Research report on non-public manufacturing forests

Langfang City is located between Beijing and Tianjin. The total land area of ​​the city is 9.6 million mu, and the proportion of sandy land and low-lying saline-alkali land is relatively large. The special geographical location and natural conditions of Langfang City make the city's forestry construction particularly important. However, in the suburban areas where the majority of the land is mainly grain-producing, the people are reluctant to cherish the soil, and the development of forestry has been constrained by the “three difficulties”, namely, difficulty in raising funds, difficulty in planting trees, and difficulties in management. Faced with this situation, Langfang City has combined with the actual situation and bold exploration, and has successively issued a series of effective methods for contracting, auctioning, leasing, property rights restructuring, mortgage, and transfer, and changing forestry for private forestry has become simple. The state and collective investment are diversified into national, collective and individual inputs. The single administrative forest protection forest is the forest protection for the whole people. The people become the main body of afforestation and greening. The survival rate and storage rate of afforestation are significantly improved, and the city's forestry is full of vitality. Up to now, the area of ​​forest land in the city has grown from 75,000 mu in the early period of liberation to 2.07 million mu, including 750,000 mu of protective forest, 180,000 mu of timber forest and 1.14 million mu of economic forest. The forest coverage rate increased from 0.7% in the early period of the founding of the People's Republic to 23%, and the forest stock volume reached 2.4 million cubic meters. There are 742 villages in the city where the income of forest fruit accounts for more than 40% of the per capita net income, accounting for 12% of the total number of villages. 80 villages rely on the fruit trees to embark on the road to poverty alleviation. The forest fruit industry has become the towns and villages. Pillar industry.

First, the development of non-public manufacturing forests

The first stage of the non-public manufacturing forest in Langfang City was from the late 1970s to the mid-eighties. After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the implementation of the rural land joint production contracting system greatly mobilized the enthusiasm of farmers for production. In response to the frequent occurrence of natural disasters such as sandstorms and disasters in Langfang, in order to protect farmland, Langfang City carried out rural areas. A large-scale farmland forest network construction project, forest network construction has become the focus of forestry development. As the land is packaged and produced, the planting and management of the canals and roads are gradually responsible for households and people. Most of the contracting forms at this stage are unified planting, trees go anywhere, subcontracted to household management, income is divided into proportions, and individuals account for small heads. The second stage was from the late 1980s to the early 1990s. With the further implementation of the party's rural policy, the enthusiasm of the people to develop forest fruit has never been higher. At this stage, the area of ​​fruit trees has developed rapidly. Due to the high income of the development fruit trees, the individual contracted orchards are very active, and the contracting is gradually moving towards scale, intensification and standardization. At the same time, the protection forests also changed to the contracting direction of the joint households and large households. In this period, the distribution of benefits was gradually transformed from the national collective to the individual. The third stage was the late 1990s, and the non-public manufacturing forests have flourished. The main body of land development at this stage is sand wasteland and sub-cultivated land. The main investment is supplemented by state subsidies. The large-scale construction of the fast-growing forest base and the construction of famous and special new fruit bases have been carried out through auction, contracting and leasing. Comprehensive use of various forms such as anti-rent and reverse package to achieve the development goal of “the country wants green and the people benefit”. Due to the low investment, quick management and high and stable income, most individual foresters have turned to the construction of the forest.

Second, the main form of non-public manufacturing forest

Contract system. The ownership of this form of land is owned by the state. Individuals pay the contracting fees. Individuals are responsible for afforestation and afforestation. All proceeds are returned to themselves, or the state is collectively planted, and individual contractors are protected. The income is divided into proportions. Individuals signing contracts with the state must remain unchanged for decades and can be inherited and transferred. For example, Ma Fumin, Ma Shicao Village, Daliuhe Township, Wen'an County, has contracted all the bald canal roads and cemetery greening tasks in the village. In each year, the village pays 1000 yuan for contracting fees and sets up an agreement with the village to afforest. The proceeds are all personal. By the end of XX, it has invested a total of 120,000 yuan, planted 31,000 trees, and greened 8 canals, all of which are designed and constructed according to the project greening, and the survival rate and storage rate are above 95%. Deng Shaobiao, the individual owner of Wen'an County, has contracted the construction of farmland forest nets in the seven village streets of Dongcun Township. It plans to plant 500,000 trees for five consecutive years, and planting 100,000 trees in the first quarter of this spring; Bazhou Jianchapu Huamang Village Ma Jianwang Self-raised funds of 600,000 yuan, contracted land of 1,000 acres, including 200 acres of seedlings, the development of fast-growing forests and economic forests. At present, the city has more than 60% of existing trees or newly planted saplings contracted to households, and the income is divided into 3:7 or 2:8, and the individual has a big head. Due to the clear responsibility and responsibility, the enthusiasm of the people for management has been fully mobilized, and the efficiency of afforestation has been greatly improved.

