Write a good preface theory and conclusion

In the long-term writing practice, thesis writing has gradually formed a set of conventions and forms, and gradually become a relatively stereotyped article structure program, usually called the "basic type" of the paper structure. This basic type of article structure, including the preface--this theory--the three parts of the conclusion, has the structure of syllogism reasoning that seems to be formal logic, so it is called "three-segment theory". The main task of drafting a thesis is to write a preface, a theory, and a conclusion.

First, write a good preface

Preface is also called preface, introduction, introduction or introduction, which is the beginning of the thesis. The content of the preface of the graduation thesis generally includes the background, reason, meaning and purpose of the topic, or the purpose, scope, method and results of the research. It can also make a summary of the basic viewpoint of this paper and the basic content of this part. Introduction. There are mainly the following prefaces:

Interpretative. At the beginning, it explains the background, reason and purpose of the thesis writing. For example, the preface to the article "On the Employment Security of Disabled Persons under the Condition of Market Economy": The promulgation and implementation of the "China Disabled Persons Law" has fundamentally guaranteed the employment of disabled persons. However, with the deepening of reform and opening up, especially under the current market economy conditions, there are some new situations and new problems in the labor and employment security of disabled people, which affect social stability. Paying attention to and properly solving the employment problem of disabled people under the conditions of market economy is of great significance to embody the superiority of the socialist system, promote economic development, social progress and spiritual civilization. This article talks about the rough questions in this regard. .

Questioning style. Ask questions at the beginning, or immediately after writing the background of writing, ask the questions to be solved in this article. For example, the preface to the article "The causes and countermeasures of brain drain in state-owned enterprises":

In today's world, commodity competition, technological competition, and national strength competition are breaking through the boundaries of geography and ideology. In this competitive tide, competition for talent is the key. When people cheered for the emergence of talent flow in reform and opening up, state-owned enterprises frequently rushed. Most of the talents flow from state-owned enterprises to non-state-owned enterprises, which makes many factory directors of state-owned enterprises deeply feel that they are "sufficient to keep people." Why is state-owned enterprises in a passive position in talent competition? How can we attract talents? This article will discuss this.

Present a point of view. The preface is open to the public and reveals the basic ideas or main contents of this article. For example, a brief discussion on the premise that insisting on the leadership of the party must improve the leadership of the party:

The Communist Party of China is the core of leadership for the cause of socialism and a reliable guarantee for the building of socialist modernization. Upholding the party’s leadership over socialism is the conclusion of history. In order to uphold the party's leadership, the party must strengthen its own construction and further improve the party's leadership.

Prompt range. The preface section suggests the scope of this article. For example, the preface to the article "Building a Rural Party Branch into a Battle Fortress that Leads Farmers to Become Rich and Run a Well-off":

Of the more than 1.1 billion people in China, 900 million are farmers. Without the well-off of 900 million peasants, we can’t talk about the well-off society in the country. And let 900 million farmers go to Xiaokang Road at the end of this century, and the construction of rural party branches is the key. This article tries to discuss how to strengthen the construction of rural party branches in the new situation and talk about some views.

Explain the conceptual style. The preface is a pre-release question that explains the basic concepts that appear in the topic and in the text. For example, the preface to the Preliminary Study on the Potential Deficit of State-owned Commercial Enterprises:

The latent loss is the amount of latent losses that have been formed during the reporting period and are not reflected in the statement. It is lurking in the enterprise in the form of material loss, price loss, bad debts and bad debts, and can be turned into a loss at any time. The potential loss causes the enterprise to be imaginary, the fiscal revenue is confusing, the assets are uncertain, the information is distorted, the truth of the business situation is concealed, the short-term behavior of the operation is encouraged, and the survival and development of the enterprise are endangered; the potential loss erodes the integrity of the state-owned assets and will not be allocated. The distribution of income will result in the over-allocation of national income, which will harm both the enterprise and the state and must be resolved.

The above list of several common prefaces of graduation thesis is actually far more than that. The different writings of the preface make the graduation thesis present a colorful style and a new style, avoiding the feeling of “one thousand people, one thousand and one cavity”. But no matter which method is used, the preface of each graduation thesis should meet the following requirements:

First, the preface should be straight to the point and quickly enrolled. Argumentative articles usually require a straightforward view. At the beginning, readers can be exposed to the center of the article to understand what the basic content of the article is. Instead of "writing a word, leaving a thousand miles away", the readers will circle the circle outside the article center to make the reader If you break into the fog of Wuli.

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Second, the preface should be fascinating and capture the reader. At the beginning, the reader should have a good initial impression of the article and interest in reading. This requires the preamble to have substantive content and words that are easy to attract readers.

Third, the preface should be concise and powerful. The text at the beginning should not be too long, so as to avoid top-heavy and uneven structure. A complicated and tedious beginning will make the reader feel bad and not tolerate reading. The ancients said, "The sentence is like a firecracker, and the sudden sound is easy." The beginning is like setting off firecrackers, and it suddenly rings, causing a shock. The text at the beginning of the graduation thesis is especially simple and powerful.

