How to write scientific papers

The requirements for thesis writing are described in the order of the structure of the article.

topic

Scientific papers have questions and cannot be "untitled." The topic is generally about 20 words. The size of the question should be consistent with the content, try not to set a sub-question, do not use the first report, the second report and the like. The topics are all straightforward, without exclamation marks or question marks, and can not be written as slogans or news reports.

signature

Scientific papers should be signed by real names and real work units. It mainly reflects responsibility, results attribution and facilitates follow-up research. In the strict sense, the author refers to those who are responsible for the whole process of selecting topics, arguments, consulting literature, designing schemes, establishing methods, experimental operations, organizing materials, summarizing and summarizing, writing and writing, etc., and should be able to answer questions about the article. Nowadays, the people who participate in the work are all listed, and they should be arranged in order of contribution. The signature should be approved by me. Academic directors can be listed as authors or generally thanks to the actual situation. Executive leaders are generally not signed.

introduction

It is a fascinating statement, it is very important to write well. A good introduction often allows the reader to understand the history of your work and its position in this research direction. It is necessary to write the basis, basis, background and research purpose of the topic. It is necessary to review the necessary documents and explain the development of the problem. The text should be concise.

Materials and Methods

Write experimental objects, equipment, animals and reagents and their specifications according to the regulations, write experimental methods, indicators, judgment standards, etc., and write experimental design, grouping, statistical processing methods. The above details have already reminded you.

Experimental result

It should be highly summarized, carefully analyzed, and logically laid out. You should go to the rough to get the essence, to falsify the truth, but you can't subjectively choose because you don't meet your own intentions, and you can't falsify. Only data obtained during periods of unskilled or unstable instrumentation, data obtained in the event of technical failure or operational error, and data obtained when the experimental conditions are not met can be discarded. Moreover, the reason must be indicated on the original record at the time of the discovery of the problem, and it cannot be arbitrarily eliminated due to the abnormality in the summary processing. When discarding such data, the experimental data of the same period should be discarded under the same conditions, and it is not possible to discard only those who are not.

discuss

It is more important in the paper and a part that is more difficult to write. We should look at the overall situation, grasp the main controversial issues, and proceed from the perceptual understanding to the rational understanding. Analyze and reason the experimental results without repeating the experimental results. It is important to discuss the results and opinions in the relevant literature at home and abroad, and to show that Bai’s views, especially the opposite viewpoints, should not be avoided. In the discussion, hypotheses can be put forward and the development concept of this topic can be proposed, but the proportion should be appropriate and cannot be written as “sci-fi” or “imaginary”.

The conclusion or conclusion should be written with clear and reliable results and a conclusive conclusion. The text should be concise and can be written one by one. Don't use vague words like "summary".

references

This is a very important part of the paper and there are many problems. The purpose of listing references is to let the reader understand the ins and outs of the research proposition, to facilitate the search, but also to respect the predecessors' labor and to accurately locate their own work. Therefore, there are both technical and scientific ethical issues.

In a paper, there is a need to quote references almost from beginning to end. For example, the most important and directly relevant literature on this topic should be cited in the introduction; the method adopted or borrowed should be cited in the method; the data compared with the literature should sometimes be cited in the results; Various supported or contradictory results and opinions related to this article.

Acknowledgement

Instructors, technical collaborators, those who provide special reagents or equipment, funders, and those who have made important recommendations are acknowledged. Acknowledgements should be sincere, real, and not vulgar. Don't give a general thank you, don't just thank the professor for not thanking others. Before you write a thank you, you must get the consent of the person who is thanked, and you can't pull the flag for the tiger skin.

Summary or feed

Briefly summarize the full text in about 200 words. Always put the first article. Be meticulously written and attractive. To let the reader see the abstract is like seeing the epitome of the full text, or reading the abstract, I want to continue to read the relevant part of the full text. In addition, you should also give a few keywords, keywords should write a really critical academic vocabulary, do not stick to general terms.

---------------------------------------------

As the saying goes, "Doing more with less," means that no matter what you do, as long as the method is right, you can do the most work with the least amount of effort.

For example, if you want to develop a bank's inter-line connection system today, in addition to being able to cope with the inter-bank business operations, the system must have an ATM that allows many customers to cross the line. In addition to the computer major, there are customer behaviors, business management, organizational strategies, etc., and the links between the links are different, showing the "things" and "gongs". A highly complex relationship between the two. Therefore, to complete this complicated and huge task, the analysis and execution of "things" and "work" are the primary tasks. For example, at the beginning, it is simply thought that it can be done independently by one or two programmers, ignoring other links, and the problems that are subsequently derived, I am afraid that it is not an annoyance that can be said to be half the battle.

