How to write a doctoral thesis

Undergraduate thesis generally talks about a small topic, as long as the basic knowledge is clearly stated in its own language, it is qualified. For most master's thesis authors, there are not only length requirements, but also academic and certain innovation. The following are the basic steps of the master's thesis writing, several key links, and the normative issues cited.

The first section is written in eight steps

Strictly speaking, many steps before writing are all necessary for the writing of the thesis, which is somewhat more important than the actual handwriting. Many people who come here have experience. It is very important to complete a large paper. The preparation process is very important. Once it is really ready, the time for writing is only a few days to several weeks.

The first step is to determine the topic of the paper.

Whether the topic is proper or not has a great impact on the success of the paper. It can even be said that a good topic is equal to half the success. Although you can write anything in the subject of this major, you must consider whether you can have new ideas, new discoveries, new perspectives, new research methods, new materials, and so on. Be careful not to choose the topic too large to be able to expand in this relatively narrow range. According to the selection experience of many master's thesis, the topic of this level can be considered from the following aspects: the research gap of this major, the hot topic of controversy, the contrasting topic, the topic of the profession from other professional perspectives, The old topic of the new insertion angle, the new problems of the profession that just emerged.

The second step is to collect and peruse relevant research materials and theoretical basis around the selected papers. The work in this step is more difficult, and the time and effort spent on finding data can be very large. This step is very necessary. Without this step, your paper content is likely to completely or largely repeat the work that others have already done, which is tantamount to doing it; the process of finding is also inspiring ideas and sparking ideas. The process, not taking this step, is to ruin your new ideas, new perspectives, and sources of new materials. This is also the preparation of ideas, perspectives, and materials for the next step.

The third step is to present your own theoretical assumptions about the topic, or the specific and core issues to be studied. The topic is the general direction and scope of the paper to be written. If you really want to write, you will encounter two specific types of problems. The first category belongs to the point of view: What is my specific point of view? You can conceive one or more points, but they are just a hypothesis, through a lot of evidence, materials, through rigorous arguments and appropriate argumentation framework, proof Your hypothesis is true, and this will form the subject of the paper. The second category is practical: What issues do I have to specifically demonstrate? You can ask many reasons, the impact of various environmental conditions, whether they are related to the problem being justified, and to what extent, which requires scientific survey data and analysis.

In either case, this involves the central idea or argumentation theme of the paper, which must be clear and consistent throughout the paper. Because the number of master's thesis is relatively long, one of the common problems is that the author can't grasp the full text, writes and writes, and invisibly breaks away from the assumptions or specific problems that he has originally determined, and says many unrelated central ideas or arguments. Finally, the result of "out of the subject" is obtained.

The fourth step is to decide which research methods to use. Humanities-social science research methods can be roughly classified into two categories, speculative research and empirical research. The latter can be divided into two specific research methods: qualitative research and quantitative research. People use different research orientations to explore social facts or social phenomena. Different research orientations have different research methods, different research hypotheses, methods of collecting data, and criteria for judging results. However, various research methods have increasingly presented compatible and intrinsic connections in the current essay writing. Generally speaking, according to your own topic and the specific issues discussed, you can focus on one research method, supplemented by other methods. At the same time, some historical, cultural, and political economic research methods are needed.

In the master's thesis of the liberal arts, the author directly conducts quantitative analysis for the paper, the scale is generally small, the scope of adaptation is limited, and more people use more than direct investigation results. This is due to the limited research funding of the paper and the limited ability of the author to conduct social surveys. Papers based on logical analysis, using some quantitative analysis data, sometimes add some weight to the article. However, it must be done according to actual needs, not to show the diversity of research methods. For example, a very large topic is originally suitable for speculative research, and it is hard to add a microscopic quantitative survey to prove what it is, but it will be self-defeating. This is a specific problem that we must grasp now to write a good paper.