Auction system. First, the right to use Yilin land will be auctioned, and the “three wastes” will be auctioned by length or number of acres. Individuals will bid for open bidding, which will remain unchanged for decades, allowing inheritance and transfer. The second is to auction the ownership of the trees, auction the cultivated young trees to the individual management, and the state or collectively recover the afforestation costs after the proceeds, and the rest are all returned to themselves. The village of Degui Sijicheng in Wen'an County will open the auction to the whole village. The villager Zhang Zhiliang signed a 30-year greening contract with the village committee after winning the competition. According to the afforestation plan, the green channel is now XX meters. Planted 11400 trees. Liangjiatai Village, Qigezhuang Township, Dachang County. In the spring of 1999, 3,500 meters long section of the Qunyin Canal was auctioned. 6 villagers bought the land use right at a price of 20 yuan per 100 meters, planting more than 5,000 trees. The survival rate of the strain is over 98%.

Shareholding cooperation system. This type of operation can be funded by other tangible or intangible assets such as capital, technology, information, labor, etc., and profits are divided into shares. Caojiawu Township, Yongqing County, is located in the Yongding River Pan-area. The soil is impact sand, the organic matter content is low, and the grain yield is very low. It is difficult for farmers to get rid of poverty and become rich by farming. Last year, the representatives of the village committee came forward to unite the three units to implement the joint-stock cooperative system to develop forestry, and to concentrate on 4,000 acres of speed-saving forest. The three shares are: the village sells land use rights and is responsible for tree management, accounting for 55% of the shares; the municipal academy produces seedlings, which accounts for 30%; the Yongqing County Forestry Bureau produces 15% of the shares, and the income is divided by shares. This form enables farmers to participate in afforestation according to their own advantages in the case of limited funds. It not only solves the problem of insufficient funds for farmers, but also makes full use of the surplus labor force and solves the management problems in the later stage of afforestation.

Anti-rental package. This form is more common in the construction of key ecological protection forests at all levels, that is, the land that has been contracted to the hands of farmers by the state or the collective is uniformly rented according to the standard, and then the land is reversed to the farmers. This year, the three sides of the Beijing-Jinjin-Tang, Beijing-Shenyang and Jinbao highways are greened on both sides. The local government firstly requisitioned the land by 30 meters on each side, and then reversed the package to the local farmers for greening. The survival rate of afforestation was More than 90. In the Nanzhaofu Town of Dacheng County, there were 50,000 afforestation of the Mawada Canal, and the village collectives first recovered the forest land and then distributed it to 18 households in Zhangzhuang, Dongbaiyang, Fanzhuang and Xiaoliuqian. After the renewal of Chenglin, 30% of the income will be paid to the village collective.

Village investment management. That is, seedlings are provided by the state or the collective, unified planning, unified planting, trees to go anywhere, household management, or village collectives to provide land, seedlings, farmers self-management, income villages divided into 1:9 or 2:8 Individuals account for the bulk. Jingcun Village, Qiuzhuang Township, Anci District, planted 260 acres of trees this spring, all of which provide seedlings by the collective, and newly opened two-eye wells for watering, unified planning, unified afforestation standards, farmers responsible for planting and management, and harvesting income Divided by 2:8, the individual took the lead and signed the contract. Xianghe Anping Town adopts the town's unified planning and unified purchase of seedlings. The contractor buys the dike at one time, and the farmers plant and manage the contract. The town government signs the contract with the farmers, and the income is divided into proportions. This method of afforestation not only solves the shortage of farmers' funds, but also makes full use of idle labor.

Third, the main features of non-public manufacturing forests

The investment direction is accurate and the investment is strong. With the adjustment of the national forestry policy, the market of forest fruit products has been popular all the time. The development of land resources and the vigorous development of green industry have become the mainstream of today's forestry development. The majority of private owners seized this opportunity and adjusted their investment direction in a timely manner. They will develop the forestry industry as an effective channel for increasing income and earning wealth, and actively contracting, leasing land or participating in bidding for forest rights and forest land auctions. Driven by policy guidance and interests, the majority of forest farmers and fruit farmers are willing to invest in the comprehensive development of infrastructure construction such as water, electricity and roads, as well as land leveling and improvement, thus greatly increasing the investment in forestry construction.