On the contrary, if you choose the right method at the beginning, there is a very thorough system analysis and design, and the entire project management and control also has a complete management system, even if the system has no perfection, it can still Efficiently carry out the implementation, and then improve it with ease and achieve good quality requirements beyond expectations. This is what we talked about at the beginning of "doing more with less."

The same is true for research. If you have a correct set of methods, you can achieve the effect of "doing more with less." However, some people may question that doing research is a very difficult thing, and it requires a very broad knowledge and a solid academic foundation. In fact, in this article, we will introduce the methods and techniques for researching readers, and hope to have positive help for readers who are interested in academic research.

In this article, we will first introduce the motivations and research categories of research, and hope to have a preliminary understanding of the beginners. This is followed by the focus of this article - the research methods and methods, in which we introduce a lot of research skills, and also briefly describes how to write a research report, the research results are presented in a complete and effective way. Finally, we briefly introduce some tools that are helpful for doing research.

First, research motivation

Everyone doing research has different motives. The general research motivation can be roughly divided into the following categories: pursuit of degree, promotion, personal interest and work needs. The motivation for research may vary from person to person, from time to time, from place to place, but in any case, these are the biggest drivers of their efforts to engage in research to achieve their goals in life.

1 degree

Most of the students do research in order to obtain a master's or doctoral degree. This is the most basic test that most students who are engaged in academic research must pass; but they also have different stage requirements due to different master's or doctoral degrees. In general, learning how to do research and writing research reports is the first priority. In particular, the training of graduate students in this field is absolutely necessary, and the research results of doctoral students are usually required to reach a certain level. The international level is OK.

2 liters, etc.

University law stipulates that the promotion of university teachers and the existence of academic works are the most basic indicators of review. Some university teachers do not have master's and doctoral degrees, but if their research results can meet the review standards, they can still be promoted to associate professors or professors. Therefore, the study of teachers ascending, etc., is like water to fish, which is absolutely important for colleagues in the academic field.

3 interests

Some people are immersed in the fun of research and invention for the research work, and most of them are interested in doing research far more than other research motives. Often these people's research results are relatively fruitful, and can be uninterrupted and persevering. Therefore, if anyone can cultivate interest in doing research, it will definitely help the generation and accumulation of research results.

4 work

In terms of the staff of research units in high-tech companies, the motivation for their research is inextricably linked to the needs of the work. Whether their research is on developing new products, new technologies, or developing key components, their research focus is on commercializing research results and bringing business benefits to the company. The goal of profit-making in this research is the biggest difference between the for-profit business and academic research institutions.

Second, the research category

The category of the study refers to the nature of the research question itself. Some studies are independent verification of the research results of others, or the applicability of their research results under different conditions or environments; while some studies are basic scientific research, discussing the theoretical framework; some are the development of new technologies. . Combine the various research contents, which can be classified as follows:

1 redo

For this type of research, the main research focus is on the research results of others, to see if it can be applied to other conditions or environments. For example, new drugs developed by experiments in small white mice can be used to study whether it is suitable for humans, or to further study whether the drug has other side effects. This kind of research work focuses on the design and verification of experiments. We also often teach and guide students to engage in this type of research work. It is a repetitive verification of developed theory or experiment, and it has the complement of teaching and research. Benefits.

2 implementation

Most of the research work carried out by the general industry is to turn the research results into usable products, emphasizing the improvement and optimization of the manufacturing or manufacturing process of the products, that is, the problems encountered in the output process, and further thinking and solving. Such solutions often have the value of publishing a paper. In addition, the study of the availability of its goods, that is, the development of its commercial value, is also one of the studies of academic value. For example, the “process” that the semiconductor industry focuses on is the focus of research in this industry, because it involves the two major factors of production capacity and quality, which are related to the company's competitiveness and profitability. It has always been a factor that the industry is willing to invest in research.

3 Solve the problem

Researchers engaged in academic research mostly ask their own solutions to a problem, and most of these problems are already existing and of considerable importance. If the issue is raised by oneself, it is necessary to further examine whether the issue itself is critical and important. In addition, the high or low academic status of the researchers themselves will also affect the importance of the outside world. Therefore, we usually do not encourage students to ask new questions, but only need to solve the existing problems, such as: sorting problems. Although many methods have been proposed so far, if researchers can propose a certain condition The sorting algorithm superior to other existing methods is also a research with academic value.

