Structural principles of graduation thesis
First, it is logical to be shaped
In general, the basic form of reasoning used in the article determines the internal structure of the article. For example, an article mainly wants to explore the causes of a certain thing, reflected in the structure, there must be two parts of the causal relationship. Or the reason is inferred from the result, or the result is inferred from the cause, which is indispensable. Another example is to discuss the relationship between things and individuals, from individual to general, or from general to individual, or from individual to individual, to the structure, from individual to general, always analyze the characteristics of individual things one by one, and then It sums up the characteristics of ordinary things; from the general to the individual, it is inevitable that the general conclusion is first, and then the characteristics of individual things are touched. If this development logic is violated, its structure will appear unreasonable. For example, some students in order to draw a general conclusion are only based on the analysis of an instance. If there is no sufficient reason to prove that the case itself is universal, then the general conclusion drawn from it is not convincing, the structure of the paper. It is unreasonable. For another example, when discussing the unity of opposites of things, there are always two aspects of analysis and contrast between the positive and negative, front and back, front and back, up and down, quality and other contradictions. Ignoring one aspect will produce one-sidedness. Many graduation thesis also often make this mistake. For example, the article "I see the contracting of bicycles owned by state-owned road transport enterprises", put forward his own opinions on various negative opinions on bicycle contracting in the society and enterprises. Although this is ok, But the problem is that the paper basically affirms this contracting method. In fact, this contracting method has both its positive effects and its negative effects, which has been confirmed by the development of practice. One-sidedly affirming one aspect, this kind of extreme discussion often fails to stand the test of time. Therefore, the development of rationality cannot fail to follow the laws of human thinking. If it is violated, it will not work, and the text will not go smoothly. The same is true. For example, human beings are constantly improving. The external forms of editorials, literary criticism, and economic papers can be completely different. But the internal structure of this theory is consistent. Of course, what we are talking about here is the basic form, and it does not exclude the combination and alternate use with other forms of reasoning.
Second, the main intention, the first and last members
It means the center of the article, the main brain, and the commander. To write a graduation thesis, we must seize the center. The requirements of this center should be simple and clear, and can be said in a simple way. Grasping such a center, holding on to the bottom line, in the end, the topic can not be converted in the middle, can not be stagnant, can not jump to the gap, so that the development of the central idea can be continuous. For example, the paper "I See the Improvement of the Overall Advantages of State-owned Road Transportation Enterprises" focuses on the central argument and discusses:
1. An overview of the overall advantages of state-owned road transport enterprises;
2. The current situation of the decline in the overall advantage of state-owned road transport enterprises;
3. The reasons for the decline in the overall advantage of state-owned road transport enterprises;
4. Ways to improve the overall advantage of state-owned road transport enterprises.
It can be described as "mainly intended, first and last", and it does not leak.
As a paper, from the perspective of the development of ideas, we must talk one level at a time, telling one layer and then another. At the beginning of the question, there must be an analysis, and there must be an answer at the end. For example, the paper "Thinking about the development and improvement of the relevant problems in the construction market", focusing on the development and improvement of the construction market as a central point, first discusses the status and role of the development and improvement of the construction market from the perspective of theory and practice, and secondly from deepening the system reform. In the analysis of the interaction of many factors, the conditions and foundations for the development and improvement of the construction market are explored. From the gap between conditions and foundations, the direction and process of development and improvement of the construction market are explored, and the long-term development direction and development of the construction market are proposed. The process; finally, put forward very operative measures and countermeasures for the development of the recent construction market. Layered bridges, echoing back and forth, became an excellent paper. Although, as an excellent paper, it is necessary to make a front-end look after each layer. There is no contradiction between the latter and the front. Let’s stay behind and don’t say it in front. The central idea can be consistent throughout, in order to truly achieve the "text to convey the meaning", not fluent, the article naturally enhances the color.
Third, the order is orderly and clear
The article should be hierarchical and organized, which has a great relationship with the arrangement of materials. The mutual relationship between materials is different, the processing methods are different, can not be disordered, and the level is not clear, and naturally there will be no order.