How the article begins is a matter that the author often has to work hard. Writing a good preface is a crucial step in the completion of the first draft of a graduation thesis.

Second, write this theory

This theory is the main part of the thesis, the main part of the analysis of the problem, the argumentation point, and the most important part of the author's research results and academic level. The quality of a paper depends mainly on how the theory is written.

The requirements of this part of the theory, one is that the argument is sufficient and persuasive; the second is the rigorous structure and clear organization; the third is the unity of ideas and materials. The following are explained separately.

Fully demonstrated and persuasive

The most important task of this part of the theory is to organize arguments to convince people. The author must try every means to prove that his views are correct and credible. To this end, we must focus on the arguments and use arguments to carry out sufficient arguments. Argumentation is the use of arguments to prove the correctness of the argument or to prove the process and method of the wrongness of the hostile argument. Judging from the nature of the thesis, the argument can be divided into two aspects: argumentation and refutation.

1. argument

The process of proving your own point of view and proving its correctness, so that the argument is established, is called argumentation, also called proof; commonly used proof methods are:

The illustration method, which is an argumentation method using facts as an argument, is often referred to as "putting facts." Facts speak louder than words and let the facts speak. This is the most common and effective method of argumentation. E.g:

Due to the imperfect rules and regulations and the disorder of management, the XXXX heat power plant caused unclear procedures for delivery and payment, and the expenses of the payment were abnormal. Individual leaders and supply and marketing personnel received bribes, causing the factory to pay more than 112,000 yuan, resulting in a large economy. loss.

Using the exemplification method to conduct arguments, the examples should be typical, the data should be conclusive, and the language of the narrative should be concise.

Citation method, citing the remarks of classic Marxist writers, the views and theories of authoritative persons, or the axioms and laws of science, as well as other maxims, proverbs, famous sayings, aphorisms, etc., to prove their own point of view, also called " The theory of things." E.g:

Lenin has made incisive expositions on the basic principles of Marxist political and economic relations. He said: "Politics is a concentrated expression of the economy." He added: "Any democracy, like the general political superstructure, is ultimately for production, and ultimately it is determined by the production relations in the society." These basic viewpoints of Lenin show that politics comes from the economy and counteracts the economy. It is both a guiding role and a service role, and it is the unification of guidance and service.

By using the citation method, the quoted words should be faithful to the author's original intention, and should not be taken out of context; the quotation should be accurate, and it is best to indicate the source; the quotation should be concise, avoid large-scale citations, and swear by the Lord; After the introduction, the conclusion is simple.

Analytical method is a method of deconstructing a relatively complicated and large-scale thing or affair into several parts and then examining them one by one. Through the analysis and perspective of the things or affair, the truths and laws contained in them are unearthed, which proves the argument well. For example, the graduation thesis entitled “To be able to run a school must implement the principal responsibility system” is an analysis of the shortcomings of the school’s original leadership system “the principal division responsibility system under the leadership of the party branch”:

The meaning of the text is unclear and a variety of explanations can be made.

The division of "leadership" and "responsibility" does not conform to management principles.

Party and government do not divide, to party and government...

A management level was added to the principal to form the secretary-principal-director-faculty and staff. The more management levels, the lower the efficiency.

Through such a layered analysis of the situation, the shortcomings of the old system are clear, and it is a good proof of the central argument that “the school must be practised by the principal”.

Inferred from theory, reasoning is the process of thinking out a new judgment from one or several known judgments. Argumentative papers and logical reasoning are inseparable. From the perspective of the article as a whole, the complete process of argumentation is the process of induction, deduction or analogical reasoning; from the topical point of view, these forms of reasoning can also be used in each argumentation. Examples of the use of theoretical proofs by student papers can be found everywhere.

In addition to the above, there are also causal arguments, comparative arguments, metaphorical arguments, etc., which are not introduced here.

2. Refutation

The argument is a method of argumentation by refuting the enemy point and proving that it is wrong and absurd, thus proving the correctness of one's point of view. The arguments can be divided into three categories: refutation arguments, argument arguments and argumentation arguments. Commonly used methods of refutation include direct rebuttal, counter-evidence, and blame.

Direct rebuttal is the use of arguments or reasoning to directly prove that the enemy point is the wrong way.

The counter-evidence law, in order to prove that the other party's argument is wrong, can prove that another argument contradicting it is correct. This is the so-called counter-evidence law. For example, Lu Xun’s article "Does the Chinese lose their self-confidence?", in order to refute the erroneous argument that "the Chinese lost their self-confidence," put forward the positive argument that "we have Chinese who do not lose confidence", and then Using the facts of the past and the present to prove the correctness of this argument, thus refuting the negative argument.

