Form arguments and arguments

First, the establishment of thesis thesis

The arguments of the article indicate that the author's views and attitudes toward a certain matter are a direct reflection of the author's position and worldview. There is no doubt that any paper must have an argument. The value of the paper must first be considered whether its argument is correct. Therefore, the establishment of arguments is the key to the writing of graduation thesis. The arguments of the thesis are generated from the analysis and research of materials; the points cannot be determined first, and then the materials suitable for the proof arguments are found. The formation of arguments is the process of sorting, analyzing, summarizing and refining materials. Some people think that the argument is that before collecting materials, this often means that the first step in writing a thesis is to determine the title of the thesis. The actual situation is that the earliest determined is generally the direction of the topic, for example, the choice is about the subject of business management, the choice is about the establishment of a modern enterprise system, and so on. The final determination of specific topics is after some investigation and research. Some students did determine the specific topic from the beginning. The reason why he has this grasp or the determination is based on the fact that he has mastered certain materials.

As a graduation thesis, its arguments should reflect the regularity of certain things to a certain extent, and this regular understanding can only be gradually formed in the analysis of a large number of materials. Therefore, to establish the arguments of the thesis, we must start with the analysis of materials. Comrade Mao Zedong has the following incisive statement about this process: "To fully reflect the whole thing, reflect the essence of things, and reflect the internal regularity of things, you must go through The role of thinking, the rich sensory materials to go to the rough, to falsify the truth, and thus, from the transformation of the table and the production of the work, resulting in a conceptual and theoretical system, it must leap from perceptual knowledge to rational understanding."

Here, the first is to "go to the rough, to falsify the truth," that is, to identify the material that is mastered, to find out whether it reflects the truth, or an illusion; is an individual phenomenon, or a universal phenomenon; is the mainstream of things, or a tributary of things . Only after such careful identification and clarification of the true face of things will there be real and reliable arguments in order to draw correct conclusions from them and form correct arguments. For example, a student was at the peak of the promotion of the contract responsibility system for industrial enterprises a few years ago, and was prepared to write an article about the contracted business responsibility system, and decided to write from its role. On the basis of a large number of investigations and collecting a large amount of information, the student discovered the drawbacks brought about by the implementation of the contracted management responsibility system: simply decentralization and profit-making because the government did not fundamentally change the government’s fate The situation, the endless bargaining between the government and the enterprise is inevitable, so the enterprise must have dependence on the policy; after expanding the autonomy, if the enterprise improves the efficiency of asset operation, it can increase its own funds and increase the income of employees. Therefore, enterprises have the motivation to participate in market competition. This dependence of enterprises and the profit stimulation mechanism will lead to various unreasonable corporate behaviors, such as the pursuit of short-term behavior, excessive investment demand and so on. Therefore, the student through the analysis of a large number of materials, the "contract management responsibility system also has its limitations" true conclusions, which was commendable at the time.

After forming the correct argument, it is necessary to analyze, judge, and reason the materials that are mastered, and to find the internal connection or regularity of things, and form the arguments and logic system of the article. The so-called theoretical generalization is to find out general or universal things from a large number of individual specific materials. In general, the more comprehensive the material is, the more general the arguments outlined are. However, the theoretical summary of specific materials does not stop at simply sorting and categorizing specific materials. Because this is only a list of phenomena, it is necessary to analyze and judge in depth, to find out the nature of these phenomena. Get a regular understanding. Only in this way can the arguments of the article be established. Therefore, the establishment of the article's arguments is actually a question of investigation and research, and it is a question of perceptual knowledge rising to rational understanding. From the subjective frame, the subjective approach of framed materials and framed by materials is not necessary.

Of course, refining and establishing correct arguments is not an easy task. There are often the following situations: First, there are many materials. After reading it, there is no income, indicating that the material obtained is “poor ore” and cannot be refined. The essence comes. In this case, only another direction is changed, new data collection work is carried out, and the existing data does not have to be rushed to be disposed of. It is likely to be useful in another occasion and can be retained as a data reserve. Second, it is found that there are many materials and information reserves. Very large, this requires you to think very well, to choose and refine in the repeated comparison, to abandon the material unrelated to the topic, to establish a clear viewpoint; the third is to find that the arguments derived from the analysis of the material have already been discussed for others. And others are more brilliant than themselves. In this case, you can take the following measures: one of the other people's wonderful opinions, through their own digestion and understanding, re-conceive, use different materials to explain their own views; the second change the perspective of the discussion, reorganize the materials, form Your own point of view.

