and education and learning is greater, and the difference between these two aspects will lead to an increase in the cumulative difference in the human capital of the owner.
6. Self-evaluation of private business owners on their economic, social and political status
The results of statistical analysis show that the self-evaluation of the three statuses of the interviewed owners is basically the highest number of people who are self-centered. Compared with the people around them, 88.9% of them think that their economic status is in the middle and upper class.
In terms of self-evaluation of social status, 87.9% of them believe that their status is in the middle and the middle. In terms of self-evaluation of political status, they think that they are in the middle and upper ranks, accounting for 74.3%.
Differentiation within the private entrepreneurial class
The market economy has led to the emergence of stratification in Chinese society and the further division within the hierarchy. A noteworthy new trend is that the internal division of this class has become increasingly apparent since the mid-to-late 1990s. The most profound change is the rapid allocation of economic and social resources to large business owners. In the mid-1990s, people were amazed at why billionaires appeared so quickly. In less than a decade, the wealth of the rich has leapt to a new order of magnitude, and billionaires and billionaires have emerged.
1. Differences in possession of economic resources
The first is that the scale of corporate capital varies widely. The survey is divided into four “sub-layers” according to the scale of enterprise capital at the end of 2003: first, small business owners, the capital of enterprises is less than 1 million yuan; second, medium-sized enterprises, the capital scale is 1 million yuan. Between 10 million yuan; third, large business owners, the capital scale is between 10 million yuan and 100 million yuan; fourth, the mega-business owners, the company's capital scale is more than 100 million yuan.
Enterprises with larger capitals have an advantage in sales, taxation, and net profit. See the table below.
The above table shows that the growth rate of capital of different enterprises is very different, and large enterprises are much faster, but the capital profit rate of large enterprises is not smaller than that.
The company is high. The capital growth of large enterprises is mainly not from the self-accumulation of the enterprise, but because the financing is relatively easy and the funds that can be mobilized are more. A considerable part of it enters high-profit industries such as financial insurance and real estate, and has the strength to conduct capital operations; participate in state-owned enterprise reform, acquire and merge state-owned enterprises. The survey found that large companies are more than 10 times more likely to participate in acquisitions and mergers with state-owned enterprises than small private companies.
Second, the amount of private capital varies widely. This survey has two very striking points: First, the capital of China's private enterprises is highly concentrated in the hands of major investors, regardless of the size of the capital of the enterprise; second, the difference between the average capital of the billionaire entrepreneurs and the small business owners. Nearly 400 times, the millionaires and the small business owners also have a difference of nearly 60 times. These two multiples are more expanded than the previous survey. The wealth difference between the rich and the wealthy within the class is beyond the imagination.
2. The social sources of private entrepreneurs vary greatly from period to period.
In the 12 years of previous surveys, we have all examined the changes in the social sources of private entrepreneurs. The survey found that the social sources of private entrepreneurs have changed a lot. The earliest establishment of private enterprises in the 1980s was mainly outside the original system and the most marginalized groups. By the end of the 1980s, especially after Deng Xiaoping’s southern tour in 1992, some government officials and technicians began to “go to the sea”. The years from 1989 to 1997 were the peak hours for cadres and technicians to "go to the sea." After 1997, with the acceleration of the restructuring process of state-owned and collective enterprises, a large number of former state-owned and collective enterprise managers became private entrepreneurs in the restructuring. These reformed enterprises originally had a certain asset scale. When registering as a private enterprise, the capital scale was relatively large. Among the private enterprises that opened since 1999, 25.7% of the owners were the heads of the original enterprises and institutions. It shows that the number of private enterprises from the restructuring of state-owned and collective enterprises is strong and strong.
3. The difference in possessing social and political resources is also very obvious.
The survey found that the proportion of party members in private business owners has risen rapidly, and the proportion of party members among large and extra-large private entrepreneurs is higher. This is because in recent years, a large number of state-owned and collective enterprise managers have joined the ranks of private entrepreneurs after restructuring, and these enterprises are relatively large in scale, and the business owners are generally party members.