The fifth step is to design the framework of the paper. The writing of general articles also needs this step, but for master's thesis, it is more necessary and its requirements are more detailed. Under normal circumstances, a master's thesis must have an introduction, the first chapter of the topic, the main chapter, and the conclusion. The chapter setting must have a general layout logic before writing to make the structure reasonable; there is a logical connection between the chapter and the chapter to prevent blind writing, drowning the theme, and not knowing what to do. This step is rarely done once, and it often changes frequently depending on the circumstances of the materials collected and the new situations encountered during the survey visit. But just as an architect must have drawings before building a house, at the level of writing master's thesis, the general article frame can't just be in the mind. Generally, it is necessary to form words, which are relatively detailed, and the specific "section" is better. It’s easy to write when you’re writing.

In the step of designing the paper framework, because of the textual chapter design, in addition to the guidance of the instructor, this is a good opportunity to consult other experts more widely before writing. By designing the paper framework, you can see the value of the article or the problems that exist.

In the sixth step, the literature, survey materials and various arguments that have been obtained are analyzed and classified, and each chapter is enriched into chapters for interpretation and argumentation. This is actually the essay writing itself, so this description is intended to let the author understand the process of writing the essay. Various materials and arguments are not inherently proof of arguments or specific problems. They need to be organized and demonstrated by the authors to make them life-rich, extremely natural, self-contained, and powerfully serve the topics they are talking about. .

In this step, it is sometimes necessary to review the basic professional knowledge that has been learned, and use rigorous data organization methods to closely mobilize the various theoretical hypotheses or specific problems that have been identified, and to mobilize all kinds of knowledge that you have learned, through the theory of theory, counter-argument, and theory. Refuting arguments, metaphors, etc., argumenting opinions or problems, drawing conclusions, and completing the thesis.

In the argument, there will be problems in the use or lack of various materials, problems in logical reasoning, problems in which the arguments and the themes do not match, etc., and it is necessary to stop and find information or materials or visit experts to enrich or reduce the contents of the original paper framework. Local adjustment of the frame structure as necessary. This situation is normal and often occurs. It is also necessary to make arrangements for time. If the time is not arranged properly, it may not be possible to adjust the structure and content of the paper.

In the seventh step, if necessary, re-evaluate the topic and correct the scope of the object of argument. This is another situation that occurs at the same time as the sixth step. That is, by broadly soliciting opinions and thinking about oneself, and feeling that the original topic is inappropriate for itself or difficult to complete, then it is necessary to adjust the plan for thesis writing in time. Change the topic or adjust the topic. Since there have been many thoughts and literature searches on the academic research of this major, even if the topic is changed, the time spent will not be much.

Another situation in which the topic is inappropriate and difficult to complete is not in the topic itself, but in the scope of the topic selection argument. It is not difficult to solve this problem. The scope of the object of argument is reduced. At this time, the author must be willing to "cut love" and give up the materials that are not used. In the master's thesis writing, it is rare to say that the scope of the argument is too small, because the 20,000-30,000 words, but also pay attention to the problem of too small a range of topics.

In the eighth step, the paper is technically standardized and checked. The technical issues of chapter design, the citation marks, comments and numbers in the text, the reference layout of the text, and the content summaries, keywords, etc. that are not part of the paper itself must be checked and adjusted according to the requirements of the standardization. Although these are technical issues, they also reflect the author's academic attitude. In particular, in the case of the use of other people's opinions, the source of the materials must be indicated, not ambiguous, and the research results of others must not be turned into their own. The source of the material indicated should also be very clear. The name, publication or publication time of the famous name, author or editor, publisher or published publication should be complete. Sometimes, a more level paper, the main problem raised in the defense is the non-standardization of the citation. For this reason, the evaluation of the paper is lower, which is not worth it.

The second topic of the paper

A proper topic is equal to half the success of the paper.