For example, parallel relationships. There is no master-slave relationship between the various parts of the article. In the order, whoever comes first and who can, the impact is not great. For example, the introduction of profit rate, cost profit margin, wage profit rate, capital profit rate, etc.; introduction price, consumer goods prices, production materials prices, service prices, land prices, residential prices, etc., regardless of which one can be introduced first.
In a progressive relationship, the order between some materials cannot be reversed at will. The progressive relationship is like this. There is a deeper relationship between these materials. If it is reversed, it will cause logic confusion. Similarly, taking the above price as an example, if we want to talk about it in conjunction with the process of economic system reform, we should first talk about the price of consumer goods, because we first recognize that consumer goods are commodities, and secondly we should introduce the prices of means of production, in the 12th session of the party. After the Plenary Session, we abandoned the traditional view that “production materials are not commodities”; then we introduced service prices, land prices, residential prices, etc. The price of this type of factor was not until 1992, when we realized that it must be mainly Formed by the market, the above expression shows the deepening of our understanding. If the progressive relationship is handled well, it will lead to deeper steps, and the truth is like peeling and snagging.
Continuation relationship. The former part has a direct logical connection with the latter part, although the level is divided, the truth is exhausted. The previous layer has an unsatisfactory intention to be continued later, and cannot be interrupted. For example, if the arguments are arranged in the order of the travel process, and some facts are stated, this method is adopted more. When discussing the development of the joint-stock cooperative economy, the author often starts from the beginning, development, and perfection of such a process of progress, which is clear and well-organized.
Opposite relationship. The affair discussed in the article is the unity of opposites. For the pros and cons, the table, the front and back, the quality, the outcome, the shortcomings of the results and so on. They are related and different. The focus of the discussion is to clarify that they are dialectical unity and cannot be treated in isolation. Then, when discussing, you can't emphasize one side and ignore the other side. Because the theoretical foundation of graduate students is not very deep; the way of dialectical thinking is not very good, so often, in the writing of graduation thesis, a one-sided mistake is made. To emphasize the role of a certain thing, it is very good. All articles are positive materials, without any deficiencies; but to negate a certain thing, it is said to be very bad, the whole article is a negative material, there is no long-term, this paper from a structural point of view In terms of level imbalance, there is a common sense.
In short, the relationship between things is clarified and reflected in the structure, and the eyebrows of the article are clear.
Fourth, the fineness of the connection, the transformation of the ancient ancients essays pay attention to starting, bearing, turning, and closing. Starting and closing are the total and summary issues. The bearing and turning are the problems of connection and turning. It is necessary to make the article up and down in one piece, without the traces of breakage, so that the morality can be penetrated, and the rhythm of reasoning, the connection and the turning point are problems that cannot be ignored.
The interface is where some of the content is joined to another part of the content. It is like the "taro" of wooden furniture. The bumps can't be big, can't be small, just right, and the things you make can be beautiful. If you can't get it, you can't get it, it's ugly, and it's not suitable. The same is true for writing a thesis. A paper is very good, but when it comes to a problem, it will make a mistake. Because it plays a role in the article, it is the link between the upper and lower, and if you don't pay attention, it will cause a disconnect. To solve this problem, it is necessary to explain the medium and central links that understand the connection, usually through the transition. In the paper, there are paragraphs for transition. For example, a paper discussing the rural shareholding cooperation system, after introducing five different forms of developing rural shareholding cooperatives, wrote that “these forms are different because of different production factors. It is also different, therefore, the proportion of income distribution is also different.” With this transition, it is natural to transfer to the analysis of the distribution of income in these different forms of shareholding cooperation. There are also sentences for transition. For example, one student discussed Deng Xiaoping’s agricultural thoughts and guided the continuous development of agricultural production in XX City. He first described Comrade Deng Xiaoping’s series of ideas that “agriculture is fundamental”, and then discussed the agricultural production of XX City. Under the guidance of this idea, the problem of continuous development, in the middle of the "under the guidance of Comrade Deng Xiaoping's agriculture is fundamental", XX City has deepened its understanding of the importance of agriculture." As a transition, it appears to be very stable and natural. There is more to use words for transition, such as "so", "so", "obvious" and so on. In order for the transition to be effective and decent, it is necessary to clarify the relationship between the upper and the lower two, and then decide what form to use to connect them. Some places need to be discussed, some places need to be interspersed, some places have more complicated judgments and reasoning, and they cannot be taken out. If omitted, the article will turn sharply and make people feel awkward.
