Method of accumulating materials in graduation thesis
First, the scope of the collection of graduation thesis materials
Writing a thesis must be in full possession of information. A paper of about 5,000 words is written, and it may be necessary to collect tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of words of information. The information is the basis of the graduation thesis writing. There is no information. "The clever woman is difficult to be without the rice." The research is impossible, the viewpoint cannot be established, and the paper cannot be formed. Therefore, the detailed possession of information is another extremely important task before the graduation thesis is written.
Before writing a thesis, at least the following five aspects should be taken:
First, first-hand information. First-hand information includes written materials and digital materials directly related to the topic, such as statistical materials, typical cases, experience summaries, etc., as well as sensible materials that they have acquired in their own hands. This is the basic basis for the arguments and claims put forward in the paper. Without such information, a written thesis can only become an empty talk with no real value. Pay attention to early collection of first-hand information, and pay attention to its authenticity, typicality, novelty and accuracy.
Second, the research results of others. This refers to the latest developments in academic research on the subject at home and abroad. Writing a thesis is not done out of thin air, but on the basis of the research results of others. Therefore, for the problems that others have solved, it is no longer necessary to repeat the research. People can use this as a starting point and can get it from it. Useful inspiration, reference and guidance. For those who have not solved the problem, or solve the problem of unsatisfactory, they can continue to study and explore on the basis of others' research. Don't just focus on writing, no matter what others study, otherwise, the rational understanding of the written thesis will be far lower than the level that the predecessors have reached.
Third, the material of the marginal discipline. The current era is the information age, and the human knowledge system has shown a state of great differentiation and integration. The gap between traditional disciplines has been gradually broken, and dazzling branch disciplines and marginal disciplines have emerged. Efforts to master the materials of the marginal disciplines are of great benefit to the subject research and subject research. It can make our research more open and more analytical. For example, research related topics in economics must use knowledge in management, sociology, science, and demography. The practice of a large number of research work shows that it is difficult to write high-quality papers without knowing some of the knowledge of marginal disciplines, not mastering the materials of some marginal disciplines, and having narrow knowledge and narrow ideas.
Fourth, relevant statements of celebrities, relevant policy documents, etc. The celebrity's discourse is extremely authoritative, and it is of great benefit to explain the argument accurately and forcefully. As for the party's relevant policies and policies, it not only reflects the practical experience of socialist modernization, but also reflects the various problems faced in the actual work. Therefore, all practical problems must be possessed and clearly understood. Otherwise, there will be parties with the party. The inconsistent statements and policies made the paper a big flaw.
Fifth, the background material. Collecting and researching background materials helps to broaden the thinking, comprehensively research and improve the quality of the paper. For example, to study Marx's theory of commodity economy, we should not only study his works, but also vigorously collect the social, political, and economic background materials he was in at that time, so as to obtain in-depth research results.
Second, data collection and classification methods
There are many ways to collect information. The main methods are the following:
First, make a card. Use cards to collect data, easy to sort, easy to save, easy to find, and can be combined and can be combined at any time. Cards can be made by yourself or at a stationery store. A question is usually written on a card. When there is too much content, it can be written on several cards. Of course, in the process of collecting information, whether or not to make a card can be used according to each person's habits.
Second, take notes. Taking notes is a must for any graduate thesis writer. Good memory is not as bad as writing. When reading newspapers and magazines, when you are engaged in research and research, you should carry pens and papers with you, and keep a record of the contents of the required materials, or related Feelings of experience, theoretical views, etc. When taking notes, it is best to vacate one-third of the paper area for writing, understanding, and understanding of the excerpts.
Third, scrapbooking. Cut useful materials from newspapers, publications, or copy them with a copy machine, and then cut and paste. The advantage of categorizing the materials to be clipped on a notebook, loose-leaf paper or card is that it saves time in sand writing.
Whether you use cards to collect data, extract data, or cut and paste materials, you must indicate the source. If it is a work, indicate the author, title, publishing unit, date of issue; if it is a newspaper, indicate the author, title, edition, newspaper name, date of issue; if it is a magazine, indicate the author, Title, magazine name, volume number, page number, etc., so that the appendix is behind the graduation thesis.
Don't let go of the collected information, ignore it, read it carefully, classify it carefully, and conduct research. The main classification methods are as follows:
The first, subject classification. According to a certain point of view, the information is grouped into groups. This "constant view" can be a comprehensive view or a self-developed view.