Third, research methods and methods

In this section, we will describe a few methods and methods for doing research. What is important is that these methods are not very difficult. Just remember that you will have some help in doing research.

̈ Brains should be clear

Clear brains mean that you need to be very clear about the problem you are studying and what the current research is on. Usually we can see the problems and backgrounds of the papers from the introductions of other papers, and we can also learn about the existing research status, and summarize the methods and effects that have been proposed from the relevant references in the paper. Then, you can think about whether there is room for improvement, or whether the original author's opinion is insufficient or inappropriate. Thinking from these perspectives will help to find new research directions and topics. Therefore, fully understanding the research problem itself is the first and most important step in doing research. The easiest way to train how to quickly identify research questions is to find some research papers published in the standard journals and study them. Usually, these good journals have higher requirements on the quality of the papers. The description of the research questions in the papers is also complete and appropriate, which is one of the reasons why we usually ask students to study more high-quality papers.

̈ The method should be simple

As mentioned before, doing research is nothing more than trying to figure out a solution to the problem, but the method will be thought of by everyone, and each has its own ingeniousness. If we look closely at some outstanding research, we will find that most of the proposed methods are quite simple, such as the bubble sorting method in the algorithm, which is a good example. Another example is the public key cryptosystem rsa, which is the most famous in cryptography. It is also a fairly simple method and is effective.

This kind of method, at the beginning of the publication, always makes people feel incomprehensible, but after you understand the original reason, and realize the mystery of making people scream, you have to admire the author's cleverness, shock It seems that it is not easy to be "simple". This kind of experience, combined with the simple method and easy to keep in mind, like the copper plate in the pocket, is highly mastery, and when you face problems and puzzling, it is the solution that makes any possible solution jump out. source. Therefore, we recommend that readers should keep in mind that “simple is good” when doing research, rather than relying on unconscious and complex thinking, because the complexity of the method usually means that the performance is not too good, and the research results are naturally not. It's easy to write, and it's harder to talk about publishing.

̈ Nature is beautiful

There are many people who often complain that they want to

There is no good way to do this. In fact, this is normal, but if we can find inspiration through the things around us, it may help you come up with a rather clever way. People often admire a beautiful thing with "awesome work", which means that the beautiful things are like the natural beauty. Poets also often say "big chunks of fake articles," which means that nature can often inspire their creative inspiration. Therefore, doing research can also be natural, and the inspiration for finding solutions from nature is a good method. For example, the most commonly used tree structure in data structures is an example, especially binary trees are simpler. And it is efficient.

The basic requirement of International Business Machines Corporation for its employees is - thinking, they hope that every employee, whether it is the supervisor or the staff, can develop the habit of thinking, and everything can be considered again and again, so as to reduce the occurrence of mistakes, and secondly, It can also effectively increase productivity. The same is true for research, especially when studying the methods of others. We must use the mentality of scrutiny to make the tentacles of thinking stretch, such as the author's thinking point, the motivation behind it, whether there is a better practice and association. Wait, such a long time will certainly develop a good habit of thinking from time to time. Then, when you face different problems, you can intuitively grasp the key points of the problem, and then you can quickly move toward an effective solution.

We must realize that all research results are products of thinking. Unless it is plagiarism, it is inevitable that you must think hard when you are engaged in research. When you have the habit of thinking at any time, the ideas will be smoother. It is absolutely helpful to make good research results.

High Quality

The word "quality is the way of our life" is also from ibm, meaning "quality is our way of survival." In the fierce commercial competition, the customer's trust in the product depends on the quality of the product, and no one will be willing to use the inferior product. The same is true for research. The method you think of is definitely not to spend your fists. If the long-term research performance is not good, it will definitely be positioned as a high-quality researcher.

Let's talk about the ultimate goal of research. It is the publication of research results and the widespread acceptance of it. It is not the mentality of doing research. Therefore, it is very important to disclose your research results to the world through high-quality writing. Without beating, grammar, mathematical symbols and punctuation errors, etc. are the most basic requirements. As for the content of the article, how to structure and describe it, interested readers can refer to another article by the author "writing scientific research papers" Essentials [1], which details the mistakes that most people make when writing research papers.