Increased scientific and technological content and improved management standards. Non-public ownership forestry management is directly linked to personal interests, and more emphasis is placed on the introduction and application of scientific and technological achievements. In addition to the general use of general engineering afforestation supporting technology, non-public manufacturing forest production also promotes the use of abt ​​rooting powder afforestation technology, plastic film mulching technology, water retention agent afforestation technology and trenching afforestation technology, with an area of ​​over 90%, afforestation The survival rate has increased by more than 25%. In the selection of afforestation tree species, Langfang Yang, Zhonglin 46, triploid Populus tomentosa, Europe and America 107 Yang and other fine seedlings were selected, and the utilization rate of good varieties reached 100%. In the young forests such as pruning, weeding, watering, and whitening, it is more meticulous and meticulous, and the quality of forest trees and the yield of forest trees have been greatly improved.

The degree of commercialization has increased and economic benefits have increased. In the past, due to unreasonable responsibilities, rights, and interests, extensive management was carried out. The output and quality of forest fruit products were very low, and they were not in scale and market, and the benefits were low. After the emergence of non-public manufacturing forests, the enthusiasm of the people for management was greatly mobilized. Under the careful cultivation of private owners, the low-yield gardens became high-yield gardens, the general timber forests became fast-growing and high-yield forests, the extensive management was changed to intensive management, and the quantity and quality of products. Market share and economic benefits have been significantly improved.

Breaking the administrative boundaries and achieving multi-level participation. With the deepening of the work of non-public manufacturing forests, there have been contracting across counties, townships, and villages. Regardless of who contracts for afforestation, they sign a contract for judicial notarization. Especially in the development of field nursery to establish a non-public ownership nursery, breaking through administrative boundaries, cross-regional contracting is more common. At the same time, on the main body of contracting, not only laid-off workers, farmers, but also workers, cadres and individual owners, and other people from all walks of life have achieved multi-level participation.

4. Investment channels for non-public manufacturing forests

Use personal storage funds. Investors are mainly private owners with relatively strong economic strength. The investment direction is mainly fast forest and seedlings.

Joint fundraising. Two or more households will jointly operate in the form of capital shares, and the income will be divided into shares and the risks will be shared. The investment direction is mainly large-area seedlings.

Rural microfinance. According to national policies, farmers who do not have sufficient funds or insufficient funds can apply for microfinance from the state for afforestation. The investment direction is mainly efficient forestry. It is characterized by a short cycle and quick results.

World Bank loan. After the guarantees of the financial departments at all levels, the county with a World Bank loan quota, the afforestation households can apply for World Bank loan afforestation. The characteristic is that the repayment period is long and the standard is strict.

V. Benefit analysis of non-public manufacturing forests

Ecological and social benefits. With the development of non-public manufacturing forests, the forest protection forest system with shelter forest as the main body and economic forest as the main body is more perfect, the ecological environment of the city will be further improved, the grain output will be steadily improved, and the living conditions of farmers will be improved. The establishment and improvement of the comprehensive shelter forest system has laid a good foundation for Langfang City to attract investment from all walks of life, increase visibility and rapid economic growth.

Economic benefits. Up to now, the city's non-public manufacturing forest area has reached 180,000 mu, including 110,000 mu of fast-growing forest and 70,000 mu of fruit trees and other economic forests. According to the 7-year rotation period, the fast-growing forest has a volume of 0.4 cubic meters per plant and 12 cubic meters of timber per mu. The annual average output value is 94 million yuan. After five years, the fruit yield is 500-1500 kilograms. The annual average output value is 2100 yuan, and the annual average output value is 147 million yuan. The total of the above two total, the annual average output value of 241 million yuan, the annual output value per mu reached 134 billion yuan.

6. Problems in non-public manufacturing forests

The infrastructure investment is large and the investment recovery period is long. In addition to the development of high-efficiency facility forestry, most non-publicly produced forests are developed in sub-cultivated land and sandy saline-alkali land, with poor soil, shortage of water resources, inconvenient communication and transportation, difficulty in afforestation, leveling of land, improvement of soil, water and electricity facilities, and purchase of transportation and communication equipment. The cost is large. Due to the long cycle of afforestation investment recovery, it directly affects the process of land development.