For example, in order to study the preconditions for cultivating the construction labor market, the author has drawn up four viewpoints: First, the determination of the market economic system creates an objective environment for the construction of the labor market; second, the formation of the construction product market for the construction labor market. The cultivation raises the requirements of reality; the third is that the deepening of urban and rural system reform provides a reliable guarantee for the formation of the labor market; the fourth is that the establishment of the construction labor market is an inherent requirement of the particularity of employment in the construction industry, and according to these four points of view The data is classified so that it can deepen the understanding of the data and further clarify and systematize the understanding.
Second, the project taxonomy. That is, according to certain attributes, the collected data is classified into categories. Here is a description of the project classification of Comrade Wang Lianshan from Liaoning University:
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------
1. Classic writers, celebrity speeches
2. Concept theory class project 3. Scientific definitions, theorems, formulas, regulations
4. General axioms, common sense, idioms, proverbs, secret sentences, famous sayings
5. The author's point of view
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------
1. Individual cases, including facts, character activities, speech, poetry and other factual items quoted by the author of the data. Various statistics, charts
3. Fragment of the author of the material
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------
1. I always remember the feelings
2. Observation of the desired items
3. Survey income
4. Sporadic transcript
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------
Third, the collection of information collected
How to sort out the collected data? The process of data sorting is essentially the process of data analysis. There are several aspects of work that are indispensable.
The first is to analyze the applicability of the data. The basis for selecting materials can only be the central argument that the author wants to clarify. What information is available and what cannot be used depends on this central argument. Once the central argument of the thesis is determined, it is the thing that governs everything, and the information must be subordinated to the central argument. It is impossible to transfer some materials that cannot fully explain the problem to make an explanation for the forced attachment. It is also impossible to put all the information into the article, making the article bloated and complicated, and the center is not prominent, and the space is expanded. For example, in the article "Several Issues Concerning the Relationship between Urban Renewal and Landscaping", the author collected a large amount of information about landscaping, but did not collect information on the relationship between urban construction and landscaping. These unsuitable materials were included in the paper. The paper center was diluted and the quality of the paper was reduced.
The second is to analyze the comprehensiveness of the data. If the materials are not comprehensive and there is a lack of material in one aspect, the discourse of the paper is often not complete, not comprehensive, there will be biases, loopholes, or it is difficult to justify the lack of evidence. For example, the article "On the manager responsibility system and the democratic management of employees" is an example. Since the author only collected the information that the two depend on each other and promoted each other, and did not collect the contradictory data, the article only did half of the article, how to deal with it. The important aspect of the contradiction between the two is overlooked, which greatly affects the quality of the paper.
The third is to analyze the authenticity of the data. Whether the data is true or not is directly related to the success or failure of the paper. Only scientific and reliable data can lead to scientific conclusions. In this respect, we must pay attention to: First, we must respect objective reality and avoid preconceived ideas. The choice of materials cannot be mixed with personal likes and dislikes and prejudice, and cannot misrepresent the original objectivity of the materials; Second, the choice of information must be based on evidence, the first-hand information to be used must have a history, the second-hand information must be carefully checked with the original literature to obtain the maximum accuracy; third, the source of the data To discern, to understand the original author's political attitude, life background, writing intentions, and objective analysis and evaluation, the social sciences should pay more attention to this point.
The fourth is to analyze whether the information is novel. The so-called novel information includes two aspects: on the one hand, it refers to new things, new ideas, new discoveries, and new directions that have never been seen before. For example, the author of the article "The Share Cooperative System Economics" has chosen At the time, new trends in the emerging rural cooperative-stock economy in China's land were studied. On the other hand, it means that something has existed for a long time, but people have not found its value. This is also a novel material. For example, in the article "On the Cycle of Population and Economy", the relationship between population and economy already exists. There is a virtuous circle and a vicious circle between them. This is also an objective fact. These two cycles will bring two fundamentally different consequences. This has hardly been known before. It is now a novel source of information to reveal the consequences of the two cycles, and to clarify the importance of controlling the population. Therefore, the so-called novelty not only requires time for data generation, but more importantly, it is necessary to find out what has not been used by others from the commonly used materials.
The fifth is to analyze the typicality of the data. The typicality of the so-called data means that this material is fully representative of the rational understanding it has proven. Engels's "On Authority" chose three examples of spinning mills, railways, and navigation as arguments. The first argument is the most detailed, the second argument is more general, and the third argument is just a light stroke. Without explaining more, he explained the problem: "On the one hand, it is a certain authority, no matter how it is caused, on the other hand, it is a certain obedience. The two, regardless of social organization, in the production of products. Under the material conditions on which circulation depends, we are all necessary." There are not many materials, but they have irrefutable logic power. An important reason for this effect is that the material is chosen to be very precise.