After more than 20 years of reform and opening up, the continuous efforts of scientific researchers and the number of graduate students have increased significantly. In this way, the research fields or topics of various disciplines are becoming more and more abundant, the blank research is less and less, and the research of new problems is difficult. Therefore, how to choose the topic of argumentation for liberal arts graduate students now emerges as a new problem. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on the topic selection of master thesis.

Regarding the topic, you can consider it from two perspectives:

First, the size of the topic

The topic is not appropriate, this is a common problem in the selection of master thesis. Therefore, before you can collect information, you must first consider whether your topic is too big. For example, "Talk about some basic questions about the theory of XX theory." Under such a topic, of course, anything can be said, but this is only suitable for the leaders of a particular discipline to make a summary report. If it is more specific, for example, "On the psychology of the media customer group", it seems to be better, but under such a topic, it is necessary to talk about dozens of size problems before the argument can be comprehensive and in-depth, suitable for writing an academic book rather than a Papers. Ordinary papers can accommodate so many different levels of problems.

For master's thesis, under the topic, it is better to separate the second level. If the third, fourth, and even more levels can be subdivided under the topic, it is not easy to grasp, and it is difficult to deepen the argument.

If we narrow down the topic of "Psychology of the Media Group" to "Selective Understanding of Readers' Reading Messages", it is clear that the latter is much smaller than the scope of the former. First, it has narrowed from a wide range of media users to readers of the single media of newspapers; secondly, from general general psychology to accepting psychology; third, narrowing down, only involving accepting one of the news genres --- - Accepting the psychological state of the message; Fourth, further narrowing the topic to a psychological manifestation when only readers are accepted---selective understanding. If the topic is small, it is possible to explore the issue more deeply. Of course, if the author has more materials and strong argumentation ability, he can set the topic at the third level and even the second level.

Mastering how much material you have and measuring your ability to control is really a question you must consider when choosing a topic. Often such a situation, I am particularly interested in a topic, I am determined to write, but the materials are few, and it is estimated that it is difficult to collect more materials in a short time. In this case, it is still a topic. As well. The material is the basis of the thesis, the foundation is not magnetic, and only by interest, it is impossible to write a successful paper. For example, an author makes the theoretical hypothesis that “China’s news communication is moral and the western news communication is mechanical”, but in addition to his understanding of the current Chinese mass media, he has more than one hundred years before the liberation of China. And the mass media after liberation and more than 20 years before the reform and opening up, almost no contact, the contact with foreign media is very limited, although this hypothesis is new, but the arguments for argumentation are paralyzed, such a hypothesis is difficult to establish. .

There is also an opposite situation. This is because there are too many materials, the author's research experience is limited, it is difficult to control, and the length of the paper is limited. In this case, it is best to resolutely narrow the scope of the topic.

Second, the value of the topic

Academic research seeks a certain value, which includes both academic value and social value. Therefore, if the size of the topic is still a technical problem that the individual grasps, then the academic value of the paper is one of the more important prerequisites for success. In order to ensure that the topic has certain academic value, first of all, before determining the topic, evaluate the existing research status of the topic to be selected. If you continue to study the topic, whether it has value, this can be from academic value or social value. Measured in two ways.

If there is a certain value in the academic aspect of a topic, then it is necessary to assess whether the materials and assumptions that it has mastered are sufficient to generate new academic value. If it is a new result of introducing and introducing foreign research, it has certain academic value in the country, but it is necessary to estimate its ability to understand and generalize, as well as the level of translation, universal ability and possible social effects.

Social value, that is, some topics seem to have little value in academics, but through their scientific arguments, society can benefit directly and produce good social impact. Such a paper should be treated in the same way as a paper with academic value, but not necessarily directly affecting society. Of course, such papers also require academic norms, but only the measured value standards vary.

The evaluation of the value of the topic should be fully considered when selecting the topic. Listen to the opinions of experts in this discipline and the opinions of some relevant members of the community. Sometimes when the thesis is answered, the author can't say what the value of his paper is. This is a very bad thing and will seriously affect the evaluation of the paper.

