2012 senior high school chemistry knowledge summary
First, the scientific name, common name and chemical formula of matter (1) diamond, graphite: c (2) mercury, mercury: hg quicklime, calcium oxide: cao dry ice: co2 hydrochloric acid, hydrochloric acid: hcl sulfurous acid: h2so3 hydrogen sulfuric acid: h2s slaked lime, slaked lime: ca2 caustic Sodium, caustic soda, caustic soda: naoh soda ash: na2co3 sodium carbonate crystal, soda ash crystal: na2co3·10h2o sodium bicarbonate, acid sodium carbonate: nahco3 cholesteric, blue sputum, copper sulphate crystal: cuo4·5h2o patina, malachite: cu22co3 Methanol: ch3oh Toxic, blind, dead alcohol, ethanol: c2h5oh Acetic acid, acetic acid ch3cooh has acid-like ammonia: nh3 ammonia, ammonia monohydrate: nh3·h2o sodium nitrite: nano2 Second, the color of common substances
1. White solid: mgo, p2o5, cao, naoh, ca2, kclo3, kcl, na2co3, nacl, anhydrous cuo4; iron and magnesium are silver white 2, black solid: graphite, carbon powder, iron powder, cuo, mno2, fe3o4 ▲kmno4 is purple black 3, red solid: cu, fe2o3, hgo, red phosphorus ▲ sulfur: light yellow ▲ cu22co3 is green 4, the color of the solution: the solution containing cu2+ is blue; the solution containing fe2+ is light green Where the solution containing fe3+ is brownish yellow, the rest of the solution is generally not colorless. 5, precipitation, etc. 2 alkali: blue ↓: cu2 reddish brown fe: fe3 white ↓: the remaining alkali. 6. Gas with irritating gas: nh3, so2, hcl
Colorless and odorless gas: o2, h2, n2, co2, ch4, co ▲ Note: liquid with pungent odor: hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid. Alcohol is a liquid with a special gas. 7, toxic, gas: co liquid: ch3oh solid: nano2 cuso4 Third, the solubility of the substance
1. Solubility of salt: Potassium, sodium, nitrate, and ammonium are all soluble in water.
The compound containing cl only agcl is insoluble in water, and the others are soluble in water;
Only compounds containing so42- are insoluble in water and others are soluble in water.
The substances containing co32- only k2co3, na2co3, 2co3 are soluble in water, others are insoluble in water.
2. Alkali Solubility The bases dissolved in water are: barium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and ammonia, and other bases are insoluble in water. In the poorly soluble base, fe3 is a reddish brown precipitate, cu2 is a blue precipitate, and other poorly soluble bases are white. 2) Note: agcl and baso4 in the precipitate are insoluble in dilute nitric acid, and other precipitates are soluble in acid. Such as: mg2 caco3 baco3 ag2 co3, etc. 3. Most of the acid and acidic oxides are soluble in water. Most of the basic oxides are insoluble in water. The soluble ones are: cerium oxide, potassium oxide, calcium oxide, and sodium oxide. The most chemical
1. The most abundant metal element in the earth's crust is aluminum.
2. The most non-metallic element in the earth's crust is oxygen.
3. The most abundant substance in the air is nitrogen.
4. The hardest material in nature is diamond.
5. The simplest organic matter is methane.
6. The most active metal in the metal activity sequence table is potassium.
7. The oxide with the smallest relative molecular mass is water. The simplest organic compound ch4
8. The gas with the lowest density under the same conditions is hydrogen.
9. The most conductive metal is silver.
10. The atom with the smallest atomic mass is hydrogen.
11. The metal with the lowest melting point is mercury.
12. The most abundant element in the human body is oxygen.
13. The element that makes up the most compound species is carbon.
14. The most widely used metal in daily life is iron.
15. The earliest use of natural gas was China; China's largest coal base was in Shanxi Province; the earliest use of wet copper smelting was China; the first to discover electrons was the British Tomson; the earliest air was composed of n2 and o2. Lavoisier, France
5. The "three" in the middle school chemistry
1. The three types of particles that make up a substance are molecules, atoms, and ions.
2. Three kinds of reducing agents commonly used for reducing copper oxide, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon.