A turning point refers to the conversion of two layers of meaning. In the paper, there are also paragraphs to make a turn, there are sentences for turning, and there are words for turning. For example, a student analyzes the traditional labor and employment system, and firstly discusses the fixed-work system implemented by China's state-owned enterprises. It is then discussed that the implementation of this fixed-work system is increasingly incompatible with the development of social economy. There have been a series of problems, but in the middle, "but because of the long-term unilateral view of everyone's employment as the superiority of the socialist system, this has brought about two major problems." This is the use of sentences as a turning point to make the context It seems that the transition is decent and natural. In addition, China's traditional turning methods are also to mention the law, stationed in the law, there is a sharp turn, slow turn, there is a forehead in the forefront of the opening, but also the end of the dark wave of the forward. The specific method of turning, depending on the specific circumstances.
V. Looking ahead, adjusting the structure
Structure is the organization of the content of the article. The structure of the paper should be smooth and orderly, with clear levels, and should be logical after the call. Once the structure is finalized, some modifications must be made to prevent post-work rework. The revision of the structure mainly starts from three aspects: First, see if the various levels are clear and clear, whether there are any duplicates or contradictions, whether there are any missing or redundant things, whether the meaning is smooth or not, and whether the requirements of each sub-point are met. Second, see if the transition between the various levels is consistent with the anaphora, whether the transition is natural and appropriate, and whether the convergence between the paragraphs is close; and third, whether the preface, the theory and the conclusion are consistent, whether there is a previous call or not Yes, the question was raised earlier and there was no answer later. In short, the structural changes are to make the level of chaos clear, to arrange the unreasonable paragraphs properly, to change the coherence between the upper and lower, and to change the coherent and unconformed, and to change the details. appropriate. Try to be as seamless as possible, leaving no traces
In general, the basic form of reasoning used in the article determines the internal structure of the article. For example, an article mainly wants to explore the causes of a certain thing, reflected in the structure, there must be two parts of the causal relationship. Or the reason is inferred from the result, or the result is inferred from the cause, which is indispensable. Another example is to discuss the relationship between things and individuals, from individual to general, or from general to individual, or from individual to individual, to the structure, from individual to general, always analyze the characteristics of individual things one by one, and then It sums up the characteristics of ordinary things; from the general to the individual, it is inevitable that the general conclusion is first, and then the characteristics of individual things are touched. If this development logic is violated, its structure will appear unreasonable. For example, some students in order to draw a general conclusion are only based on the analysis of an instance. If there is no sufficient reason to prove that the case itself is universal, then the general conclusion drawn from it is not convincing, the structure of the paper. It is unreasonable. For another example, when discussing the unity of opposites of things, there are always two aspects of analysis and contrast between the positive and negative, front and back, front and back, up and down, quality and other contradictions. Ignoring one aspect will produce one-sidedness. Many graduation thesis also often make this mistake. For example, the article "I see the contracting of bicycles owned by state-owned road transport enterprises", put forward his own opinions on various negative opinions on bicycle contracting in the society and enterprises. Although this is ok, But the problem is that the paper basically affirms this contracting method. In fact, this contracting method has both its positive effects and its negative effects, which has been confirmed by the development of practice. One-sidedly affirming one aspect, this kind of extreme discussion often fails to stand the test of time. Therefore, the development of rationality cannot fail to follow the laws of human thinking. If it is violated, it will not work, and the text will not go smoothly. The same is true. For example, human beings are constantly improving. The external forms of editorials, literary criticism, and economic papers can be completely different. But the internal structure of this theory is consistent. Of course, what we are talking about here is the basic form, and it does not exclude the combination and alternate use with other forms of reasoning.