Section III Literature Search

The preparation stage of the essay writing that must be experienced

Many humanities-social researchers have this experience: in order to complete a research topic, collect information, read piles

The time spent on hill-like work, taking notes, interviewing people, conducting sample surveys, and statistical analysis can range from a few months to a few years. The more you do the job, the shorter the writing time and the ease it will be. Papers of the size of a master's thesis can be published in a few days.

The most embarrassing situation is that there are not many materials and the ideas are unclear. However, for some reason, it must be written. It takes a lot of painful writing time, and the things that are produced are often limited. Here, especially for the authors of master's thesis, the most important job is to do a good job of literature search. Because of the scale of the paper, it is less likely to conduct sample surveys and a large number of interviews. It is mainly based on the previous research, and some small hypotheses are proposed to demonstrate. Therefore, most of the preparation work is focused on literature retrieval.

Literature search can consider the following steps:

First, focus on the topic selection, conduct material search for the research status in the broad field, and then narrow down to the research field where the topic itself is small. For example, in the research sociology, the topic of "Chinese women's emotions and sexuality", then the scope of understanding should not be limited to Chinese women at first, but should first understand the world women's overall, general emotions, all sexual issues, etc. The situation on the surface is then narrowed down to Chinese women, general emotions and unique Chinese female emotions. After extensive search, and gradually narrowing the scope of the search, it is a necessary step for grasping the status and significance of the topic of preparation for demonstration on a larger scale.

Second, after appropriately narrowing the search scope, a situation that focuses on understanding is the research method of existing research results. What research methods are used, what are the successful experiences and what problems exist; what methods are not used, and whether these methods can produce new conclusions for the topic.

Third, understand the basic situation of different schools. Most of the topics in the history of the subject have different views, and even formed a different school, the search should be more comprehensive understanding and objective analysis, in the comparison to determine their basic views or tendencies. This step has important implications for forming the author's own point of view.

Fourth, in the face of existing materials, analysis of research gaps and inadequacies. At this time, two questions are considered: what is not covered in the scope of the topic; what is involved, but not deep. Both of these situations can be used as a breakthrough in further analysis of the material at hand, and become the main attack aspect of the thesis. The fifth step, the meaning is "sink one sink", think about it.

Fifth, on the basis of the fifth step, consider new issues and new situations that need to be studied. What the predecessors did not touch, but now there is an urgent need for explanation, or where the solution is resolved, new ideas or new perspectives may emerge. If you think about it well, it is easier to draw research results. However, at this time, we must reassess our own ability to grasp, because the interpretation of new problems and new situations requires a certain degree of subject knowledge.

Sixth, after the fifth sum, further objectively find the materials of the subject. At this time, the main direction of the topic has been created, which will generate the motivation to search for materials in depth, and the purpose of literature retrieval is stronger. Most of the materials sought at this time may be directly related to the papers to be written in the future. Therefore, it is important to find materials and take notes at this time.

There are no rules for taking notes. You can use one or more forms according to your own research and personal habits. For example, taking notes by content, taking notes with different authors, mixing notes with loose-leaf paper, and so on. If the material can be borrowed, of course it is better to use a computer to take notes. Organize your notes and organize them according to the logic of writing your thesis in the future. This step is done well and you will feel comfortable when you write. This work is rather slower, and it will achieve twice the result with half the effort when writing a thesis.

A special technical issue is emphasized here, that is, each article of notes or materials must be written down by the author, the famous name, the publication status and the publication time; the foreign author must write down the original name of the foreign language in addition to the translated name. Don't ignore this matter. Many authors of the paper come to the defense to pay attention to the norm of the citation. It is very difficult to look back at the source.

Seventh, the second time to expand the scope of the search, find the theoretical and methodological materials of the relevant disciplines. This time is not a general browsing. Since the main direction of the paper is basically determined, in addition to the knowledge of the subject, there may be many theories and methods that can provide the questions for the argument. Generally speaking, the use of theories and methods of other disciplines will add more academics to the paper. Some of the master's students have neglected this point and only have a limited scope in the narrower scope of the subject.