3. Hydrogen as a fuel has three major advantages: abundant resources, high calorific value, and the product after combustion is water that does not pollute the environment.
4. There are generally three types of particles that make up an atom: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
5. There are only three kinds of ferrous metals: iron, manganese and chromium.
6. The elements constituting a substance can be classified into three types, namely, a metal element, a non-metal element, and a rare gas element.
7, there are three kinds of iron oxides, the chemical formula is feo, fe2o3, fe3o4.
8. The characteristics of the solution are three uniformities; stability; mixture.
9. The chemical equation has three meanings: it indicates what kind of substance participates in the reaction, and what kind of substance is produced; it indicates the ratio of the number of particles of the molecule or atom of the reactant and the substance of the product; and indicates the mass ratio between each reactant and the product. The chemical equation has two principles: based on objective facts; it follows the law of conservation of mass.
10, pig iron is generally divided into three types: white iron, gray iron, ductile iron.
11. Carbon steel can be divided into three types: high carbon steel, medium carbon steel and low carbon steel.
12. There are three kinds of iron ore commonly used in iron making: hematite; magnetite; siderite. 13. There are three main types of steelmaking equipment: converter, electric furnace and open hearth.
14. The three reaction conditions often associated with temperature are ignition, heating, and high temperature.
15. There are two methods for changing the unsaturated solution into a saturated solution: heating and solvent addition; there are three methods for changing the saturated solution into unsaturated solution: cooling, solutes, and constant temperature evaporation of the solvent. .
16. There are generally three methods for collecting gas: drainage method, upward emptying method, and downward emptying method.
17. Three main causes of water pollution: waste residue, waste gas and waste water in industrial production; arbitrary discharge of domestic sewage; pesticides and fertilizers applied in agricultural production flow into the river with rainwater.
18. There are three types of fire extinguishers commonly used: foam fire extinguishers; dry powder fire extinguishers; liquid carbon dioxide fire extinguishers.
19. The solubility of solid matter can be divided into three categories according to the temperature change: the solubility of most solid materials increases with the increase of temperature; the solubility of a few substances is affected by temperature; the solubility of very few substances increases with temperature. And decrease.
20, co2 can extinguish fire for three reasons: can not burn, can not support combustion, density is greater than air.
21, elemental quality can be divided into three categories: metal elemental; non-metallic elemental; rare gas elemental.
22. The three most important fossil fuels in the world today are: coal, oil, and natural gas. 23. The three black oxides that should be remembered are: copper oxide, manganese dioxide, and triiron tetroxide. 24. Hydrogen and carbon simple substances have three similar chemical properties: stability at room temperature, flammability, and reducibility. 25, three light blue appear in the textbook: liquid oxygen is light blue sulfur burning in the air with a weak light blue flame, hydrogen burning in the air with a light blue flame.
26. Three blue colors related to copper: copper sulfate crystals; copper hydroxide precipitation; copper sulfate solution.
27. There is a “three-way” in the filtering operation: the lower end of the funnel abuts against the inner wall of the beaker; the end of the glass rod is lightly placed on the third layer of the filter paper; the edge of the beaker containing the filtrate abuts against the drainage of the glass. 28, three major gas pollutants: so2, co, no2
29, the flame of the alcohol lamp is divided into three parts: outer flame, inner flame, flame heart, in which the outer flame temperature is the highest.
30. The principle of “three noes” for taking medicines: do not touch the medicines by hand; do not put the nose into the mouth of the container to smell the smell of the gas; do not taste the taste of the medicine.
31. Three ancient chemical processes: paper making, gunpowder, and porcelain burning
32. Industrial waste: waste water, waste residue, waste gas
34. Three instruments that can be directly heated: test tubes, crucibles, evaporating dishes
35. The atomic three explained by the conservation of mass is unchanged: the type does not change, the number does not increase or decrease, and the quality does not change.