Commercial forest harvesting is restricted. Since most of the non-public manufacturing forests are commercial forests, the main purpose of the operation is to produce timber and obtain benefits. According to the principle of rolling development and staged harvesting, the forests of different cultivation purposes should be harvested in time, but the country has not yet introduced it. Policies related to the upgrading of commercial forests, large-scale commercial forests are limited by harvesting quotas and cannot be harvested as scheduled.

The management after contracting and auction is slow, and the implementation of forest rights is not thorough. Although some places have adopted contracting or auctions, the governance is not timely, which has affected the greening process. In some places, the implementation of forest rights is not thorough. The people are afraid of policy changes. Second, some people will have "red eye disease" after they have achieved results. The cases of looting and deforestation and the people's suspicion do not recognize their legitimacy and affect the enthusiasm of the foresters.

The production of non-public manufacturing forests is blind. Under the current extensive production system of one household, non-public manufacturing forests involve many households, planting scattered, and prone to blindness in production, which brings difficulties to unified management, unified planning, unified tree species, and uniform planting. Some afforestation households are cheap, and the purchase of low-quality and low-quality seedlings in the field will not only affect the survival rate of afforestation, but also be easily deceived in terms of purity, resulting in mixed varieties and affecting the quality and benefits of afforestation.

The overall advantage of the non-public ownership nursery is not obvious. Since most of the private nursery business owners are outsiders, they are unclear about the local natural conditions and the development trend of afforestation and seedlings. Especially because of the single-handed combat, the actual size of the formation, the nursery of the base is rare. The proportion of Dalu seedlings is high, the number of seedlings is small, and the development orientation is low, which brings difficulty to market sales.

The phenomenon of rebuilding light pipes is serious. Most of the private owners invest in afforestation, mainly because forestry saves labor, labor, and afforestation than agricultural production, and thinks that building forests is equivalent to seeing benefits. This incorrect understanding led to the neglect of the management work of the forest, which affected the storage and growth of the trees.

Seven, several suggestions

Accelerate structural adjustment and promote non-public manufacturing forest processes. Governments at all levels should further increase the adjustment of planting structure, formulate scientific forestry development plans, and take forestry development as a breakthrough in economic development. Through proper guidance and typical demonstrations, the non-public manufacturing forest process will be promoted as a whole.

Increase funding support. Further increase the domestic microfinance quota, boldly use the World Bank, ADB loan afforestation, solve the shortage of funds for some farmers in the early afforestation, so that they can strengthen the confidence and determination of afforestation, and achieve the purpose of afforestation for the country to be green and the people benefit.

Further deepen the reform of the internal system of forestry and stimulate the enthusiasm of farmers for afforestation. Formulate and improve the preferential policies that are conducive to the development of non-public ownership forestry under the new form, and provide support from the aspects of capital and technology to further stimulate farmers' enthusiasm for afforestation. In particular, in the commercial forest harvesting, it is necessary to introduce relevant policies as soon as possible, so that farmers can eat "reassuring pills" to eliminate the worries of afforestation households.

Increase the reform and innovation of the afforestation mechanism. It is necessary to adapt to local conditions, and it should be public and private. First, we must consider the purpose of forest management of different tree species and establish different mechanisms. Second, we must consider the conditions of Yilindi, and be flexible and diverse in the form of afforestation. Third, we must fully consider the local social and economic conditions, such as the construction of the village leadership team, the people's afforestation habits, the collective and the economic situation of the people.

To further clarify the program, fair competition, and preferential contracting. It is necessary to fully embody the principles of open, fair, equitable and democratic auctions, formulate plans, publish auction locations, quantities, bases, governance requirements, greening standards, measures, etc., and implement fair competition and preferential contracting. Regardless of the auction, contracting or other means, the contract must be signed with the farmer and notarized by the legal department. Involving forest land ownership, forestry ownership and other issues, it is necessary to issue forest land certificates and forestry rights certificates, establish archives, and actively and steadily promote the sustainable and rapid development of forestry.

Strengthen training to improve the overall quality of individual foresters. In view of the fact that individual foresters have little knowledge and regulations, and lack of afforestation technology, they can strengthen training and learning of forestry policies and related laws by training courses, issuing technical materials, and on-site guidance, and increase training in afforestation technology. Strive to improve its theoretical level and practical ability.