The eight steps of the above literature search only generally stipulate how to prepare the materials. In fact, for each person, the order of the search steps will not be a pattern. However, most of the papers that are written more standard and can really write new things have gone through the above preparation process. The papers were not very successful, and most of them were lazy when they were reviewed. Laziness in this area is endless.

Before the fourth section

Write the paper in your mind

On the basis of sufficient literature search, the writing of the paper should begin. The first step at this time is not to write immediately, but to prepare for writing. Whether to make a paper in the mind first often affects the progress of the paper writing and the quality of the article. It is better to spend more than a few days to prepare fully, and not to trap time in the writing process.

The time spent on writing should not be very long. Most of the time that you are in the writing stage and not ending is often due to imperfect work in the literature retrieval stage. Since the idea has not been formed, or whether the idea itself is established, there is still a problem, and it cannot be written, but it is not willing to start again. This is the most embarrassing situation, be careful not to drag the time during the argumentation phase.

First, the amount of pre-write

Ready to write by hand, the first question is to make the theoretical assumptions that have been determined, or the problems that you have to solve, or the latest foreign research results that are ready to be popularized, etc., and then do two things:

First, a few days before you start writing, carefully consider whether the main direction of your choice is appropriate, whether the materials are rich, and whether the arguments are valid.

Second, look at the value of your chosen main attack direction, and then measure what you can offer and how much value is available. This is the most important criterion for measuring the level of the paper.

Second, the determination of research factors

The second preparation before hands-on writing is to determine the elements of research, namely, what are the core concepts in the paper, the basic framework, the distribution of the independent variables and the dependent variables in the argument, and so on.

A master's thesis only demonstrates one, at most two to three abstract or specific topics, and the scale of about 30,000 words is generally sufficient. Papers of this size already need to have core concepts, as well as a small number of other concepts that can form a small system. Some papers have been questioned in the defense. One of the main reasons is that the connotation of the concept is unclear, the different concept connotations overlap, and the interrelationship between the various concepts is not appropriate, which leads to logical contradictions in many places.

In the writing of master's thesis, it is necessary to pay attention to the concepts already in use in this discipline, and do not arbitrarily create concepts. A paper that is not a long one. If you adopt many concepts of birth, the concept of light interpretation needs a considerable length. Where can you talk about the argument?

Design the general framework of the paper. This is necessary to write any article of a certain size. For master's thesis, the framework can be designed to "sections", but not too thin. In the middle of writing, it is necessary to adjust frequently in the aspect of argumentation logic and order arrangement. The causal relationship of some specific arguments is equivalent to the interpretation of the new concept of vocabulary in the argument, which is equivalent to the nature of the "hyperlink" of the Internet. Often something. Being designed in advance will limit your thinking. The more general "chapter", we must design several programs to ensure that the arguments highlight the main points of view, let other parts focus on the main points. The "chapter" is the basic skeleton of the thesis. The content of each chapter should be connected and ordered, and the number of words is roughly the same.

Third, the determination of research methods

Any academic paper needs to be demonstrated through certain research methods in order to prove its own argument or explain a certain problem, or to provide a reasonable explanation for the method of solving the problem. Master's thesis is a medium-scale study. Although a single research method can be used, more papers are now dominated by one, and the other is supplemented, and the research methods are diversified.

Humanities-social science studies follow the laws of science; non-scientific "research" often manifests itself in the description of individual experiences, random observations, personal feelings, generalizations using unproven common sense, and so on. Such "research" does not follow strict logic, does not consider enough variables and the relationship between variables, and the derived conclusions are often one-sided, and are easily overturned by other facts that cannot be covered.