From the above analysis, it is shown that: First, within the private enterprise, the economic, political, cultural and other resources occupy more and more differences, and resources are more concentrated in the same batch of large private enterprises. Second, the big business owners mainly include two kinds of people: one is the cadres of various types of “going to the sea”, the managers of the enterprises that have been transformed, and some local and “returnees”; the second is the minority culture. "Grassroots" entrepreneurs who are good at organizing social resources and operating successfully.
Relationship between private entrepreneurs and other classes
1. I am eager to get along with other classes.
The private entrepreneurs are part of the "first rich" in terms of material wealth. However, as a class, they remain relatively low-key overall. The survey found that "business in business, business is good" is the desire of private business owners to be highly concentrated. They all regard operating a good company as the foundation of their business. In the second place is “to establish a good personal and corporate image in daily life, to be a socially talented person”, and the third is to “get along with other members of the society”, with a proportion of more than three-fifths. Far more than other needs with political content.
Private business owners, as the richest class, the main way to return to society is to donate to public welfare. 63.6% of private entrepreneurs have had donations, and the amount of donations varies greatly, with a median of 5,000 yuan. The number of business owners donating different capital sizes, different political faces, different educational levels, and different age groups is also different. The larger the capital, the greater the donation of the business owner. Communist Youth League and Democratic Party business owners also donated a large amount of donations. It is worth noting that donations are inversely proportional to cultural standards. Donations with lower cultural standards are more enthusiastic, and culturally high donations are less active.
Forty-four percent of the companies surveyed participated in the “Glorious Business”, and the most involved methods were “donation” and participation in “public welfare undertakings such as repairing bridges and paving roads”. The higher the proportion of enterprises participating in the “glorious cause”, the higher the participation rate of enterprises with a value of 8 million yuan, 76% for the ten million yuan, 64% for the million yuan, and less than one million yuan. Only 40%.
2. There are many problems and complicated labor relations in private enterprises.
Labor-management relations in the private sector have always been a topic of concern. The survey found that:
The wages of the employees have not risen and fallen.
According to the investigation data of the Trade and Industry Bureau, in 2003, the average annual salary of private enterprises and bonuses plus some dividends, the total is 8033 yuan. The average annual wage of employees in state-owned units is 14,577 yuan, and the number of employees in collective units is 8,678 yuan. In the previous survey, although the wages of private enterprise employees were lower than those of state-owned enterprises, the difference between the two was not more than 1.2 times, and in 2003 it was more than 1.8 times. For the first time, the survey found that private enterprise wages were lower than collective enterprises. For comparison, look at the survey data of the Federation of Industry and Commerce. Due to the large number of representative persons in the surveyed enterprises of the Federation of Industry and Commerce, the average wage of the employed workers is higher at 9043 yuan, but it is still lower than the salary level of the state-owned enterprises in that year, and lower than the average wage of the fifth private enterprise sample survey in 2002. 10,250 yuan.
The data also shows that the wages of employees are not necessarily proportional to the size of the company's capital. The average wage of private enterprises with a capital of 10 million yuan is lower than that of small private enterprises; enterprises with a scale of more than 100 million yuan have higher average wages for employees because they are engaged in high-tech industries.
In various industries, the average wages of employees in the financial and insurance industry and the scientific and technological industry are the highest; the wages of commercial catering and construction workers are the lowest, and the monthly wage is below 500 yuan.
Payment of labor insurance costs varies
According to the survey data, enterprises with assets ranging from 10 million to 100 million yuan have the lowest labor insurance fees, which may be related to the difficulties in the development of these enterprises. See the table below.