Writing a thesis must be in full possession of information. A paper of about 5,000 words is written, and it may be necessary to collect tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of words of information. The information is the basis of the graduation thesis writing. There is no information. "The clever woman is difficult to be without the rice." The research is impossible, the viewpoint cannot be established, and the paper cannot be formed. Therefore, the detailed possession of information is another extremely important task before the graduation thesis is written.
Before writing a thesis, at least the following five aspects should be taken:
First, first-hand information. First-hand information includes written materials and digital materials directly related to the topic, such as statistical materials, typical cases, experience summaries, etc., as well as sensible materials that they have acquired in their own hands. This is the basic basis for the arguments and claims put forward in the paper. Without such information, a written thesis can only become an empty talk with no real value. Pay attention to early collection of first-hand information, and pay attention to its authenticity, typicality, novelty and accuracy.
Second, the research results of others. This refers to the latest developments in academic research on the subject at home and abroad. Writing a thesis is not done out of thin air, but on the basis of the research results of others. Therefore, for the problems that others have solved, it is no longer necessary to repeat the research. People can use this as a starting point and can get it from it. Useful inspiration, reference and guidance. For those who have not solved the problem, or solve the problem of unsatisfactory, they can continue to study and explore on the basis of others' research. Don't just focus on writing, no matter what others study, otherwise, the rational understanding of the written thesis will be far lower than the level that the predecessors have reached.
Third, the material of the marginal discipline. The current era is the information age, and the human knowledge system has shown a state of great differentiation and integration. The gap between traditional disciplines has been gradually broken, and dazzling branch disciplines and marginal disciplines have emerged. Efforts to master the materials of the marginal disciplines are of great benefit to the subject research and subject research. It can make our research more open and more analytical. For example, research related topics in economics must use knowledge in management, sociology, science, and demography. The practice of a large number of research work shows that it is difficult to write high-quality papers without knowing some of the knowledge of marginal disciplines, not mastering the materials of some marginal disciplines, and having narrow knowledge and narrow ideas.
Fourth, relevant statements of celebrities, relevant policy documents, etc. The celebrity's discourse is extremely authoritative, and it is of great benefit to explain the argument accurately and forcefully. As for the party's relevant policies and policies, it not only reflects the practical experience of socialist modernization, but also reflects the various problems faced in the actual work. Therefore, all practical problems must be possessed and clearly understood. Otherwise, there will be parties with the party. The inconsistent statements and policies made the paper a big flaw.
Fifth, the background material. Collecting and researching background materials helps to broaden the thinking, comprehensively research and improve the quality of the paper. For example, to study Marx's theory of commodity economy, we should not only study his works, but also vigorously collect the social, political, and economic background materials he was in at that time, so as to obtain in-depth research results.
Second, data collection and classification methods
There are many ways to collect information. The main methods are the following:
First, make a card. Use cards to collect data, easy to sort, easy to save, easy to find, and can be combined and can be combined at any time. Cards can be made by yourself or at a stationery store. A question is usually written on a card. When there is too much content, it can be written on several cards. Of course, in the process of collecting information, whether or not to make a card can be used according to each person's habits.
Second, take notes. Taking notes is a must for any graduate thesis writer. Good memory is not as bad as writing. When reading newspapers and magazines, when you are engaged in research and research, you should carry pens and papers with you, and keep a record of the contents of the required materials, or related Feelings of experience, theoretical views, etc. When taking notes, it is best to vacate one-third of the paper area for writing, understanding, and understanding of the excerpts.
"1" "2" "3"
Third, scrapbooking. Cut useful materials from newspapers, publications, or copy them with a copy machine, and then cut and paste. The advantage of categorizing the materials to be clipped on a notebook, loose-leaf paper or card is that it saves time in sand writing.
Whether you use cards to collect data, extract data, or cut and paste materials, you must indicate the source. If it is a work, indicate the author, title, publishing unit, date of issue; if it is a newspaper, indicate the author, title, edition, newspaper name, date of issue; if it is a magazine, indicate the author, Title, magazine name, volume number, page number, etc., so that the appendix is behind the graduation thesis.
Don't let go of the collected information, ignore it, read it carefully, classify it carefully, and conduct research. The main classification methods are as follows:
The first, subject classification. According to a certain point of view, the information is grouped into groups. This "constant view" can be a comprehensive view or a self-developed view.