There are two major types of scientific research methods, one is speculative research, the purpose is to obtain the conclusion of the relationship between things; the other is empirical research, the purpose is to obtain the knowledge of the attributes of things. The empirical research is divided into two methods: “qualitative research” and “quantitative research”. Qualitative research focuses on observations and interviews, and concludes on the attributes of things through inductive analysis, discovery from data, experiential interviews, and observations. Quantitative research draws conclusions about the attributes of things through artificially controlled environments, with hypothetical deductive questions, representative statistics, and experiments. If the topic is of an empirical nature, it is generally best to use a combination of qualitative and quantitative research, with one method as the main method and the other method as the supplement.

Note: The current understanding of “qualitative research” often misleads speculative research. Speculative research refers to a comprehensive and logical analysis of topics from the perspective of culture, history, and political economy. "Qualitative research" is a method of empirical research, such as interviews, observations, and data analysis. The specific problems, the purpose, the way and the speculative research are quite different.

Regardless of any research method, there is no distinction between high and low, depending on your choice of topic. The thesis of philosophy, history theory and literary theory is more suitable for the research method of speculation; the papers on economics, sociology, communication, ethnology and international relations are mostly empirical studies. Among them, the quantitative research method is the main method, and the data of the giants can be used by the survey materials of professional institutions.

Doing your best is a question that should be paid attention to when determining the quantitative research method for master's thesis. If the conditions are not available, don't be greedy and do it yourself to do a more general social survey. Otherwise, it will make it difficult to ride a tiger.

Both qualitative and quantitative research have their own advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, it is necessary to understand some of the current debates in order to choose the trade-offs when researching methods. Some researchers believe that quantification techniques such as scales and statistical analysis, computer simulations, and data simplification techniques can make arguments stand up to testing and certification; others believe that the current level of human-social science development requires It is too imaginary to find out the true causal relationship of social phenomena. Quantitative research to explain social phenomena, sometimes seemingly unnatural and lack of humanity, oversimplifies social phenomena. [4]

The argument of the fifth section of the paper

Unification of argument and argument

It is true that at the stage of writing argumentation, there are not many words to say, because the arguments carried out by different papers vary widely, and only some arguments can be involved here. In the case that the main topic of the topic selection and argumentation has been determined, the so-called writing is actually a lot of arguments, through argumentation, to prove that the author's hypothesis is established, or the interpretation of a certain phenomenon, the proposed method of solving the problem is established. The unity of arguments and arguments is exactly what we want to achieve in thesis writing.

Arguments, the various materials prepared to prove their point of view, including data from empirical investigations, numerous facts, opinions of authoritative sources, historical evidence, and so on. What needs to be explained here is that, in addition to a few realistic political topics, “authoritative persons” mainly refer to specialized experts in this field of the profession, rather than political leaders in power, and academic and political theory propaganda requires “authority”. People talk, there is a difference.

There is no value in the argument if it is not demonstrated. Once the arguments are ready, then it is necessary to focus on each argument and use all aspects of knowledge in your mind to demonstrate. The argument includes basic logical arguments, namely the common syllogism, as well as inductive arguments, etc.; then quantitative argumentation. As far as the form of argumentation is concerned, arguments can also be divided into positive arguments, counter arguments, set arguments, refutations, metaphors, and so on.

One of the most frequently discussed arguments in master's thesis is that the arguments are too thin to fully explain the argument.

Citation of the sixth section of the paper

Focus on standardization and corresponding

Now, how to standardize the citation of master's thesis, the institutions are not unified, but there is no difference in the requirements of the norm. The requirements of the "Journals" of the universities for the citation of the papers have begun to be consistent this year, but there are still many differences between the master's thesis and the papers published in the journals. At least for the time being, the citations of the "Journals" papers cannot be fully applied. Here I introduce the requirements of the papers cited by the Department of Journalism of the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. It is based on the citation and annotation specifications of the Hong Kong and Taiwan Chinese master thesis. The specific norms can now be different for the time being, but the principles should be consistent, that is, respect the copyright of the cited person, the citation is clear, and it is easy to find the check. In this regard, talk about the following specific requirements:

First, in view of the strong academic nature of the master's thesis, there may be more citations and non-textual notes to be indicated. If the “page bet” method is adopted, some papers

Some pages, the comment section will be more than the text; if a book is cited for many times, it must be repeated to indicate the same author, famous name, publishing house and publishing time, etc., which is annoying. In order to solve this problem, the citation source and the non-text comment are processed separately.