Social insurance is not ideal
According to the survey, private enterprises participate in medical insurance only 33.4% of the surveyed enterprises, only 8.7% of the pension insurance, and only 16.6% of the unemployment insurance, and these companies are not insured for all long-term workers, only為很少的僱工投保。實際上，參加醫療保險的僱工僅佔被調查企業全年僱傭工人總數的14.5%，參加養老保險的僅為22.7%，參加失業保險的僅為6.0%，比例相當低。
勞動契約簽訂情況不理想
本次凋查發現，在私營企業中簽了契約的員工僅為64%，這就不能使所有的員工的勞動權利得到法律保障，一旦發生工傷事故或出現有關勞動報酬、勞動條件、勞動時間的爭議，員工將陷於極為不利的境地。
本次調查還發現，已經建立工會的企業，不但工人工資較高，企業的稅後利潤更高。見下表。
私營企業主階層的思想政治狀況及政治參與狀況
1、私企業主最關心的還是本企業的發展，政治需求並不明顯。
被調查的私營企業主在回答“目前有什麽具體打算”的問題時，選擇“在商言商，把企業辦好”的人數最多，達87.8%。排在其後的選擇是“在日常生活中樹立良好的個人和企業形象，做一名社會賢達”，達75.5%。這種情況與前幾次的調查情況基本一致。見下表。
2、私企業主在政治社會經濟組織中的任職情況。
此次調查中發現，私企業主在鄉級領導機構中兼職的有28人，在縣級領導機構中兼職的有11人，在地級領導機構中兼職的有10人，在省級領導機構中兼職的3人，分別佔被調查總人數的0.8%、0.3%、0.3%和0.1%。與此形成對照的是，在縣、地、省三級經濟組織中擔任職務的人分別是269人、339人和130人，為兼任同級領導職務人的24倍、33倍和43倍。
值得註意的是，此次問卷調查還反映了一些私營企業主對目前政治參與方式的看法。他們重視統一戰線為主的參政方式，但是又不特別看重。他們對“爭當人大代表和政協委員”的選擇不僅排在“把企業辦好”和“做一名社會賢達”之後，而且還排“在媒體多宣傳自己”和“與黨政領導人搞好關系”之後。可見，他們對“當人大代表和政協委員”這樣的參政方式雖有相當的重視，但是在實際生活中，他們更看重“與黨政領導搞好關系”，成為“當地知名人士”，有“好的形象”。
3、私營企業主參加的政治性組織和社會團體仍以政協和工商聯為主。
本次調查結果顯示：在社會團體中，私營企業主加入最多的仍然是工商聯，達到66.1%；在政治性機構中，進入的最多的仍然是政協，有33.6%的人是各級政協委員；在政治組織中加入最多的是中共，有33.9%的人是中共黨員。這種情況說明，在現有政治體製架構中，私營企業主的組織狀態具有相當的穩定性。
4、私營企業主的政治要求多與其企業發展有關。
黨的十六大之後，私營企業主最關心什麽問題？本次問卷調查在這方面提供了比較多的信息。在問卷提出的10個選擇中，排在前4位的分別是：“稅製改革”第一，佔86.8%；“落實憲法中保護私有財產的規定”第二，佔82.8%；“轉變政府經濟管理職能”第三，佔82.2%；“建立額度體系，規範市場秩序”第四，佔80.5%。此外，“落實憲法中尊重和保障人權的規定”、“投融資體製改革”、“放寬市場準入”等項選擇也超出70%的比例。問卷中提出的10個選擇，實際上是黨的十六大、十六屆三中全會提出的任務，也是我國經濟和社會改革中的一些重點、難點問題。私營企業主關心這些問題，說明他們的利益需求同黨和國家的要求是一致的。
私營企業主對進一步發揮工商聯的商會作用寄予厚望
本次問卷調查也發現，私營企業主對建立商會和行業組織給予了相當的重視。他們期待這些組織“代表本行業企業的共同利益，維護合法權利”、“協調同行業企業的經營行為”、“加強企業與政府有關方面的溝通”。絕大多數被訪者希望工商聯增強為企業服務的能力，在法律咨詢、政策解讀、管理培訓、市場行銷、信息中介、疏通與政府管理部門的關系、製定行業的管理規範等方面更好地發揮作用。
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