36. Mix with air to ignite three gases that may explode: h2, co, ch4.
37. Three products of coal dry distillation: coke, coal tar, coke oven gas
38. Three characteristics of concentrated sulfuric acid: water absorption, dehydration, strong oxidation
39. Three prohibitions on the use of alcohol lamps: add alcohol to the burning lamp, blow out the mouth
40. Three steps of solution preparation: calculation, weighing, dissolution
41. The first three elements with the highest content in biological cells: o, c, h
42. The third equation in the atom: the number of nuclear charges = the number of protons = the number of electrons outside the core = the atomic number
43. Three kinds of particles constituting a substance: molecules, atoms, ions
1. White solid: mgo, p2o5, cao, naoh, ca2, kclo3, kcl, na2co3, nacl, anhydrous cuo4; iron and magnesium are silver white 2, black solid: graphite, carbon powder, iron powder, cuo, mno2, fe3o4 ▲kmno4 is purple black 3, red solid: cu, fe2o3, hgo, red phosphorus ▲ sulfur: light yellow ▲ cu22co3 is green 4, the color of the solution: the solution containing cu2+ is blue; the solution containing fe2+ is light green Where the solution containing fe3+ is brownish yellow, the rest of the solution is generally not colorless. 5, precipitation, etc. 2 alkali: blue ↓: cu2 reddish brown fe: fe3 white ↓: the remaining alkali. 6. Gas with irritating gas: nh3, so2, hcl
Colorless and odorless gas: o2, h2, n2, co2, ch4, co ▲ Note: liquid with pungent odor: hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid. Alcohol is a liquid with a special gas. 7, toxic, gas: co liquid: ch3oh solid: nano2 cuso4 Third, the solubility of the substance
1. Solubility of salt: Potassium, sodium, nitrate, and ammonium are all soluble in water.
The compound containing cl only agcl is insoluble in water, and the others are soluble in water;
Only compounds containing so42- are insoluble in water and others are soluble in water.
The substances containing co32- only k2co3, na2co3, 2co3 are soluble in water, others are insoluble in water.
2. Alkali Solubility The bases dissolved in water are: barium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and ammonia, and other bases are insoluble in water. In the poorly soluble base, fe3 is a reddish brown precipitate, cu2 is a blue precipitate, and other poorly soluble bases are white. 2) Note: agcl and baso4 in the precipitate are insoluble in dilute nitric acid, and other precipitates are soluble in acid. Such as: mg2 caco3 baco3 ag2 co3, etc. 3. Most of the acid and acidic oxides are soluble in water. Most of the basic oxides are insoluble in water. The soluble ones are: cerium oxide, potassium oxide, calcium oxide, and sodium oxide. The most chemical
1. The most abundant metal element in the earth's crust is aluminum.
2. The most non-metallic element in the earth's crust is oxygen.
3. The most abundant substance in the air is nitrogen.
4. The hardest material in nature is diamond.
5. The simplest organic matter is methane.
6. The most active metal in the metal activity sequence table is potassium.
7. The oxide with the smallest relative molecular mass is water. The simplest organic compound ch4
8. The gas with the lowest density under the same conditions is hydrogen.
9. The most conductive metal is silver.
10. The atom with the smallest atomic mass is hydrogen.
11. The metal with the lowest melting point is mercury.
12. The most abundant element in the human body is oxygen.
13. The element that makes up the most compound species is carbon.
14. The most widely used metal in daily life is iron.
15. The earliest use of natural gas was China; China's largest coal base was in Shanxi Province; the earliest use of wet copper smelting was China; the first to discover electrons was the British Tomson; the earliest air was composed of n2 and o2. Lavoisier, France
5. The "three" in the middle school chemistry
1. The three types of particles that make up a substance are molecules, atoms, and ions.
2. Three kinds of reducing agents commonly used for reducing copper oxide, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon.
3. Hydrogen as a fuel has three major advantages: abundant resources, high calorific value, and the product after combustion is water that does not pollute the environment.
4. There are generally three types of particles that make up an atom: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
5. There are only three kinds of ferrous metals: iron, manganese and chromium.
6. The elements constituting a substance can be classified into three types, namely, a metal element, a non-metal element, and a rare gas element.
7, there are three kinds of iron oxides, the chemical formula is feo, fe2o3, fe3o4.