Establishing arguments from the refinement of materials must strive for correctness and new insights. The established argument must first be able to convince yourself that it is justified. If you think that you are not right, you must re-examine the materials and refine them. Doing the argument can not only convince oneself, but also get the affirmation of others, so that the writing of the paper will be grasped. For the author of this graduation thesis, in the process of establishing the argument, he should also be open-minded to ask for guidance and seek guidance. In addition to the mentor, they should also be guided by other experienced teachers. The mentor and experienced teachers have a strong theoretical foundation, broad ideas, and many experiences. After their guidance, they can take less detours.

Second, establish the principle that the argument should be mastered

Scientific principle of argument

Scientificity means that the author of the graduation thesis correctly reflects the objective things and reveals their laws. This first requires the argument to be correct. If the argument is not correct, it will cause the whole paper to fail. For example, in the article "On China's Rural Reform," he said: "China's rural reform is the decisive link in China's economic system reform, and the rural reform path has also become urban reform. The road must be passed." This argument is not correct. The "Proposal of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the formulation of the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" for National Economic and Social Development and the Vision of 2019" adopted by the Fifth Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee is very clear. The land pointed out that "the reform of state-owned enterprises is the central link of economic system reform" and "the establishment of a modern enterprise system is the direction of state-owned enterprise reform." Obviously, urban reform and rural reform are different because of the different factors of production factors, different economic and social environments, and different specific forms of reform. This is also very obvious. If urban reform is used to frame urban reform, cities Reform cannot be successful, and this is also confirmed by practice. Therefore, it is not easy to make arguments correct. Authors must use the dialectical materialism and historical materialism to observe problems, analyze problems, solve problems, and then come up with objective and practical conclusions.

Second, the expression of the argument should be accurate. If the expression is not accurate, it will not accurately reflect the laws of objective things, and will bring confusion to the reader. In the article "Talking about the status and role of property circulation", in order to emphasize the important position of property circulation, it is proposed that "property circulation can realize the transfer of value and the appreciation of value." This makes the reader confused. As we all know, commerce is the independent form of commodity capital. Its function is to realize the value of prepaid capital and surplus value, so that the transfer of goods and the appreciation of value can be finally realized. The circulation of property mentioned in the article can transfer value and increase value. What does the realization mean? In essence, the original intention of the author is that the cost of the property circulation is the production circulation fee. The production circulation fee is within an appropriate limit, and the cost can be transferred to the commodity, and the Value added, bringing profits to operators in the field of property circulation. However, due to the inaccuracy expressed by the author, it caused ambiguity in understanding.

The guest of the argument. Observing principle

Objectivity and science are closely related. Scientificity requires seeking truth from facts, and objectivity requires everything to proceed from reality. Objectiveness requires a thorough investigation and study of objective things, and then draws conclusions that are consistent with reality. The common problem with writing a thesis is to look for materials with a preconceived frame. This is the biggest taboo for writing a thesis, because objective things are extremely complex, and some examples or individual materials can be found at any time to confirm an argument, but it does not reflect objective reality. For example, in the late 1970s, the new form of rural business contracting emerged across the country. How do you evaluate this new form of business? At that time, a competent department of a city in Zhejiang had a negative attitude toward this. In order to prove the correctness of its arguments, we specially organized the research team and went to the rural areas of the city to collect materials that caused the collapse of the collective economy and the destruction of rural productivity due to the rural household contract responsibility system. Indeed, it was possible to find such a The material of the. However, due to the implementation of the rural household contract responsibility system, the collective economy has been consolidated, and there have been more cases of rapid development of productivity. Using a single example to draw a conclusion, making a judgment, not fully in line with objective reality, can only be a wrong judgment. Lenin said: "Prejudice is farther away from the truth than ignorance." Therefore, to write a thesis, we must respect the objective reality, and we must take the rough from the reality and draw conclusions. We must never capture it by our own likes and dislikes.

Innovative principle of argument

Graduation papers require authors to have their own opinions and demand innovation. The so-called innovation is to be able to propose new problems and solve new problems. Of course, innovation is not easy to do. It is necessary to fill gaps in a certain discipline or fill in gaps in certain aspects of a certain subject. This is difficult for junior college and undergraduate students, but it is written for students in two aspects. Left a lot of room for innovation.

The first is a supplementary argument. Because people's understanding can't be completed in one time, even if a new point of view appears, it seems to be perfect at that time, but as time goes by, people's level of understanding will always find the inadequacies of the original point of view, so it can be said that Most of the existing research results have left a supplementary research topic for future generations. ratio

For example, Marx's theory of labor value is a scientific theory, but when society develops to this day, practice raises the question of whether service is a commodity. This is the area in which we need to supplement research, so that we can propose such things as "the price of postal and telecommunications goods." A number of new arguments with complementary values, such as “determination” and “a preliminary study on the economic benefits of tourism enterprises”.