To blame the law, first assume that the other party's argument is correct, and then use it as a premise to derive an apparently ridiculous conclusion, thus proving that the other party's argument is wrong. E.g:

If analyzed according to the theories described by the political "elites", there will only be a reality that all or at least most of the countries that have embarked on the path of capitalist privatization will develop faster than the socialist economy. But unfortunately, this reality does not exist yet. This material has not existed in the real world.

There are many ways to demonstrate or refute, and which one or which ones to use should be determined according to the actual needs of the argument. Generally speaking, it is rare to simply use only one method of argumentation. In most cases, it is necessary to combine several methods of argumentation or rebuttal to achieve a good argument.

Conclusion is rigorous and well organized

The length of this theory is long, the capacity is large, the level is more, and the clues are numerous. If the article content is not arranged in a certain order, the level will be unclear and the structure will be chaotic, which will greatly reduce the effect of expression. According to the different relationships between the levels, the structural forms of the part of the theory can be divided into three types: parallel, progressive and hybrid.

1. Side-by-side structure

Also known as a flat structure or a horizontal structure. Its characteristics are that it is divided into several sub-theories and levels around the central argument. Each sub-discipline and level are arranged in parallel, and the central arguments are demonstrated from different angles and different sides, so that the article presents a multi-pronged and parallel pattern.

2. Progressive structure

Also known as propulsion tree or vertical structure. It adopts a layer-by-layer structure for the problem that needs to be demonstrated, so that the hierarchy presents a layered and step-by-step logical relationship, so that the central argument can be deeply and thoroughly demonstrated.

3. Hybrid structure

Also known as a side-by-side progressive structure or a cross-over structure. The hierarchical relationship of some papers is particularly complicated. It is not possible to use only a single structural form. It is necessary to combine the parallel and progressive forms to form a mixed structural form. In the hybrid structure, there are two forms: one is in the process of juxtaposition, on each side of the parallel, and then progressive; first, in the process of progressive, at each progressive level, Expand side by side. This method is more complicated than the first two, and it is more difficult to master.

In order to avoid unclear content due to too much content, when writing the theory, often add some external signs before each level. The main forms of these external signs are subtitle, serial code, subtitle and serial code combined and empty. Lines and so on.

Unity of ideas and materials

The content of this part of the theory consists of viewpoints and materials. Another requirement for writing this theory is to organically combine ideas and materials, to command the materials and to prove the viewpoints with materials. In general, the materials should be arranged according to the respective viewpoints to be proved, that is, all the materials are classified under the respective small viewpoints. With the logical relationship and the order of the viewpoints, the materials naturally have their own positions. It is. However, the viewpoints and materials in the same content level should be arranged. The competition is the first-out point of view or the first-ranking material, and it cannot be considered at the time of drafting. In order to avoid similarities, there should be changes. Generally speaking, the viewpoint is first placed, and the materials are listed later; sometimes the materials can be listed first, and then the viewpoint can be placed; the materials can be placed side by side, and the materials can be discussed from the shallower to the deeper. In short, we must put together the materials and viewpoints and unite them organically to serve the center of the article.

Third, write the conclusion

The conclusion is that the consignment part of a paper is based on the research results and discussion, and the final conclusions are obtained through strict logical reasoning and argumentation. The conclusions of the graduation thesis generally include the following items:

Present the results of the argument. In this part, the author should summarize the content of the whole article and put forward his own overall views and opinions on the issue. For example, the conclusion of the article "On the Township Leadership Method under the Condition of Socialist Market Economy":

In short, the establishment of a socialist market economic system is an arduous and complicated social system project. In this new stage of system transformation, township leaders are the leaders of rural socialist market economy construction, in terms of ideological understanding and leadership methods. A big change must be made to adapt to the rapidly changing new situation and further promote the development of the rural socialist market economy.

Point out the direction of further research. In the conclusion of the thesis, the author often not only summarizes his own research results, but also points out the shortcomings in the research of the subject, pointing out the direction and providing clues for others to continue research. For example, the conclusions of the article "The Road to the Reform of Logistics in Local Administrative Organs":

In short, the task of institutional logistics management system and management system reform is arduous. At present, we are still at the stage of exploring some aspects that are easier to see results. We must strive for one or two breakthroughs and achieve results. After that, the logistics reform was continuously pushed deeper to achieve the ultimate goal of service socialization.

Thank you. At the end of the conclusion section, you can also write a few words to express gratitude to those who have helped themselves in the writing of this article. Thank you for your good faith, good words, and not too many words. E.g:

In the process of writing, my author, Mr. XX, carefully instructed and received the care and help of several other teachers. I would like to thank you.

The ancients said: "The sentence is like a bell, and there is more than a clear voice." The conclusion in a paper is not negligible. To write a good conclusion, we should pay attention to two points. First, we must make the conclusion part really play the role of the full text. Generally, we should not propose new ideas or materials. Second, the language of the conclusion should be concise and powerful, leaving the readers with profound impression. There are two kinds of mistakes to be avoided: one is to finish the work, and the end is not stopped; the second is to add a snake, but not stop