̈ Select the theme

Everyone should carefully choose the research topic according to their own research environment. For example, if the funding is not very sufficient, do not choose research topics that require expensive research equipment. If it is determined to do so, it can be expected that the research will fall into the dilemma that cannot be smoothly promoted. Even if it is done in a difficult way, the results are usually difficult to accept. As for how to choose a research theme, the method is actually very simple. First of all, it is first to look for areas of interest. After all, doing things that are already of interest will be more aggressive. If there is no concept in the field of research, you should ask the professor. Give assistance and suggest research directions.

The second method is to choose a topic that is easier to publish research results, that is, to choose a journal journal or an international conference that is more willing to accept. According to the survey, the main reason why most academic papers are not accepted for publication is that one of the main reasons is that the research topic is not in conformity with the nature of the journal. Therefore, the more consistent the research topic and the journal characteristics, the higher the possibility that the manuscript will be accepted, and the relative research results will have more opportunities to be accepted and published, which makes it easier to achieve your research goals.

have a bee in one's bonnet

When we are very focused on thinking about a certain problem, it is often easy to fall into the frame of some thoughts and not be able to extricate ourselves. Naturally, it is difficult to come up with a good method. In fact, thinking has a way to follow. For example, the method of reverse thinking is a simple and commonly used method, especially when it is trapped in the thoughts. Brain thinking is actually the beginning of activating thoughts, and it is not necessary to be too obsessed with certain methods or principles. Any thoughts that are unconstrained can happen freely. Believe in the seemingly disorderly thoughts, the inspiration is often more subtle.

After touching a lot of research topics, it is not difficult to find that many of the problems discussed are very similar in nature, so if you already know or have developed an effective solution to a problem, you can move it. Turning or applying to other similar issues, this is the fastest way to get results, just like moving flowers, you can quickly create different fruits. However, the successful transfer of flowers depends on the accumulation of experience and throughput, so that you can use the source and the freedom.

̈ Be quick, be good

A fun or famous question, the way to seek answers, usually attracts the attention and participation of many researchers, and the parties to the answers are often similar. Therefore, whether the research results can be published first, without losing the opportunity, is the goal of the researchers. Therefore, unless the problem you are studying is what you have created, we suggest that the pace of research should be as fast as possible, otherwise the method you think of will be thought of by others, and if your research is slower than others, then your research results will be There is a considerable possibility that you will not be able to publish it, thus wasting your hard work.

In short, in order to avoid the sigh of the top, we must have the worst plan, the most powerful, and let ourselves do the research more actively.

We encourage you to think more at any time, as long as you have time to think about the problem you are working on. Multiple open thinking activities are often the inspiration of precious inspiration, and often have the magical flash of the moment, and this precious whimsy is often a recipe for solving problems. If you can't write down, usually it won't take long. Forgot, and then annoyed by the loss of this memory. Although it's not always possible to come up with a good idea every time, we would rather remember more and don't miss a good opportunity. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the habit of taking notes at hand. This is a good habit that researchers should keep.

̈ safflower green leaf

If the method you are developing is not entirely original, that is to say, a similar method has been proposed before, it is necessary to review the methods of others in detail when writing the research report, and analyze the differences with the methods proposed by you. What is the nature, strengths and weaknesses, and at the same time try to highlight the advantages of your method, not just a description. Just for description, even if your method is so good, I am afraid it is difficult to be accepted by people. This is the reason why the so-called safflower must be accompanied by green leaves.

Doing research is like sharpening a knife. If the research is not continuous, each research will make you feel more difficult; on the contrary, it will make you more and more like a fish. Therefore, we very much hope that researchers will understand the "baseball philosophy of research". Researching should be like playing baseball. Intensive beating can effectively get the most scores. It is hard to expect to win by winning the home run.

When you have worked hard to complete a research paper and put it into a journal magazine, you will usually expect it, and hope that they can accept your paper. However, sometimes it is counterproductive, and many people are being rejected. After the setbacks, there is often an intuitive impulse to abandon the paper. In fact, we should not have this negative thought. Instead, we should actively modify it according to the opinions of the reviewers, and then re-invest in other journals or conferences suitable for this paper. Don't waste you in vain. The result of hard work.

̈ Submission must be accurate

As mentioned above, the reason why the paper is not accepted is mostly because it does not meet the requirements of the journal. Therefore, it is very important to carefully select the target for the subject you are studying. However, if the contribution of your published results is not very high, you do not need to invest in first-rate journals, because the review work of these journals is quite quite careful and will take a lot of time. As for the judgment and decision of the submitted journal, it is up to the experience to help.

After you carefully select a research field, you must consistently conduct research in this field to avoid the saying that "soy sauce" is not enough. It is hard to get a good result in the depth of a research field.