The second is the positive argument. The supplementary argument is the affirmation and development of the previous research results, while the positive argument is the negation and correction of the existing research results. This kind of correctiveness argument includes two aspects, one is the correction of the general statement, and the other is the correction of the new deficiencies. For example, there was a time when many people used the job skill wages as the only form of distribution for enterprises. In fact, the business situation is different. Different enterprises need to implement various forms of distribution systems, and they cannot engage in “one size fits all”. This issue can be discussed as "the adaptability of job skills and wages". It is also meaningful to discuss the implementation of job skills wages.

Value principle

The central argument put forward by the author in his graduation thesis must be of value. Its value is expressed in two aspects.

First, the identified central arguments should be closely related to economic and social life and scientific and cultural undertakings, that is, the issue of the interests of millions of people has become a concern of millions of people, and it has strong realism.

Second, the determined central argument does not seem to have any practical significance on the surface, or has no practical use, but it has academic value, and even does not know when it will produce its immeasurable meaning. Although the value of graduation thesis is mostly in the first category, there is no shortage of rare graduation thesis that shines academic value.

Third, the use of thesis thesis

To write a thesis, we must first establish a central argument. This central argument must be consistent throughout the thesis. However, if there is only a central argument and there are no subordinate arguments associated with it, the central argument will be pale and unconvincing. Therefore, after establishing the central argument of the article, a number of subordinate arguments must be formed. Through these subordinate arguments, the central arguments are unfolded and fully demonstrated and explained. For example, the late Chinese famous economist Sun Yefang wrote the article "Twenty years of quadrupling not only political guarantee but also technical and economic guarantee". The central argument is the title of the article. In order to demonstrate this central argument, the article proposes the following four subordinate arguments.

First, according to the historical experience of China’s 30-year history, the annual growth rate of industrial and agricultural output is 7.2%.

Second, the most direct technical and economic guarantee for quadrupling the total output value of industry and agriculture is that we have found the right path to rapidly develop agriculture and industry;

Third, to achieve a quadrupling of the total industrial and agricultural output value, the most important thing is to rely on the rapid development of industry itself. Because the industry is a big one, its total output value generally accounts for about 70% of the total industrial and agricultural output value. The most important and most realistic measure for the current development of industrial production is to carry out technological transformation with emphasis on steps and give full play to the role of existing enterprises. Fourth, in order to accelerate the technological transformation of enterprises, it is necessary to increase the depreciation rate, and in principle, the depreciation fund must be returned to the enterprise for mastery and use.

Through the above four subordinate arguments, the article specifically and aptly demonstrates the goal of the party's 12th National Congress, which is not only politically guaranteed, but also technically and economically guaranteed.

As far as the central argument is concerned, these subordinate arguments are their arguments. Of course, these subordinate arguments can continue to be argued by other subordinate subordinate arguments, so that subordinate subordinate arguments become the arguments of these subordinate arguments.

Demonstration is carried out in the arrangement of arguments and arguments. This kind of unfolding generally has two forms:

One is the vertical arrangement.

center

- The upper argument is a bit of argument ---...

argument

In the above picture, there is a gradual and in-depth progressive relationship between the arguments. For example, the above example proposes a central argument that not only political guarantees but also technical and economic guarantees are quadrupled in 20 years. Then, this technical economic guarantee is the upper-level argument that we have found the right path to rapidly develop agriculture and industry. Then it was put forward that the most important thing to take this road is to carry out technological transformation in a key and step-by-step manner, give full play to the role of the existing enterprise, and accelerate the technological transformation of the enterprise. The article proposes to increase the depreciation rate and The fund is reserved for use by the company on the 2nd. The arguments of the above arguments are tightly linked, step by step, and establish a solid and reliable foundation for the establishment of the central argument.

The second is horizontal juxtaposition.

Central argument > lower argument
>
> First, the upper argument
>
> ......

> Second,
> III.
> ......

In the above picture, the subordinate arguments are presented in horizontal juxtaposition, and these subordinate arguments are engaged in different aspects of argumentation. For example, the graduation thesis and the article "Introduction to the technological progress of China's silk industry" analyzes the main reasons leading to the backwardness of the silk industry:

First, the awareness of technological progress in enterprises is not strong;

Second, there is a lack of a flexible and efficient management system that accelerates technological advancement of enterprises;

Third, the financing of technological transformation is difficult, and the ability of enterprises to self-reform and self-development is poor;

Fourth, there has not been an incentive mechanism for technological progress.

The above four points are a kind of horizontal juxtaposition, which respectively explain the main reasons leading to the backwardness of China's silk industry technology from different aspects.

To make the argument correct, profound, and convincing, the author needs to use really powerful arguments. Indeed strong arguments should be true, typical, fresh, and sufficient. This has been explained earlier and will not be expanded here.