For example, in order to study the preconditions for cultivating the construction labor market, the author has drawn up four viewpoints: First, the determination of the market economic system creates an objective environment for the construction of the labor market; second, the formation of the construction product market for the construction labor market. The cultivation raises the requirements of reality; the third is that the deepening of urban and rural system reform provides a reliable guarantee for the formation of the labor market; the fourth is that the establishment of the construction labor market is an inherent requirement of the particularity of employment in the construction industry, and according to these four points of view The data is classified so that it can deepen the understanding of the data and further clarify and systematize the understanding.
Second, the project taxonomy. That is, according to certain attributes, the collected data is classified into categories. Here is a description of the project classification of Comrade Wang Lianshan from Liaoning University:
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------
1. Classic writers, celebrity speeches
2. Concept theory class project 3. Scientific definitions, theorems, formulas, regulations
4. General axioms, common sense, idioms, proverbs, secret sentences, famous sayings
5. The author's point of view
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------
1. Individual cases, including facts, character activities, speech, poetry and other factual items quoted by the author of the data. Various statistics, charts
3. Fragment of the author of the material
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------
1. I always remember the feelings
2. Observation of the desired items
3. Survey income
4. Sporadic transcript
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------
Third, the collection of information collected
How to sort out the collected data? The process of data sorting is essentially the process of data analysis. There are several aspects of work that are indispensable.
The first is to analyze the applicability of the data. The basis for selecting materials can only be the central argument that the author wants to clarify. What information is available and what cannot be used depends on this central argument. Once the central argument of the thesis is determined, it is the thing that governs everything, and the information must be subordinated to the central argument. It is impossible to transfer some materials that cannot fully explain the problem to make an explanation for the forced attachment. It is also impossible to put all the information into the article, making the article bloated and complicated, and the center is not prominent, and the space is expanded. For example, in the article "Several Issues Concerning the Relationship between Urban Renewal and Landscaping", the author collected a large amount of information about landscaping, but did not collect information on the relationship between urban construction and landscaping. These unsuitable materials were included in the paper. The paper center was diluted and the quality of the paper was reduced.
The second is to analyze the comprehensiveness of the data. If the materials are not comprehensive and there is a lack of material in one aspect, the discourse of the paper is often not complete, not comprehensive, there will be biases, loopholes, or it is difficult to justify the lack of evidence. For example, the article "On the manager responsibility system and the democratic management of employees" is an example. Since the author only collected the information that the two depend on each other and promoted each other, and did not collect the contradictory data, the article only did half of the article, how to deal with it. The important aspect of the contradiction between the two is overlooked, which greatly affects the quality of the paper.
The third is to analyze the authenticity of the data. Whether the data is true or not is directly related to the success or failure of the paper. Only scientific and reliable data can lead to scientific conclusions. In this respect, we must pay attention to: First, we must respect objective reality and avoid preconceived ideas. The choice of materials cannot be mixed with personal likes and dislikes and prejudice, and cannot misrepresent the original objectivity of the materials; Second, the choice of information must be based on evidence, the first-hand information to be used must have a history, the second-hand information must be carefully checked with the original literature to obtain the maximum accuracy; third, the source of the data To discern, to understand the original author's political attitude, life background, writing intentions, and objective analysis and evaluation, the social sciences should pay more attention to this point.
The fourth is to analyze whether the information is novel. The so-called novel information includes two aspects: on the one hand, it refers to new things, new ideas, new discoveries, and new directions that have never been seen before. For example, the author of the article "The Share Cooperative System Economics" has chosen At the time, new trends in the emerging rural cooperative-stock economy in China's land were studied. On the other hand, it means that something has existed for a long time, but people have not found its value. This is also a novel material. For example, in the article "On the Cycle of Population and Economy", the relationship between population and economy already exists. There is a virtuous circle and a vicious circle between them. This is also an objective fact. These two cycles will bring two fundamentally different consequences. This has hardly been known before. It is now a novel source of information to reveal the consequences of the two cycles, and to clarify the importance of controlling the population. Therefore, the so-called novelty not only requires time for data generation, but more importantly, it is necessary to find out what has not been used by others from the commonly used materials.
The fifth is to analyze the typicality of the data. The typicality of the so-called data means that this material is fully representative of the rational understanding it has proven. Engels's "On Authority" chose three examples of spinning mills, railways, and navigation as arguments. The first argument is the most detailed, the second argument is more general, and the third argument is just a light stroke. Without explaining more, he explained the problem: "On the one hand, it is a certain authority, no matter how it is caused, on the other hand, it is a certain obedience. The two, regardless of social organization, in the production of products. Under the material conditions on which circulation depends, we are all necessary." There are not many materials, but they have irrefutable logic power. An important reason for this effect is that the material is chosen to be very precise.
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