8. The characteristics of the solution are three uniformities; stability; mixture.
9. The chemical equation has three meanings: it indicates what kind of substance participates in the reaction, and what kind of substance is produced; it indicates the ratio of the number of particles of the molecule or atom of the reactant and the substance of the product; and indicates the mass ratio between each reactant and the product. The chemical equation has two principles: based on objective facts; it follows the law of conservation of mass.
10, pig iron is generally divided into three types: white iron, gray iron, ductile iron.
11. Carbon steel can be divided into three types: high carbon steel, medium carbon steel and low carbon steel.
12. There are three kinds of iron ore commonly used in iron making: hematite; magnetite; siderite. 13. There are three main types of steelmaking equipment: converter, electric furnace and open hearth.
14. The three reaction conditions often associated with temperature are ignition, heating, and high temperature.
15. There are two methods for changing the unsaturated solution into a saturated solution: heating and solvent addition; there are three methods for changing the saturated solution into unsaturated solution: cooling, solutes, and constant temperature evaporation of the solvent. .
16. There are generally three methods for collecting gas: drainage method, upward emptying method, and downward emptying method.
17. Three main causes of water pollution: waste residue, waste gas and waste water in industrial production; arbitrary discharge of domestic sewage; pesticides and fertilizers applied in agricultural production flow into the river with rainwater.
18. There are three types of fire extinguishers commonly used: foam fire extinguishers; dry powder fire extinguishers; liquid carbon dioxide fire extinguishers.
19. The solubility of solid matter can be divided into three categories according to the temperature change: the solubility of most solid materials increases with the increase of temperature; the solubility of a few substances is affected by temperature; the solubility of very few substances increases with temperature. And decrease.
20, co2 can extinguish fire for three reasons: can not burn, can not support combustion, density is greater than air.
21, elemental quality can be divided into three categories: metal elemental; non-metallic elemental; rare gas elemental.
22. The three most important fossil fuels in the world today are: coal, oil, and natural gas. 23. The three black oxides that should be remembered are: copper oxide, manganese dioxide, and triiron tetroxide. 24. Hydrogen and carbon simple substances have three similar chemical properties: stability at room temperature, flammability, and reducibility. 25, three light blue appear in the textbook: liquid oxygen is light blue sulfur burning in the air with a weak light blue flame, hydrogen burning in the air with a light blue flame.
26. Three blue colors related to copper: copper sulfate crystals; copper hydroxide precipitation; copper sulfate solution.
27. There is a “three-way” in the filtering operation: the lower end of the funnel abuts against the inner wall of the beaker; the end of the glass rod is lightly placed on the third layer of the filter paper; the edge of the beaker containing the filtrate abuts against the drainage of the glass. 28, three major gas pollutants: so2, co, no2
29, the flame of the alcohol lamp is divided into three parts: outer flame, inner flame, flame heart, in which the outer flame temperature is the highest.
30. The principle of “three noes” for taking medicines: do not touch the medicines by hand; do not put the nose into the mouth of the container to smell the smell of the gas; do not taste the taste of the medicine.
31. Three ancient chemical processes: paper making, gunpowder, and porcelain burning
32. Industrial waste: waste water, waste residue, waste gas
34. Three instruments that can be directly heated: test tubes, crucibles, evaporating dishes
35. The atomic three explained by the conservation of mass is unchanged: the type does not change, the number does not increase or decrease, and the quality does not change.
36. Mix with air to ignite three gases that may explode: h2, co, ch4.
37. Three products of coal dry distillation: coke, coal tar, coke oven gas
38. Three characteristics of concentrated sulfuric acid: water absorption, dehydration, strong oxidation
39. Three prohibitions on the use of alcohol lamps: add alcohol to the burning lamp, blow out the mouth
40. Three steps of solution preparation: calculation, weighing, dissolution
41. The first three elements with the highest content in biological cells: o, c, h
42. The third equation in the atom: the number of nuclear charges = the number of protons = the number of electrons outside the core = the atomic number
43. Three kinds of particles constituting a substance: molecules, atoms, ions
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