Second, the main intention, the first and last members
It means the center of the article, the main brain, and the commander. To write a graduation thesis, we must seize the center. The requirements of this center should be simple and clear, and can be said in a simple way. Grasping such a center, holding on to the bottom line, in the end, the topic can not be converted in the middle, can not be stagnant, can not jump to the gap, so that the development of the central idea can be continuous. For example, the paper "I See the Improvement of the Overall Advantages of State-owned Road Transportation Enterprises" focuses on the central argument and discusses:
1. An overview of the overall advantages of state-owned road transport enterprises;
2. The current situation of the decline in the overall advantage of state-owned road transport enterprises;
3. The reasons for the decline in the overall advantage of state-owned road transport enterprises;
4. Ways to improve the overall advantage of state-owned road transport enterprises.
It can be described as "mainly intended, first and last", and it does not leak.
As a paper, from the perspective of the development of ideas, we must talk one level at a time, telling one layer and then another. At the beginning of the question, there must be an analysis, and there must be an answer at the end. For example, the paper "Thinking about the development and improvement of the relevant problems in the construction market", focusing on the development and improvement of the construction market as a central point, first discusses the status and role of the development and improvement of the construction market from the perspective of theory and practice, and secondly from deepening the system reform. In the analysis of the interaction of many factors, the conditions and foundations for the development and improvement of the construction market are explored. From the gap between conditions and foundations, the direction and process of development and improvement of the construction market are explored, and the long-term development direction and development of the construction market are proposed. The process; finally, put forward very operative measures and countermeasures for the development of the recent construction market. Layered bridges, echoing back and forth, became an excellent paper. Although, as an excellent paper, it is necessary to make a front-end look after each layer. There is no contradiction between the latter and the front. Let’s stay behind and don’t say it in front. The central idea can be consistent throughout, in order to truly achieve the "text to convey the meaning", not fluent, the article naturally enhances the color.
Third, the order is orderly and clear
The article should be hierarchical and organized, which has a great relationship with the arrangement of materials. The mutual relationship between materials is different, the processing methods are different, can not be disordered, and the level is not clear, and naturally there will be no order.
For example, parallel relationships. There is no master-slave relationship between the various parts of the article. In the order, whoever comes first and who can, the impact is not great. For example, the introduction of profit rate, cost profit margin, wage profit rate, capital profit rate, etc.; introduction price, consumer goods prices, production materials prices, service prices, land prices, residential prices, etc., regardless of which one can be introduced first.
In a progressive relationship, the order between some materials cannot be reversed at will. The progressive relationship is like this. There is a deeper relationship between these materials. If it is reversed, it will cause logic confusion. Similarly, taking the above price as an example, if we want to talk about it in conjunction with the process of economic system reform, we should first talk about the price of consumer goods, because we first recognize that consumer goods are commodities, and secondly we should introduce the prices of means of production, in the 12th session of the party. After the Plenary Session, we abandoned the traditional view that “production materials are not commodities”; then we introduced service prices, land prices, residential prices, etc. The price of this type of factor was not until 1992, when we realized that it must be mainly Formed by the market, the above expression shows the deepening of our understanding. If the progressive relationship is handled well, it will lead to deeper steps, and the truth is like peeling and snagging.
Continuation relationship. The former part has a direct logical connection with the latter part, although the level is divided, the truth is exhausted. The previous layer has an unsatisfactory intention to be continued later, and cannot be interrupted. For example, if the arguments are arranged in the order of the travel process, and some facts are stated, this method is adopted more. When discussing the development of the joint-stock cooperative economy, the author often starts from the beginning, development, and perfection of such a process of progress, which is clear and well-organized.
Opposite relationship. The affair discussed in the article is the unity of opposites. For the pros and cons, the table, the front and back, the quality, the outcome, the shortcomings of the results and so on. They are related and different. The focus of the discussion is to clarify that they are dialectical unity and cannot be treated in isolation. Then, when discussing, you can't emphasize one side and ignore the other side. Because the theoretical foundation of graduate students is not very deep; the way of dialectical thinking is not very good, so often, in the writing of graduation thesis, a one-sided mistake is made. To emphasize the role of a certain thing, it is very good. All articles are positive materials, without any deficiencies; but to negate a certain thing, it is said to be very bad, the whole article is a negative material, there is no long-term, this paper from a structural point of view In terms of level imbalance, there is a common sense.