Non-textual notes are numbered uniformly in the text. All such notes are concentrated after the paper, and the paper is followed by “comments”.

In the article, the citation is used to indicate the source. Instead of using the numbered page to place a bet, the parenthesis is followed by a parenthesis, followed by the author and the publication year. If the book is cited, add a colon after the age to indicate the page number. The final component of the paper should be “References”, listing all the articles and other materials cited in the paper. No matter how many times a monograph is cited, the basics of the author, publication time, name, and publishing house of this work appear only once in the “references”. In the brackets after the text is quoted, it is required to list the publication years. This is convenient for the reader to feel the new and old materials cited; different page numbers have been given in the text brackets.

Second, after the citation or retelling in the non-textual notes, brackets are also used, only the author, the date of publication, and the page number of the book.

Third, in order to facilitate the search check, the "references" are sorted by the author's name. Chinese works are of a type, arranged in the order of the author's last name; Chinese papers are one type, and are also arranged according to the author's strokes. English and other Latin theories are compiled together, and the works and the papers are arranged separately, in alphabetical order according to the author's last name. The works of Russian, Japanese, Arabic, Brahman, Huishen, and Yan are separately grouped and arranged in the alphabetical order of the author's last name.

Fourth, there is no clear citation or retelling in the text, but it does provide an idea for the writing of the thesis. It can also be listed in the “References”, which is convenient for reviewers to examine the perspective of the author's literature search.

Fifth, the articles in the "References" may have a small amount of unpublished, but to indicate the original or current state, generally also indicate the writing time.

6. The order of each of the articles in the “References” is: the name of the author, the time of publication in brackets, the name of the book after the colon, the name of the publisher or journal, and the issue number.

Seven, citing the different works of the same author, arranged in the order of publication of the book. Both in the text and in the reference, they are distinguished by a, b, c, ... after the date of publication.

Eight, cited in the Chinese translation of the author, the text in the brackets of the original author's Chinese translation "last name". The translator is marked with a bracket after the famous name of the "References".

Nine, in this way, the elements of the paper are arranged as follows:

Title, catalog, introductory, positive article section, concluding remarks, numbered notes, references, postscripts. The abstracts, keywords, etc. are set for easy understanding and review, and are necessary, but not part of the paper.

X. The name of the foreigner, the name of the institution and some special terms that appear for the first time in the text or notes. In addition to the usual ones, the Chinese translation should be bracketed and the original name should be indicated. However, it is generally limited to the text of the Latin system. Some non-Latin scripts are not required due to printing difficulties.

After all, there are tens of thousands of words in the master's thesis. After completing the thesis, you need to carefully organize the materials so that the text corresponds to the “numbered notes” and “references”. One of the main technical problems of the master's thesis is that it does not pay attention to the finishing of materials and does not comply with the technical requirements of the paper. Sometimes, this seemingly unimportant technical question in the defense makes the evaluation of the paper greatly compromised, because it shows that the author's academic attitude is not rigorous. This kind of reason is not worth it.

Frequently, the problems in the citation standard are cited or rehearsed in the main text, but the source is not indicated; or although it is marked, the corresponding material can not be found in the "references", and several pages of paper are full of famous names, that is, before and after It is not annoying, it is very annoying to the readers. The reason is not to forget the list, or not in a certain order. In the identification of the age, page number error, and the loss of words or sentences in the citation, falsified or copied, causing distortion of meaning, is another common problem, which is mainly caused by not checking the original text after the citation.