In short, the relationship between things is clarified and reflected in the structure, and the eyebrows of the article are clear.
Fourth, the fineness of the connection, the transformation of the ancient ancients essays pay attention to starting, bearing, turning, and closing. Starting and closing are the total and summary issues. The bearing and turning are the problems of connection and turning. It is necessary to make the article up and down in one piece, without the traces of breakage, so that the morality can be penetrated, and the rhythm of reasoning, the connection and the turning point are problems that cannot be ignored.
The interface is where some of the content is joined to another part of the content. It is like the "taro" of wooden furniture. The bumps can't be big, can't be small, just right, and the things you make can be beautiful. If you can't get it, you can't get it, it's ugly, and it's not suitable. The same is true for writing a thesis. A paper is very good, but when it comes to a problem, it will make a mistake. Because it plays a role in the article, it is the link between the upper and lower, and if you don't pay attention, it will cause a disconnect. To solve this problem, it is necessary to explain the medium and central links that understand the connection, usually through the transition. In the paper, there are paragraphs for transition. For example, a paper discussing the rural shareholding cooperation system, after introducing five different forms of developing rural shareholding cooperatives, wrote that “these forms are different because of different production factors. It is also different, therefore, the proportion of income distribution is also different.” With this transition, it is natural to transfer to the analysis of the distribution of income in these different forms of shareholding cooperation. There are also sentences for transition. For example, one student discussed Deng Xiaoping’s agricultural thoughts and guided the continuous development of agricultural production in XX City. He first described Comrade Deng Xiaoping’s series of ideas that “agriculture is fundamental”, and then discussed the agricultural production of XX City. Under the guidance of this idea, the problem of continuous development, in the middle of the "under the guidance of Comrade Deng Xiaoping's agriculture is fundamental", XX City has deepened its understanding of the importance of agriculture." As a transition, it appears to be very stable and natural. There is more to use words for transition, such as "so", "so", "obvious" and so on. In order for the transition to be effective and decent, it is necessary to clarify the relationship between the upper and the lower two, and then decide what form to use to connect them. Some places need to be discussed, some places need to be interspersed, some places have more complicated judgments and reasoning, and they cannot be taken out. If omitted, the article will turn sharply and make people feel awkward.
A turning point refers to the conversion of two layers of meaning. In the paper, there are also paragraphs to make a turn, there are sentences for turning, and there are words for turning. For example, a student analyzes the traditional labor and employment system, and firstly discusses the fixed-work system implemented by China's state-owned enterprises. It is then discussed that the implementation of this fixed-work system is increasingly incompatible with the development of social economy. There have been a series of problems, but in the middle, "but because of the long-term unilateral view of everyone's employment as the superiority of the socialist system, this has brought about two major problems." This is the use of sentences as a turning point to make the context It seems that the transition is decent and natural. In addition, China's traditional turning methods are also to mention the law, stationed in the law, there is a sharp turn, slow turn, there is a forehead in the forefront of the opening, but also the end of the dark wave of the forward. The specific method of turning, depending on the specific circumstances.
V. Looking ahead, adjusting the structure
Structure is the organization of the content of the article. The structure of the paper should be smooth and orderly, with clear levels, and should be logical after the call. Once the structure is finalized, some modifications must be made to prevent post-work rework. The revision of the structure mainly starts from three aspects: First, see if the various levels are clear and clear, whether there are any duplicates or contradictions, whether there are any missing or redundant things, whether the meaning is smooth or not, and whether the requirements of each sub-point are met. Second, see if the transition between the various levels is consistent with the anaphora, whether the transition is natural and appropriate, and whether the convergence between the paragraphs is close; and third, whether the preface, the theory and the conclusion are consistent, whether there is a previous call or not Yes, the question was raised earlier and there was no answer later. In short, the structural changes are to make the level of chaos clear, to arrange the unreasonable paragraphs properly, to change the coherence between the upper and lower, and to change the coherent and unconformed, and to change the details. appropriate. Try to be as seamless as possible, leaving no traces
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